南水北调西线工程区及邻域的活动构造
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摘要
南水北调西线一期工程在构造上位于青藏高原东部的巴颜喀拉地块内部,块体的四周边界以巨型走滑断裂和逆断裂为特征,构造运动非常强烈,是块体运动引发应力集中和释放能量的主要场所。但块体内部构造活动性较弱,仅发现甘德—阿坝断裂系北支断裂在阿坝盆地段的部分断裂、色达—洛若断裂和康勒断裂等晚更新世以来有过活动,且规模和运动强度远小于地块边界断裂。晚第四纪以来地块边界断裂的位移速率大多在7 mm/a以上,最大达18 mm/a,最小为1～2 mm/a,而输水隧洞附近最主要的活断层顺河断裂的位移速率仅为0.18 mm/a,相对地块边界断裂小1～2个数量级,可以认为工程场地处于构造相对稳定的地区。给出了阿坝盆地北缘断裂、顺河断裂等活断裂在工程使用期内最大设防的倾滑位移量,分别为0.67和2.62 m。
The first stage project of the west route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is located in Bayankela block interior of the eastern Qinghai—Tibet Plateau.The boundary of Bayankela block is all the giant strike-slip or thrust fault systems,which have intense activity;and the boundary belts are the primary sites of the accumulation and release of stress resulted from the blocks movement.The fault activity is weaker in Bayankela block interior than that of the boundary belts.Partial faults of Gande—Aba fault system,Seda—Luoruo fault,and Kangle fault,etc.,were active at one time since Late Pleistocene epoch.However,they have weaker active intensity than the boundary belt.The average displacement rates of the block boundary faults in the late Quaternary Period were generally more than 7 mm/a;the maximum value was up to 18 mm/a,and the minimum one was 1-2 mm/a;howevert,he slip rate of the most primary active fault at the raceway vicinity is only 0.18 mm/a.In general,the crust of the project site is relative stable.The maximum dip-offset of the faults needed to be protected for the project during useful life has been deduced;for example,for the Aba basin north marginal fault and the Shunhe fault the maximum value is 0.67 m and 2.62 m,respectively.
The first stage project of the west route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is located in Bayankela block interior of the eastern Qinghai—Tibet Plateau.The boundary of Bayankela block is all the giant strike-slip or thrust fault systems,which have intense activity;and the boundary belts are the primary sites of the accumulation and release of stress resulted from the blocks movement.The fault activity is weaker in Bayankela block interior than that of the boundary belts.Partial faults of Gande—Aba fault system,Seda—Luoruo fault,and Kangle fault,etc.,were active at one time since Late Pleistocene epoch.However,they have weaker active intensity than the boundary belt.The average displacement rates of the block boundary faults in the late Quaternary Period were generally more than 7 mm/a;the maximum value was up to 18 mm/a,and the minimum one was 1-2 mm/a;howevert,he slip rate of the most primary active fault at the raceway vicinity is only 0.18 mm/a.In general,the crust of the project site is relative stable.The maximum dip-offset of the faults needed to be protected for the project during useful life has been deduced;for example,for the Aba basin north marginal fault and the Shunhe fault the maximum value is 0.67 m and 2.62 m,respectively.
引文
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[20]Bendick R,Bilham R,Freymueller J T,et al.Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system[J].Nature,2000,404:69–72.
[21]Shen Z K,Zhao C h,Yin A,et al.Contemporary crustal deformation in eastern Asia constrained by global positioning system measurements[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:5 721–5 734.
[22]王琪,张培震,牛之俊,等.中国大陆现今地壳运动和构造变形[J].中国科学(D辑),2001,31(7):529–536.(Wang Qi,Zhang Peizhen,Niu Zhijun,et al.Contemporary crustal movement and tectonic deformation of Chinese Continent[J].Science in China(Series D),2001,31(7):529–536.(in Chinese))
[23]Wang E,Buechfiel B C.Interpretation of Cenozoic tectonics in the right-lateral accommodation zone between the Ailao Shan shear zone and the eastern Himalayan syntaxis[J].Int.Geol.Rev.,1997,39:191–219.
