地震岩石物理学研究有关问题的探讨
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摘要
对油气藏研究的目的在于弄清油气藏的构造特征、岩性特征和储集参数,进而减少油气勘探开发的风险。储集参数包括孔隙度、渗透率、流体类型和地层压力等,但由地震资料获得的是地震波的旅行时和振幅信息,并以此来计算地层波阻抗和其它地震属性,无法直接获得油气藏的储集参数。岩石物理学的研究成果在储集参数和地震属性之间架起了一座桥梁,这种跨学科的研究生成了一门新的学科——地震岩石物理学。进行地震岩石物理学研究,首先需要分析不同地质条件下储层的物性和流体特征与地震响应特征的相关关系;然后建立不同研究尺度(岩心、测井和地震)的岩石物理分析模型;最终利用岩石物理模型(或经验公式)通过流体替换和叠前弹性参数反演对油气藏进行多学科的综合研究,全面表征油气藏的储集性能。
The purpose of studying reservoir is to make clear the geolog- ical structure and lithology as well as reservoir parameters such as porosity,permeability,fluid type,and formation pressure etc so as to reduce the risk of exploration and production.Although the seismic travel time and amplitude can be directly acquired from seis- mic data for calculating P-wave impedance and other seismic attrib- utes,the reservoir parameters can not be directly obtained.The study results of rock physics have built a bridge between reservoir parameters and seismic attributes.It is this interdisciplinary re- search that generated a new discipline-seismic rock physics.The research on rock physics should be carried out through the follow- ing workflow:firstly,the relationship of the physical properties of rocks and characteristic of fluid to seismic response should be stud- ied;then,the rock physical analysis model of different research scales(core,logging and seismic)should be established;finally, the rock physical model(or empirical formula)is used to do a mul- tidisciplinary study on reservoirs through fluid displacement and pre-stack elastic parameter inversion and to completely describe the storage capability of reservoirs.
The purpose of studying reservoir is to make clear the geolog- ical structure and lithology as well as reservoir parameters such as porosity,permeability,fluid type,and formation pressure etc so as to reduce the risk of exploration and production.Although the seismic travel time and amplitude can be directly acquired from seis- mic data for calculating P-wave impedance and other seismic attrib- utes,the reservoir parameters can not be directly obtained.The study results of rock physics have built a bridge between reservoir parameters and seismic attributes.It is this interdisciplinary re- search that generated a new discipline-seismic rock physics.The research on rock physics should be carried out through the follow- ing workflow:firstly,the relationship of the physical properties of rocks and characteristic of fluid to seismic response should be stud- ied;then,the rock physical analysis model of different research scales(core,logging and seismic)should be established;finally, the rock physical model(or empirical formula)is used to do a mul- tidisciplinary study on reservoirs through fluid displacement and pre-stack elastic parameter inversion and to completely describe the storage capability of reservoirs.
