汶川M_S 8.0地震断层与地震灾害初步分析
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摘要
对于特大地震近断层地震场的空间分布的复杂性学术界一直很关注,由于样本地震数量和资料的不足,至今还没有非常清晰的结论。通过参加汶川MS8.0地震的应急科学考察,对震中区和高烈度区断层破裂带附近的地震灾害情况进行了现场调查。文中以典型事例为主线介绍了现场考察的结果,结合既往的研究成果和汶川地震的震源特性,分析讨论了地表破裂带、地震动以及建筑物震害之间的关系。结果表明:1)地震断层发生强变形和地表破裂对建筑物的损害现象非常明显,对具有大震级发震危险的断裂带,今后应该考虑进行一定宽度的破裂避让或采取针对性的必要措施。2)初步探讨了紧邻断裂带的建筑物没有倒塌的可能机理,第一,出现地表破裂的大部分区域为基岩或坚硬的场地,场地条件相对较好;第二,存在导致地表破裂的浅部有效应力降和破裂速率相对较低,导致了1s附近的地震动相对低下的可能性。
Complex spatial distribution of seismic motion near faults has always been a concern to scientists,and it still remains as an uncertain problem due to insufficiency of events and information.The paper presents the main cases of seismic disaster by field investigations of MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,analyzes and discusses the relationship among earthquake fault,ground motion and earthquake disaster near the fault fractured zone,based on previous research of source rupture processes and source inversion of Wenchuan earthquake.Intensive deformation and ground surface rupture along the earthquake fault have caused obvious damage to buildings,so it is necessary to introduce the safety distance away from active fault and other measures.Possible reasons for buildings near surface rupture zone having withstood the strong earthquake are as follows:other than their performance of seismic resistance,firstly,most of them locate at hard sites or on bedrock in the surface rupture zone,and secondly,the effective stress drop and low rupture velocity may exist in the shallow asperities,resulting in a relatively lower ground motion at the period about 1 sec.
Complex spatial distribution of seismic motion near faults has always been a concern to scientists,and it still remains as an uncertain problem due to insufficiency of events and information.The paper presents the main cases of seismic disaster by field investigations of MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,analyzes and discusses the relationship among earthquake fault,ground motion and earthquake disaster near the fault fractured zone,based on previous research of source rupture processes and source inversion of Wenchuan earthquake.Intensive deformation and ground surface rupture along the earthquake fault have caused obvious damage to buildings,so it is necessary to introduce the safety distance away from active fault and other measures.Possible reasons for buildings near surface rupture zone having withstood the strong earthquake are as follows:other than their performance of seismic resistance,firstly,most of them locate at hard sites or on bedrock in the surface rupture zone,and secondly,the effective stress drop and low rupture velocity may exist in the shallow asperities,resulting in a relatively lower ground motion at the period about 1 sec.
引文
[1]王自法,2008,汶川大地震震害的启示(报告)。
陈桂华,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2008.2008年汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂变形定量分析:北川-映秀断裂地表破裂带[J].地震地质,30(3):723—738.CHEN Gui-hua,XUXi-wei,ZHENG Rong-zhang,et al.2008.Quantitative analysis of the co-seismic surface rupture ofthe2008Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China:along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):723—738(in Chinese).
陈运泰,许力生,张勇,等.2008.2008年5月12日汶川特大地震震源特性分析报告[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf.CHEN Yun-tai,XU Li-sheng,ZHANG Yong,et al.2008.Report on the great Wehchuan earthquake source of May12,2008[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf(in Chinese).
孙景江,马强,石宏彬,等.2008.汶川地震高烈度区城镇房屋震害简介[J].地震工程与工程振动,28(3):7—15.SUN Jing-jiang,MA Qiang,SHI Hong-bin,et al.2008.Building damage in cities and towns located in higher intensityareas during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,28(3):7—15(in Chinese).
王卫民,姚振兴.2008.再谈汶川8.0级地震震源破裂过程[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_110.htm.WANG Wei-min,YAO Zhen-xing.2008.Reissues for the rupture process of theMS8.0Wehchuan earthquake[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_110.htm(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.2002.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法[J].地震地质,24(4):470—483.XUXi-wei,YUGui-hua,MA Wen-tao,et al.2002.Evidence and methods for determining the safety distance from thepotential earthquake surface rupture on active fault[J].Seismology and Geology,24(4):470—483(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.TheMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
中国地震信息网.2008.四川汶川县MS8.0地震地震参数[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_cs1.htm.China Seismic Information Net.2008.Seismological parameters for theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_cs1.htm(in Chinese).
