明清古建筑木结构典型抗震构造问题研究
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摘要
为保护古建筑,采用分类统计方法,研究了我国明清古建筑木结构的典型抗震构造问题。基于大量工程现场勘查结果,对古建筑木结构的典型抗震构造问题进行了归纳汇总,分析了原因,提出了加固建议;基于典型算例,对古建筑木结构加固方法进行了深入论证。结果表明:我国古建筑木结构的柱子、斗棋、榫卯节点、梁架、屋顶等各部位都容易产生开裂、糟朽、变形、拔榫等抗震构造问题并影响结构的抗震性能,而这些问题的产生原因主要与木结构的构造特征、木材材料性质及施工保养等因素有关;对这些抗震构造问题及时采取合理有效的加固措施,可减轻或避免结构产生的震害。
With the aim of protecting ancient Chinese wooden buildings,classification and statistical methods were used to analyze typical aseismic construction problems encountered in Chinese wood buildings of Ming and Qing Dynasty. Based on survey results of a large number of ancient Chinese wooden buildings,typical aseismic construction problems are summarized,the causes are analyzed,and the corresponding strengthening methods were proposed.By analysis typical examples,strengthening techniques are further demonstrated.Results show that a numbers of Chinese ancient wooden building parts,such as columns,tou - kung(bracket sets),tenon - mortise Joints,beams,roof and so on are easily subject to cracking,decay,deformation and disconnection.They cause problems that affect the aseismic behavior of the structure.These problems are closely related to constitution characteristics of ancient Chinese wooden structures,the material properties of wood,the construction process and preservation conditions.By reasonable and effective reinforcement of all these features,the damage caused by earthquake can be minimized or prevented.
With the aim of protecting ancient Chinese wooden buildings,classification and statistical methods were used to analyze typical aseismic construction problems encountered in Chinese wood buildings of Ming and Qing Dynasty. Based on survey results of a large number of ancient Chinese wooden buildings,typical aseismic construction problems are summarized,the causes are analyzed,and the corresponding strengthening methods were proposed.By analysis typical examples,strengthening techniques are further demonstrated.Results show that a numbers of Chinese ancient wooden building parts,such as columns,tou - kung(bracket sets),tenon - mortise Joints,beams,roof and so on are easily subject to cracking,decay,deformation and disconnection.They cause problems that affect the aseismic behavior of the structure.These problems are closely related to constitution characteristics of ancient Chinese wooden structures,the material properties of wood,the construction process and preservation conditions.By reasonable and effective reinforcement of all these features,the damage caused by earthquake can be minimized or prevented.
引文
[1]YAN Wei -ming,ZHOU Qian,KONG Fan -dong.Study on the constitution for seismic resistance of Chinese ancient buildings[C]// The 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts.Beijing:Science Press,2008:537 -542.
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[14]薛玉宝.用环氧树脂加固处理古建筑木构件的方法[J].古建园林技术,2009,(4):56-57. XUE Yu - bao.Method of strengthening Chinese ancient wooden components by epikote[J].Trad Chin Archit Card,2009,(4 ): 56 -57.
[15]王俪颖.故宫太和殿维修工程施工纪实(2006-2008年)[J].古建园林技术,2009,(3):31-38. WANG Li - ying.Description on construction of Tai - He Palace remedy engineering in the Forbidden City(2006 - 2008 )[J].Trad Chin Archit Card,2009,(3 ):31 -38.
[16]周乾,闫维明,李振宝,等.古建筑木结构加固方法研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2009,31(1):84-90. ZHOU Qian,YAN Wei - ming,LI Zhen - bao,et al.Study on strengthening methods of timber structures of ancient buildings [J].Earthq Resist Eng Retrofit,2009,31(1 ):84 - 90.
[17]刘大可.中国古建筑瓦石营法[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993:368-369. LIU Da - ke.Building techniques for tiles and stone members of Chinese ancient buildings[M].Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,1993:368 -369.
[18]张峰亮.天安门城楼角檐柱墩接技术研究及施工[J].古建园林技术.2004,(2):51-53. ZHANG Feng -Iiang.Study on dun - jie technique and construction of a corner column of Tian An Men Rostrum[J].Traditional Chin Archit Card,2004,(2 ):51 -53.
[19]周乾,闫维明.古建筑榫卯节点抗震加固数值模拟研究[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2010,8(3):23-27. ZHOU Qian,YAN Wei - ming.Numerical simulation on strengthening for earthquake resistance of tenon - mortise joints of ancient building[J].J Water Resources Archill Eng,2010,8(3 ):23 - 27.
[20]宾慧中,路秉杰.浅识宋材份制与清斗口制[J].安徽建筑, 2003,(3):1-2. BIN Hui -zhong,LU Bing -jie.Study on cai-fen rule in Song Dynasty and dou - kou rule in Qing Dynasty[J].Anhui Archit, 2003,(3):1-2.
[2]葛鸿鹏,周鹏,伍凯,赵鸿铁.古建木结构榫卯节点减震作用研究[J].建筑结构,2010,40(增刊):30-36. GE Hong- peng,ZHOU Peng,WU Kai,et al.Amortization re- ??search on the characteristic of mortise - tenon joint in historic timber buildings[J].Build Struct,2010,40(Sup):30-36.
[2]周乾,闫维明,杨小森,等.汶川地震古建筑震害研究[J].北京工业大学学报,2009,35(3):330-337. ZHOU Qian.YAN Wei - ming,YANG Xiao - sen,et al.Study on damage of ancient buildings after Wenchuan earthquake in China [J].J Beijing Univ Technol.2009,35(3 ):330 -337.