引文
1 Wang Z.Fundamentals of seismic rock physics[J]. Geophysics,2001,66(2):398～412
2 Gassmann F.Elasticity of porous media:uber die elastizitat poroser medien[J].Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesselschaft,1951,96(1):1～23
3 Wyllie M R J,Gregory A R,Gardner L W.Elastic wave velocities in heterogeneous and porous media[J]. Geophysics,1956,21(1):41～70
4 Hashin Z,Shtrikman S.A variational approach to the elastic behavior of multiphase materials[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1963,11(1): 127～140
5 Berryman J G.Mixture theories for rock properties [A].In:Ahrens T J,ed.Rock Physics and Phase Relations[C].Washington,USA:American Geo- physical Union,1995.205～228
6 Hautot S,Tarits P.Effective electrical conductivity of 3-D heterogeneous porous medial[J].Geophysical Re- search Letters,2002,29(14):1 669～1 672
7 Hunt A G.Continuum percolation theory and Archie's Law[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(19): 1 950～1 953
8 Topp G C,Davis J L,Annan A P.Electromagnetic determination of soil water content:measurements in coaxial transmission lines[J].Water Resource Re- search,1980,16(3):574～582
9 Han D H,Nur A,Morgan D.Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in sandstones[J].Geo- physics,1986,51(9):2 093～2 107
10 Adler P M,Jacquin C G,Thovert J F.The formation of reconstructed porous-media[J].Water Resource Research,1992,28(6):1 571～1 576
11 Avseth P,Mukerji T,Jorstad A,et al.Seismic reser- voir mapping from 3-D AVO in a North Sea turbidite system[J].Geophysics,2001,66(5):1 157～1 176
12 Kuster G T,Toksoz M N.Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media:part 1,theoretical formulations[J].Geophysics,1974,39(3):587～606
13 Dvorkin J,Nut A,Yin H.Effective properties of ce- mented granular materials[J].Mechanics of Materi- als,1994,18(2):351～366
14 Dvorkin J,Nut A,Elasticity of high-porosity sand- stones:theory for two North Sea datasets[J].Geo- physics,1996,61(5):1 363～1 370
15 Dvorkin J,Moos D,Packwood J,et al.Identifying pa- thy saturation from well logs[J].Geophysics,1999, 64(6):1 756～1 759
16 Biot M A,Willis D G.The elastic coefficients of the theory of consolidation[J].Journal of Applied Me- chanics,1957,24(3):594～601
17 Castagna J P,Batzle M L,Eastwood R L.Relation- ships between compressional-wave and shear-wave ve- locities in clastic silicate rocks[J].Geophysics,1985, 50(3):571～581
18 Ostrander W J.Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at non-normal angles of incidence[J].Ex- panded Abstracts of 52~(nd) Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 1982,216～218
19 Shuey R T.A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations [J].Geophysics,1985,50(3):609～614
20 Smith G C,Gidlow P W.Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas[J].Geophys- ics Prospecting,1987,35(4):993～1 014
21 Connoly P.Elastic impendance[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(4):438～452
22 Whitcombe D N,Connolly P A,Reagan R L,et al.E- lastic impedance normalization[J].Geophysics,2002, 67(1):63～67
23魏嘉．定量地震解释离我们有多远[J]．勘探地球物理进展，2006，29(6)：433～437
24 Mavko G,Jizba D.Estimating grain-scale fluid defects on velocity dispersion in rocks[J].Geophysics,1991, 56(7):1 940～1 949
25 Chapman M,Liu E R.Theories for fluid substitution in fractured carbonate reservoirs[J].Expanded Ab- stracts of EAGE 66~(th) Annual Conference,2004, 710～714
26 Brown R,Korringa J.On the dependence of the elas- tic properties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the pore fluid[J].Geophysics,1975,40 (3):608～616
27 Hudson J A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1981,64 (1):133～150
28马中高，伍向阳．石油流体弹性参数的实验研究[J]．石油物探，2007，46(1)：94～99
29李爱山，印兴耀，张繁昌，等．叠前AVA多参数同步反演技术在含气储层预测中的应用[J]．石油物探，2007，46(1)：64～68
30陈天胜，魏修成，刘洋．一种新的各向异性弹性阻抗近似公式[J]．石油物探，2006，45(6)：563～569
31郭树祥，王立歆，韩文功．叠前地震数据优化处理技术分析[J]．石油物探，2006，45(5)：497～502
32张建宁，于建国．地震属性应用中的不确定性分析[J]．石油物探，2006，45(4)：373～379