[24]Wang E,Burchfiel B C.Late Cenozoic Xiangshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan and central Yunnan,China[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Special Paper,1998,327:1–108.
[25]邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学[J].地震地质,1994,16(4):389–403.(Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,scismisity and dynamics of Longmenshan mountains and its adjacent regions[J].Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4):389–403.(in Chinese))
[26]张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):12–20.(Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong,Zhang Guomin,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China[J].Science in China(Series D),2003,33(Supp.):12–20.(in Chinese))
[27]丁国瑜,卢演俦.板内块体的现代运动[A].见:马杏垣编.中国岩石圈动力学地图集[C].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.72–77.(Ding Guoyu,Lu Yanchou.Recent motions of interplate blocks[A].In:Ma Xingyuan ed.Lithosiperic Dynamics Atlas of China[C].Beijing:Sino Maps Press,1989.72–77.(in Chinese))
[28]张培震,王琪.中国大陆现今地壳运动和构造变形[A].见:马宗晋,王一鹏,马杏垣编.青藏高原岩石圈现今变动与动力学[C].北京:地震出版社,2001.21–35.(Zhang Peizhen,Wang Qi.Contemporary crustal movement and tectonic deformation of Chinese continent[A].In:Ma Zongjin,Wang Yipeng,Ma Xingyuan ed.Contemporary Deformation and Dynamics of Lithosphere in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[C].Beijing:Seismological Press,2001.21–35.(in Chinese))
[2]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.工程场地地震安全性评价技术规范(GB17741–1999)[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.(The National Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.Code for Seismic Safety Evaluation of Engineering Sites(GB17741–1999)[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1999.(in Chinese))
[3]Wallace R E.Earthquake recurrence intervals on the San Andreas fault[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,1970,81(10):2 875–2 890.
[4]Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes:examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas fault zones[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B7):5 681–5 698.
[5]Yeats R S,Pentice C S.Introduction to speccial section:paleoseismology[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101(B3):5 847–5 853.
[6]邓起东,刘百篪,张培震,等.活动断裂工程安全评价和位错量的定量评估[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(2)[C].北京:地震出版社,1992.236–246.(Deng Qidong,Liu Baichi,Zhang Peizhen,et al.Research of active fault in evaluating engineering safety and assessing amount of displacement[A].In:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration ed.Research on Active Fault(2)[C].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1992.236–246.(in Chinese))
[7]邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,2004,11(4):383–392.(Deng Qidong,Chen Lichun,Ran Yongkang.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(4):383–392.(in Chinese))
[8]冉勇康,邓起东.古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J].科学通报,1999,44(1):12–20.(Ran Yongkang,Deng Qidong.History,status and trend about the research of paleoseismology[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(1):12–20.(in Chinese))
[9]Cluff L S.Bridging the gap between earthquake science and engineering:The story of the trans-alaska pipeline performance during the Mw 7.9,2002 earthquake[A].In:Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Contininental Earthquakes,ICCE[C].[s.l.]:[s.n.],2004.63–68.
[10]邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.中国活动构造基本特征[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(12):1 020–1 030.(Deng Qidong,Zhang Peizhen,Ran Yongkang,et al.The basic characteristic of active tectonics of China[J].Science in China(Series D),2002,32(12):1 020–1 030.(in Chinese))
[11]Lave J,Avouac J P.Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwalik Hills,Himalayas of central Nepal[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B3):5 735–5 770.
[12]Armijo R,Tapponnier P,Mercier J L,et al.Quaternary extension in southern Tibet:field observations and tectonic implications[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B14):13 803–13 872.
