国外地震电磁现象观测
|
摘要
本文综合介绍了国外在地震电磁观测研究方面的进展和实例,结果显示地震电磁信号在地面和卫星观测记录中非常丰富.地面异常信号频带宽、分布范围广,时间上多集中于震前一个月或几天的时间段内出现.卫星地震电磁信号集中于ELE-VLF频段,时间上以震前几个小时为主,说明电磁信号具有明显的短临特性.我国地震电磁未来的发展方向应在现有的基础上,以超低频段为主,并发展地面与电磁卫星的三维立体联合观测,为地震短临预报服务.
The progress and examples of seismo-electromagnetic observation abroad were introduced and summed up in detail.The results showed that,the electromagnetic signals were abundant in the observation whatever at surface or on satellites.The anomalous signals at surface were distributed in wide frequency bands and scopes,and occurred a month or several days before earthquakes.On satellites,seismo-electromagnetic signals concentrated at ELF-VLF bands,mainly occurring in a few hours before earthquakes,which all illustrated that electromagnetic signals are with apparent imminent feature.Based on present conditions,the future developing direction of seismo-electromagnetics in China should be on ultra-low frequency bands,and combine the observation at surface and satellites to build three dimensional observational system,serving for the imminent earthquake prediction.
The progress and examples of seismo-electromagnetic observation abroad were introduced and summed up in detail.The results showed that,the electromagnetic signals were abundant in the observation whatever at surface or on satellites.The anomalous signals at surface were distributed in wide frequency bands and scopes,and occurred a month or several days before earthquakes.On satellites,seismo-electromagnetic signals concentrated at ELF-VLF bands,mainly occurring in a few hours before earthquakes,which all illustrated that electromagnetic signals are with apparent imminent feature.Based on present conditions,the future developing direction of seismo-electromagnetics in China should be on ultra-low frequency bands,and combine the observation at surface and satellites to build three dimensional observational system,serving for the imminent earthquake prediction.
引文
[1]Fraser-Smith A C,Bernardi A,Helliwell R A,McGill P R,Villard O G J.Analysis of low frequency-electromagnetic-fieldmeasurements near the epicenter,in the loma prieta,Califor-nia,earthquake of october 17,1989-preseismic observations[A],Eds:M.J.S.Johnston,U.S.Geological Survey Prof.Paper 1550-C[C],U.S.Gov.Print.Office,Washington,D.C.,1993,C17~C251.
[2]Fenoglio M A,Fraser-Smith A C,Beroza G C,Johnston M JS.Comparison of ultra-low frequency electromagnetic signalswith aftershock activity during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earth-quake Sequence[J],Bull.Seismolog.Soc.Am.,1993,83,347~357.
[3]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,Ondoh T,et al.The precur-sory signature effects of the Kobe earthquake on VLF subiono-spheric signals[J].J Comm Res Lab,1996,43,169~180.
[4]Ohta K,Umeda K,Watanabe N,Hayakawa M.Relationshipbetween ELF magnetic fields and Taiwan earthquake[A].Ed.,M Hayakawa and O A Molchanov,Seismo Electromag-netics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,233~237.
[5]Haartsen M W,Pride S R.Electroseismic waves from pointsources in layered media[J].J.Geophys.Res.Vol.102,No.B11,1997,24,745.
[6]Gaffet S,Guglielmi Y,Virieux J,et al.Simultaneous seismicand magnetic measurements in the Low-Noise UndergroundLaboratory(LSBB)of Rustrel,France,during the 2001 Juan-uary 26 Indian earthquake[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2003,155,981~990.
[7]Varotsos P,Lazaridou M.Latest aspects of earthquake predic-tion in Greece based on Seismic Electric Signals[J].Tectono-physics,1991,188,321~347.
[8]Varotsos P,Alexopoulos K,Lazaridou M.Latest aspects ofearthquake prediction in Greece based on Seismic Electric Sig-nals,Ⅱ[J].Tectonophysics,1993,224,1~37.
[9]Varotsos P,Uyeda S,Alexopoulos K,et al.Prediction of re-cent destructive seismic activities in Greece based on Seismic E-lectric Signals.Eds:M Hayakawa and Y Fujianawa,Electro-magnetic Phenomena related to Earthquake Prediction[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1994,13~24.