张敏政.2008.汶川地震中都江堰市的房屋震害[J].地震工程与工程振动,28(3):1—6.ZHANG Min-zheng.2008.Building damage in Dujiangyan duringM8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earth-quake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,28(3):1—6(in Chinese).
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.512汶川8.0级大地震的特点与成因:低速率、长周期、高强度的新地震类型[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1066—1073.ZHANG Pei-zhen,XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,et al.2008.Slip rate and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan activefault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May122008,Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(4):1066—1073(in Chinese).
周庆,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.2008.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,30(3):778—787.ZHOUQing,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,et al.2008.Investigation on widths of surface rupture zones of theM8.0Wen-chuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):778—787(in Chinese).
朱艾斓,徐锡伟,刁桂苓,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震部分余震重新定位及地震构造初步分析[J].地震地质,30(3):759—767.ZHU Ai-lan,XU Xi-wei,DIAO Gui-ling,et al.2008.Relocation of theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake sequence inpart:Preliminary seismotectonic analysis[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):759—767(in Chinese).
Abrahamson N A and Silva W J.1997.Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallowcrustal earthquake[J].Seism Res Lett,68:94—127.
Dalguer L A,Irikura K,Riera J D.2003.Simulation of tensile crack generation by three-dimensional dynamic shearrupture propagation during an earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,108(B3):2144.doi:10.1029/2001JB001738.
Hartzell S Hand Heaton TH.1983.Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rup-ture history of the1979Imperial Valley,California,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,73:1553—1583.
Housner G W,Trifnac M D.1967.Analysis of accelerograms-Parkfield earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,57:1193—1220.
Iwata T,Sekiguchi H,Pitarka A.2000.Source and site effects on strong ground motions in near-source area during the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].AGU Fall Meeting,S72—P05.
Kagawa T,Irikura K,Somerville P.2004a.Differences in ground motion and fault rupture process between the surfaceand buried rupture earthquakes[J].Earth Planets Space,56:3—14.
Kagawa T,Zhao B M,Miyakoshi K,et al.2004b.Modeling of the3D basin structures for seismic wave simulationsbased on available information on the target area:Case study of the Osaka Basin,Japan[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,94:1353—1368.
Miyakoshi K,Kagawa T,Sekiguchi H.et al.2000.Source characterization of inland earthquakes in Japan using sourceinversion results[J].12WCEE,1850,CD-ROM.
Sekiguchi Hand Iwata T.2001.Source process inversion and near-source ground motion simulation of the2000Tot-toriken-Seibu,Japan,earthquake(MW6.8)[J].AGU fall meeting,S42C—0654.
Sekiguchi Hand Iwata T.2002.Rupture process of the1999Kocaeli,Turkey earthquake estimated from strong-motionwaveforms[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,92:300—311.
Somerville P G.2003.Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse[J].Phys Earth Planet Int,137:201—212.
Somerville P G,Irikura K,Graves R,et al.1999.Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction ofstrong ground motion[J].Seism Res Lett,70:59—80.
Takemura M.1998.Scaling of inland earthquake in Japan-Effects of fault and seismic disaster[J].ZISIN,2,51:211—228.
USGS.2008.Magnitude7.9-Eastern Sichuan,China[R].http:∥neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2008/eq_080512_ryan.
Utsu T.1982.A table of earthquakes greater thanM6.0and disastrous earthquake in Japan:1885—1980[J].BullEarthq Res Inst Univ Tokyo,57:401—463.
Wald D J and Heaton TH.1994.Spatial and temporal distribution of slip of the1992Landers,California earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,84:668—691.
陈桂华,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2008.2008年汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂变形定量分析:北川-映秀断裂地表破裂带[J].地震地质,30(3):723—738.CHEN Gui-hua,XUXi-wei,ZHENG Rong-zhang,et al.2008.Quantitative analysis of the co-seismic surface rupture ofthe2008Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China:along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):723—738(in Chinese).
陈运泰,许力生,张勇,等.2008.2008年5月12日汶川特大地震震源特性分析报告[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf.CHEN Yun-tai,XU Li-sheng,ZHANG Yong,et al.2008.Report on the great Wehchuan earthquake source of May12,2008[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf(in Chinese).
孙景江,马强,石宏彬,等.2008.汶川地震高烈度区城镇房屋震害简介[J].地震工程与工程振动,28(3):7—15.SUN Jing-jiang,MA Qiang,SHI Hong-bin,et al.2008.Building damage in cities and towns located in higher intensityareas during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,28(3):7—15(in Chinese).