[13]任金卫,沈军,曹忠权,等.西藏东南部嘉黎断裂新知[J].地震地质,2000,22(4):344–350.(Ren Jinwei,Shen Jun,Cao Zhongquan,et al.Quaternary faulting of Jiali fault,southeast Tibetan Plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,2002,22(4):344–350.(in Chinese))
[14]闻学泽.鲜水河断裂带未来三十年地震复发的条件概率[J].中国地震,1990,6(4):8–16.(Wen Xueze.Conditional probabilities for earthquake of recurrence in future 30 years along the Xianshuihe Fault[J].Earthquake Research in China,1990,6(4):8–16.(in Chinese))
[15]吴章明,汪一鹏,任金卫,等.青藏高原中部的活动断裂[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(3)[C].北京:地震出版社,1994.56–73.(Wu Zhangming,Wang Yipeng,Ren Jinwei,et al.The active faults in the central Tibet Plateau[A].In:Research on Active Fault(3)[C].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1994.56–73.(in Chinese))
[16]Woerd V D,Ryerson J F,Tapponnier P,et al.Holocene left slip rate determined by cosmogenic surface dating on the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun fault(Qinghai,China)[J].Geology,1998,26(8):695–698.
[17]徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(Ms8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,2002,24(1):1–13.(Xu Xiwei,Chen Wenbin,Yu Guihua,et al.Characteristic features of the Hohsaihu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(Ms 8.1),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2002,24(1):1–13.(in Chinese))
[18]Woerd V D,Xu X,Li H,et al.Rapid active thrusting along the northwestern range front of the Tanghe Nan Shan(western Gansu,China)[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B12):30 475–30 504.
[19]国家地震局阿尔金活动断裂课题组.阿尔金活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.(The Research Group of the Altun Fault Zone,State Seismological Bureall.Altun Fault Zone[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1992.(in Chinese))
[20]Bendick R,Bilham R,Freymueller J T,et al.Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system[J].Nature,2000,404:69–72.
[21]Shen Z K,Zhao C h,Yin A,et al.Contemporary crustal deformation in eastern Asia constrained by global positioning system measurements[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:5 721–5 734.
[22]王琪,张培震,牛之俊,等.中国大陆现今地壳运动和构造变形[J].中国科学(D辑),2001,31(7):529–536.(Wang Qi,Zhang Peizhen,Niu Zhijun,et al.Contemporary crustal movement and tectonic deformation of Chinese Continent[J].Science in China(Series D),2001,31(7):529–536.(in Chinese))
[23]Wang E,Buechfiel B C.Interpretation of Cenozoic tectonics in the right-lateral accommodation zone between the Ailao Shan shear zone and the eastern Himalayan syntaxis[J].Int.Geol.Rev.,1997,39:191–219.
[24]Wang E,Burchfiel B C.Late Cenozoic Xiangshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan and central Yunnan,China[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Special Paper,1998,327:1–108.
[25]邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学[J].地震地质,1994,16(4):389–403.(Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,scismisity and dynamics of Longmenshan mountains and its adjacent regions[J].Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4):389–403.(in Chinese))
[26]张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):12–20.(Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong,Zhang Guomin,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China[J].Science in China(Series D),2003,33(Supp.):12–20.(in Chinese))
[27]丁国瑜,卢演俦.板内块体的现代运动[A].见:马杏垣编.中国岩石圈动力学地图集[C].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.72–77.(Ding Guoyu,Lu Yanchou.Recent motions of interplate blocks[A].In:Ma Xingyuan ed.Lithosiperic Dynamics Atlas of China[C].Beijing:Sino Maps Press,1989.72–77.(in Chinese))
[28]张培震,王琪.中国大陆现今地壳运动和构造变形[A].见:马宗晋,王一鹏,马杏垣编.青藏高原岩石圈现今变动与动力学[C].北京:地震出版社,2001.21–35.(Zhang Peizhen,Wang Qi.Contemporary crustal movement and tectonic deformation of Chinese continent[A].In:Ma Zongjin,Wang Yipeng,Ma Xingyuan ed.Contemporary Deformation and Dynamics of Lithosphere in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[C].Beijing:Seismological Press,2001.21–35.(in Chinese))
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