[10]Enomoto Y,Hashinoto H.Anomalous electric signals detec-ted before recent earthquakes in Japan near Tsukuba[A].Eds:M Hayakawa and O A Molchanov,Seismo Electromag-netics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,261~269.
[11]Larkina V I,Nalivayko A V,Gershenzon N I,et al.Obser-vations of VLF emission related with seismic activity on theInterkosmos-19 satellite[J].Geomagn.Aeron.,1983,23:684~687.(In Russian)
[12]Gokhberg M B,Pilipenko V A,Pokhotelov O A.Observa-tion from a satellite of electromagnetic radiation above the re-gion of an earthquake in preparation[R].Doklady AN SSSR(Report to the USSR Acad Sc.),1983,268,1,56~58.(In Russian)
[13]Serebryakova O N,Bdichenko S V,Chmyrev V M,et al.E-lectromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquake regions as ob-served by low-altitude satellite[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:91~94.
[14]Parrot M.Statistical study of ELF/VLF emissiond recordedby a low-altitude satellite during seismic events[J].J.Geo-phys.Res.,1994,99,23339~23347.
[15]Molchanov O A,Mazhaeva O A,Golyavin A N,HayakawaM.Observation by the INTERCOSMOS-24 satellite of ELF-VLF electromagnetic emissions associated with earthquake[J].Ann.Geophys.,1993,11,431~440.
[16]Molchanov O,Fedorov E,Schekotov A,et al.Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism forpreseismic short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2004,4:757~767.
[17]Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,et al.Examples ofunusual ionospheric observations made by the DEMETERsatellite over seismic regions[J].Physics and Chemistry ofthe Earth,2006,31:486~495.
[18]Malchanov O A,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signalperturbations possibly related to earthquakes[J].J Geophys.Res.,1998,103(A8):17489~17504.
[19]Bella F,Biagi P F,Caputo M,et al.Field strength varia-tions of Lfradio waves prior to earthquake in Central Italy[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:279~286.
[20]Biagi P F,Piccolo R,Castellana L,et al.Variations in a LFradio signal on the occasion of the recent seismic and volcanicactivity in Southern Italy[J].Phys Chem.Earth,2004,29,4/9,551~557.
[21]Fujiwara H,Kamogawa M,Ikeda M,et al.Atmospheric a-nomalies observed during earthquake occurrences[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2004,31,L17110,1~4.
[22]Parrot M,Lefeuvre F.Statistical study of the propagationcharacteristics of ELF hiss observation on GEOS-1,insideand outside the pasmasphere[J].Ann.Geophysicae,1986,4:363.
[23]Matthews J P,Lebreton J P.A search for seismic relatedwave activity in the micropulsation and ULF frequency rangesusing GEOS-2 data[J],Annales Geophysicae,1985,3:749.
[24]Henderson T R,Sonwalkar V S,Helliwell R A,Inan U S,Fraser-Smith A C.A Search for ELF/VLF Emissions In-duced by Earthquakes as Observed in the Ionosphere by theDE-2 Satellite[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:9503~9514.
[25]Rodger C J,Thomson N R,Dowden R L.A search for ELF/VLF activity associated with earthquakes using ISIS satellitedata[J].J Geophys.Res.,1996,101(A6):13369~13378.
[26]Karakelian D,Beroza G C,Klemperer S L,Fraser-Smith C.Analysis of ultrolow-frequency electromagnetic field measure-ments associated with the 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine,Califo-nia,earthquake sequence[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92,4,1513~1524.
[27]Kotsarenko A,Molchanov O,Enriquez R P,et al.Possibleseismogenic origin of changes in the ULF EM resonant struc-ture observed at Teoloyucan geomagneic station,Mexico,1999~2001[J].Natural Hazards and Earth Sciences,2005,5:711~715.
[28]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,NASDA/UEC team.Sum-mary report of NASDA's earthquake remote sensing frontierproject[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:617~625.