王卫民,姚振兴.2008.再谈汶川8.0级地震震源破裂过程[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_110.htm.WANG Wei-min,YAO Zhen-xing.2008.Reissues for the rupture process of theMS8.0Wehchuan earthquake[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_110.htm(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.2002.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法[J].地震地质,24(4):470—483.XUXi-wei,YUGui-hua,MA Wen-tao,et al.2002.Evidence and methods for determining the safety distance from thepotential earthquake surface rupture on active fault[J].Seismology and Geology,24(4):470—483(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.TheMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
中国地震信息网.2008.四川汶川县MS8.0地震地震参数[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_cs1.htm.China Seismic Information Net.2008.Seismological parameters for theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[R].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_cs1.htm(in Chinese).
张敏政.2008.汶川地震中都江堰市的房屋震害[J].地震工程与工程振动,28(3):1—6.ZHANG Min-zheng.2008.Building damage in Dujiangyan duringM8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earth-quake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,28(3):1—6(in Chinese).
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.512汶川8.0级大地震的特点与成因:低速率、长周期、高强度的新地震类型[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1066—1073.ZHANG Pei-zhen,XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,et al.2008.Slip rate and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan activefault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May122008,Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(4):1066—1073(in Chinese).
周庆,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.2008.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,30(3):778—787.ZHOUQing,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,et al.2008.Investigation on widths of surface rupture zones of theM8.0Wen-chuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):778—787(in Chinese).
朱艾斓,徐锡伟,刁桂苓,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震部分余震重新定位及地震构造初步分析[J].地震地质,30(3):759—767.ZHU Ai-lan,XU Xi-wei,DIAO Gui-ling,et al.2008.Relocation of theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake sequence inpart:Preliminary seismotectonic analysis[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):759—767(in Chinese).
Abrahamson N A and Silva W J.1997.Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallowcrustal earthquake[J].Seism Res Lett,68:94—127.
Dalguer L A,Irikura K,Riera J D.2003.Simulation of tensile crack generation by three-dimensional dynamic shearrupture propagation during an earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,108(B3):2144.doi:10.1029/2001JB001738.
Hartzell S Hand Heaton TH.1983.Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rup-ture history of the1979Imperial Valley,California,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,73:1553—1583.
Housner G W,Trifnac M D.1967.Analysis of accelerograms-Parkfield earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,57:1193—1220.
Iwata T,Sekiguchi H,Pitarka A.2000.Source and site effects on strong ground motions in near-source area during the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].AGU Fall Meeting,S72—P05.
Kagawa T,Irikura K,Somerville P.2004a.Differences in ground motion and fault rupture process between the surfaceand buried rupture earthquakes[J].Earth Planets Space,56:3—14.
Kagawa T,Zhao B M,Miyakoshi K,et al.2004b.Modeling of the3D basin structures for seismic wave simulationsbased on available information on the target area:Case study of the Osaka Basin,Japan[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,94:1353—1368.
Miyakoshi K,Kagawa T,Sekiguchi H.et al.2000.Source characterization of inland earthquakes in Japan using sourceinversion results[J].12WCEE,1850,CD-ROM.
Sekiguchi Hand Iwata T.2001.Source process inversion and near-source ground motion simulation of the2000Tot-toriken-Seibu,Japan,earthquake(MW6.8)[J].AGU fall meeting,S42C—0654.
Sekiguchi Hand Iwata T.2002.Rupture process of the1999Kocaeli,Turkey earthquake estimated from strong-motionwaveforms[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,92:300—311.
Somerville P G.2003.Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse[J].Phys Earth Planet Int,137:201—212.
Somerville P G,Irikura K,Graves R,et al.1999.Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction ofstrong ground motion[J].Seism Res Lett,70:59—80.
Takemura M.1998.Scaling of inland earthquake in Japan-Effects of fault and seismic disaster[J].ZISIN,2,51:211—228.
USGS.2008.Magnitude7.9-Eastern Sichuan,China[R].http:∥neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2008/eq_080512_ryan.
Utsu T.1982.A table of earthquakes greater thanM6.0and disastrous earthquake in Japan:1885—1980[J].BullEarthq Res Inst Univ Tokyo,57:401—463.
Wald D J and Heaton TH.1994.Spatial and temporal distribution of slip of the1992Landers,California earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,84:668—691.
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