焦作市绿地格局与其紧急避难功能分析
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摘要
城市绿地系统在改善生态环境,丰富城市景观等方面起着重要作用;同时,城市绿地本身还具有强大的防灾与减灾功能.以焦作市为例,结合市区绿地组成与格局,运用GIS软件工具对其绿地紧急避难有效空间,灾后3,5,7 min的紧急避难缓冲区覆盖面积、覆盖人口以及人均绿地安全区占有量进行分析.结果表明:焦作市建成区公园绿地、生产绿地、防护绿地较多,而附属绿地与其它绿地偏少;市民紧急避难人均占有量大于规定要求,但其在空间分布上极不均匀,特别是老城区部分地段尚不能满足紧急避难的需求;大块绿地过于集中,其辐射区域有限,有大面积的应急避难服务盲区存在.
Urban green space system plays important roles on improving ecological environment and enriching urban landscape.Meanwhile,it also has a strong function of disaster prevention and reduction.In this paper,Jiaozuo city is taken as an example,by using GIS software,the composition and structure of urban green space with its effects on emergency shelter space is studied.Area,population and per capita green space of safety refuge space in post-3minutes,5minutes and 7minutes buffers for emergency shelter coverage are analyzed.The results shows that: Comparing with large area of park green space,production green space and protection green space in Jiaozuo,total area of attached green space and other green space is less.Although per capita green space emergency shelter area is beyond the requirement,its spatial distributions are extreme unevenness,especially in some old districts,where is unable to meet residents emergency shelter need.In overall city,large patches of green space are too concentrated,which causes coverage limitation of green space emergency shelter,and large blind areas existence of emergency shelter services.
Urban green space system plays important roles on improving ecological environment and enriching urban landscape.Meanwhile,it also has a strong function of disaster prevention and reduction.In this paper,Jiaozuo city is taken as an example,by using GIS software,the composition and structure of urban green space with its effects on emergency shelter space is studied.Area,population and per capita green space of safety refuge space in post-3minutes,5minutes and 7minutes buffers for emergency shelter coverage are analyzed.The results shows that: Comparing with large area of park green space,production green space and protection green space in Jiaozuo,total area of attached green space and other green space is less.Although per capita green space emergency shelter area is beyond the requirement,its spatial distributions are extreme unevenness,especially in some old districts,where is unable to meet residents emergency shelter need.In overall city,large patches of green space are too concentrated,which causes coverage limitation of green space emergency shelter,and large blind areas existence of emergency shelter services.
引文
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[2]CHEN GUOHUA,LIANG TAO,ZHANG HUAWEN.Study on the methodology for evaluating urban and regional disas-ter carrying capacity and its application[J].Safety Science,2009,47(1):50-58.
[3]SHIELDS TJ,BOYCE K E,MCCONNELL N.The behaviors and evacuation experiences of WTC 9/11 evacuees withself-designated mobility impairments[J].Fire Safety Journal,2009,44(6):881-893.
[4]PARASKEVI GEORGIADOU,IOANNISA PAPAZOGLOU,CHRIS KIRANOUDIS,et al.Modeling emergency evacua-tion for major hazard industrial sites[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2007,92(10):1388-1402.
[5]NIKOS ZARBOUTIS,NICOLAS MARMARAS.Design of formative evacuation plans using agent-based simulation[J].Safety Science,2007,45(9):920-940.
[6]冯晓星,徐国良,张慧.结合防灾的城市开敞空间规划研究——以无锡太湖新城为例[J].城市规划学刊,2008(6):108-112.
[7]邱建,江俊浩,贾刘强.汶川地震对我国公园防灾减灾系统建设的启示[J].城市规划,2008(11):72-77.
[8]何振德,金磊.城市灾害概论[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2005.
[9]ESER DURUKAL,GEORGE MYLONAKIS.Urban earthquake hazard and damage assessment[J].Soil Dynamics andEarthquake Engineering,2008,28(10):763.
[10]刘昌华,章后甜,王世东.焦作市煤矿衰竭关闭与城市转型规划分析[J].煤炭学报,2005,30(3):395-399.
[11]周晓猛,刘茂,王阳.紧急避难场所优化布局理论研究[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(Z1):118-122.
[12]李静,张浪,陈艾洁.城市应急避难场所与城市绿地建设结合途径的探讨[J].中国园林,2007,23(5):83-87.
[13]游璧菁.从都市防灾探讨都市公园绿地体系规划——以台湾地区台北市为例灾[J].城市规划,2004(5):28-33.
[14]SALVADOR CASADES,S PURSALS,FEDERICO GARRIGA N.Optimal building evacuation time considering evacua-tion routes[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2009,192(2):692-699.
[15]AMEYA SHENDARKAR,KARTHIK VASUDEVAN,SEUNGHO LEE,et al.Crowd simulation for emergency responseusing BDI agents based on immersive virtual reality[J].Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory,2008,16(9):1415-1429.
[16]MOHAMMAD SAADATSERESHT,ALI MANSOURIAN,MOHAMMAD TALEAI.Evacuation planning using multiobjec-tive evolutionary optimization approach[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2009,198(1):305-314.
[17]张丽梅,许倩英,胡志良.天津市避难场所人均用地指标取值研究[J].城市,2005(3):30-32.
[18]樊良新,牛海鹏,刘昌华,等.城市绿地应急避难场所分析——以焦作市为例[J].安全与环境学报,2009,9(3):156-160.
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