[3]陈平,姚谦峰,赵冬.西安钟楼抗震能力分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,1998,30(3):277-283. CHEN Ping.YAO Qian - feng,ZHAO Dong.An analysis on the aseisniic behavior of Xi'an Bell Tower[J].J Xi'an Univ Archit Technol,1998.30(3):277-283.
[4]张鹏程,赵鸿铁,薛建阳.中国古建筑的防震思想[J].世界地震工程,2001,17(4):1-6. ZHANG Peng - cheng,ZHAO Hong - tie,XUE Jian - yang. Thoughts of earthquake resistance in Chinese ancient buildings[J]. World Earthq Eng,2001,17(4):1 -6.
[5]苏军,高大峰.中国木结构古建筑抗震性能的研究[J],西北地震学报,2008,30(3):239-244. SU Jun,GAO Da - feng.Studv on the seismic performance of Chinese ancient timber structure[J].Northwestern Seismol J,2008,30 (3):239-244.
[6]周乾,闫维明,周锡元,等.中国古建筑动力特性及地震反应[J].北京工业大学学报,2010,36(1):13-17. ZHOU Qian,YAN Wei - ming.ZHOU Xi - yuan,et al.Vibration characters and seismic response of Chinese ancient buildings[J].J Beijing Univ Technol,2010,36(1 ):13 - 17.
[7]GB50165-92,古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范[S]. GB50165 - 92,Technical Code for Maintenance and Strengthening of Ancient Timber Buildings[S].
[8]龙卫国,杨学兵,王永维,等.木结构设计手册(第3版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005:21-22. LONG Wei - guo,YANG Xue - bing,WANG Yong - wei,et al. Wood structure design manual,3rd Ed[M].Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2005:21 -22.
[9]许清风,朱雷.CFRP维修加固局部受损木柱的试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2007,40(8):41-46. XU Qing-feng,ZHU Lei.An experimental study on partially - damaged wood columns repaired and strengthened with CFRP[J].China Civil Eng J,2007,40(8):41 -46.
[10]俞茂宏,ODAY,方东平,等.中国古建筑结构力学研究进展[J].力学进展,2006,36(1):43-64. YU Mao - hong,ODAY,FANG Dong - ping,et al.Advances in structural mechanics of Chinese ancient architectures[J].Adv Mech,2006,36(1):43-64.
[11]吴志雄.某木结构古民居的加固[J].福建建设科技,2006, (5):18-19. WU Zhi - xiong.Strengthening study on an ancient wooden residence [J].Fujian Const Technol,2006,(5):18 - 19.
[12]于业栓,薛建阳,赵鸿铁.碳纤维布及扁钢加固古建筑榫卯节点抗震性能试验研究[J].世界地震工程,2008,24(3):112- 117. YU Ye - shuan,XUE Jian - yang.ZHAO Hong - tie.Experimental study on seismic behavior of mortise - tenon joints of Chinese ancient wooden building strengthened with CFRP sheets and flat steel[J].World Earthq Eng,2008,24(3):112 - 117.
[13]谢启芳,赵鸿铁,薛建阳,等.中国古建筑木结构榫卯节点加固的试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2008,41(1):28-34. XIE Qi -fang,ZHAO Hong-tie,XUE Jian -yang,et al.An experimental study on the strengthening of mortise - tenon joints in ancient Chinese wooden buildings[J].China Civil Eng J,2008,41 (1):28 -34.
[14]薛玉宝.用环氧树脂加固处理古建筑木构件的方法[J].古建园林技术,2009,(4):56-57. XUE Yu - bao.Method of strengthening Chinese ancient wooden components by epikote[J].Trad Chin Archit Card,2009,(4 ): 56 -57.
[15]王俪颖.故宫太和殿维修工程施工纪实(2006-2008年)[J].古建园林技术,2009,(3):31-38. WANG Li - ying.Description on construction of Tai - He Palace remedy engineering in the Forbidden City(2006 - 2008 )[J].Trad Chin Archit Card,2009,(3 ):31 -38.
[16]周乾,闫维明,李振宝,等.古建筑木结构加固方法研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2009,31(1):84-90. ZHOU Qian,YAN Wei - ming,LI Zhen - bao,et al.Study on strengthening methods of timber structures of ancient buildings [J].Earthq Resist Eng Retrofit,2009,31(1 ):84 - 90.
[17]刘大可.中国古建筑瓦石营法[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993:368-369. LIU Da - ke.Building techniques for tiles and stone members of Chinese ancient buildings[M].Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,1993:368 -369.
[18]张峰亮.天安门城楼角檐柱墩接技术研究及施工[J].古建园林技术.2004,(2):51-53. ZHANG Feng -Iiang.Study on dun - jie technique and construction of a corner column of Tian An Men Rostrum[J].Traditional Chin Archit Card,2004,(2 ):51 -53.
[19]周乾,闫维明.古建筑榫卯节点抗震加固数值模拟研究[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2010,8(3):23-27. ZHOU Qian,YAN Wei - ming.Numerical simulation on strengthening for earthquake resistance of tenon - mortise joints of ancient building[J].J Water Resources Archill Eng,2010,8(3 ):23 - 27.
[20]宾慧中,路秉杰.浅识宋材份制与清斗口制[J].安徽建筑, 2003,(3):1-2. BIN Hui -zhong,LU Bing -jie.Study on cai-fen rule in Song Dynasty and dou - kou rule in Qing Dynasty[J].Anhui Archit, 2003,(3):1-2.
[2]葛鸿鹏,周鹏,伍凯,赵鸿铁.古建木结构榫卯节点减震作用研究[J].建筑结构,2010,40(增刊):30-36. GE Hong- peng,ZHOU Peng,WU Kai,et al.Amortization re- ??search on the characteristic of mortise - tenon joint in historic timber buildings[J].Build Struct,2010,40(Sup):30-36.
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