2 Gassmann F.Elasticity of porous media:uber die elastizitat poroser medien[J].Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesselschaft,1951,96(1):1～23
3 Wyllie M R J,Gregory A R,Gardner L W.Elastic wave velocities in heterogeneous and porous media[J]. Geophysics,1956,21(1):41～70
4 Hashin Z,Shtrikman S.A variational approach to the elastic behavior of multiphase materials[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1963,11(1): 127～140
5 Berryman J G.Mixture theories for rock properties [A].In:Ahrens T J,ed.Rock Physics and Phase Relations[C].Washington,USA:American Geo- physical Union,1995.205～228
6 Hautot S,Tarits P.Effective electrical conductivity of 3-D heterogeneous porous medial[J].Geophysical Re- search Letters,2002,29(14):1 669～1 672
7 Hunt A G.Continuum percolation theory and Archie's Law[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(19): 1 950～1 953
8 Topp G C,Davis J L,Annan A P.Electromagnetic determination of soil water content:measurements in coaxial transmission lines[J].Water Resource Re- search,1980,16(3):574～582
9 Han D H,Nur A,Morgan D.Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in sandstones[J].Geo- physics,1986,51(9):2 093～2 107
10 Adler P M,Jacquin C G,Thovert J F.The formation of reconstructed porous-media[J].Water Resource Research,1992,28(6):1 571～1 576
11 Avseth P,Mukerji T,Jorstad A,et al.Seismic reser- voir mapping from 3-D AVO in a North Sea turbidite system[J].Geophysics,2001,66(5):1 157～1 176
12 Kuster G T,Toksoz M N.Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media:part 1,theoretical formulations[J].Geophysics,1974,39(3):587～606
13 Dvorkin J,Nut A,Yin H.Effective properties of ce- mented granular materials[J].Mechanics of Materi- als,1994,18(2):351～366
14 Dvorkin J,Nut A,Elasticity of high-porosity sand- stones:theory for two North Sea datasets[J].Geo- physics,1996,61(5):1 363～1 370
15 Dvorkin J,Moos D,Packwood J,et al.Identifying pa- thy saturation from well logs[J].Geophysics,1999, 64(6):1 756～1 759
16 Biot M A,Willis D G.The elastic coefficients of the theory of consolidation[J].Journal of Applied Me- chanics,1957,24(3):594～601
17 Castagna J P,Batzle M L,Eastwood R L.Relation- ships between compressional-wave and shear-wave ve- locities in clastic silicate rocks[J].Geophysics,1985, 50(3):571～581
18 Ostrander W J.Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at non-normal angles of incidence[J].Ex- panded Abstracts of 52~(nd) Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 1982,216～218
19 Shuey R T.A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations [J].Geophysics,1985,50(3):609～614
20 Smith G C,Gidlow P W.Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas[J].Geophys- ics Prospecting,1987,35(4):993～1 014
21 Connoly P.Elastic impendance[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(4):438～452
22 Whitcombe D N,Connolly P A,Reagan R L,et al.E- lastic impedance normalization[J].Geophysics,2002, 67(1):63～67
23魏嘉．定量地震解释离我们有多远[J]．勘探地球物理进展，2006，29(6)：433～437
24 Mavko G,Jizba D.Estimating grain-scale fluid defects on velocity dispersion in rocks[J].Geophysics,1991, 56(7):1 940～1 949
25 Chapman M,Liu E R.Theories for fluid substitution in fractured carbonate reservoirs[J].Expanded Ab- stracts of EAGE 66~(th) Annual Conference,2004, 710～714
26 Brown R,Korringa J.On the dependence of the elas- tic properties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the pore fluid[J].Geophysics,1975,40 (3):608～616
27 Hudson J A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1981,64 (1):133～150
28马中高，伍向阳．石油流体弹性参数的实验研究[J]．石油物探，2007，46(1)：94～99
29李爱山，印兴耀，张繁昌，等．叠前AVA多参数同步反演技术在含气储层预测中的应用[J]．石油物探，2007，46(1)：64～68
30陈天胜，魏修成，刘洋．一种新的各向异性弹性阻抗近似公式[J]．石油物探，2006，45(6)：563～569
31郭树祥，王立歆，韩文功．叠前地震数据优化处理技术分析[J]．石油物探，2006，45(5)：497～502
32张建宁，于建国．地震属性应用中的不确定性分析[J]．石油物探，2006，45(4)：373～379
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