[29]Morgounov V,Ondoh T,Nagai S.Anomalous Variation ofVLF signals associated with strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)[A].Eds:M Hayakawa and Y Fujianawa,ElectromagneticPhenomena related to Earthquake Prediction[C],TERRA-PUB,Tokyo,1994,409~428.
[30]Oike K,Yamada T.Relationship between shallow earth-quakes and electromagnetic noises in the LF and VLF ranges[A].Eds:M Hayakawa and Y Fujianawa,ElectromagneticPhenomena related to Earthquake Prediction[C],TERRA-PUB,Tokyo,1994,115~130.
[31]Moriya T,Mogi T,Takada M.VHF precursory scatteringbefore earthquake[A].Abstracts of Asia Oceania Geosci-ences Society 2nd Annual meeting[C].2005,58-SE-A1097.
[32]Kotsarenko A,Enriquez R P,Cruz-Abeyro J A L,et al.A-nalysis of the ULF electromagnetic emission related to seismicactivity,Teoloyucan geomagnetic station,1998~2001[J].Natural Hazards and Earth Sciences,2004,4:679~684.
[33]Hobara Y,Koons H C,Roeder J L,Yumoto K,HayakawaM.Characteristics of ULF magnetic anomaly before earth-quakes[J].Phys.Chem.Earth,2004,29:437~444.
[34]Nemec F,Santolik O,Parrot M,Berthelier J J.Spacecraftobservation of electromagnetic perturbations connected withseismic activity,(submitted to Nature).
[35]熊皓.电磁波传播与空间环境[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
[2]Fenoglio M A,Fraser-Smith A C,Beroza G C,Johnston M JS.Comparison of ultra-low frequency electromagnetic signalswith aftershock activity during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earth-quake Sequence[J],Bull.Seismolog.Soc.Am.,1993,83,347~357.
[3]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,Ondoh T,et al.The precur-sory signature effects of the Kobe earthquake on VLF subiono-spheric signals[J].J Comm Res Lab,1996,43,169~180.
[4]Ohta K,Umeda K,Watanabe N,Hayakawa M.Relationshipbetween ELF magnetic fields and Taiwan earthquake[A].Ed.,M Hayakawa and O A Molchanov,Seismo Electromag-netics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,233~237.
[5]Haartsen M W,Pride S R.Electroseismic waves from pointsources in layered media[J].J.Geophys.Res.Vol.102,No.B11,1997,24,745.
[6]Gaffet S,Guglielmi Y,Virieux J,et al.Simultaneous seismicand magnetic measurements in the Low-Noise UndergroundLaboratory(LSBB)of Rustrel,France,during the 2001 Juan-uary 26 Indian earthquake[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2003,155,981~990.
[7]Varotsos P,Lazaridou M.Latest aspects of earthquake predic-tion in Greece based on Seismic Electric Signals[J].Tectono-physics,1991,188,321~347.
[8]Varotsos P,Alexopoulos K,Lazaridou M.Latest aspects ofearthquake prediction in Greece based on Seismic Electric Sig-nals,Ⅱ[J].Tectonophysics,1993,224,1~37.
[9]Varotsos P,Uyeda S,Alexopoulos K,et al.Prediction of re-cent destructive seismic activities in Greece based on Seismic E-lectric Signals.Eds:M Hayakawa and Y Fujianawa,Electro-magnetic Phenomena related to Earthquake Prediction[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1994,13~24.
[10]Enomoto Y,Hashinoto H.Anomalous electric signals detec-ted before recent earthquakes in Japan near Tsukuba[A].Eds:M Hayakawa and O A Molchanov,Seismo Electromag-netics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,261~269.
[11]Larkina V I,Nalivayko A V,Gershenzon N I,et al.Obser-vations of VLF emission related with seismic activity on theInterkosmos-19 satellite[J].Geomagn.Aeron.,1983,23:684~687.(In Russian)
[12]Gokhberg M B,Pilipenko V A,Pokhotelov O A.Observa-tion from a satellite of electromagnetic radiation above the re-gion of an earthquake in preparation[R].Doklady AN SSSR(Report to the USSR Acad Sc.),1983,268,1,56~58.(In Russian)
[13]Serebryakova O N,Bdichenko S V,Chmyrev V M,et al.E-lectromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquake regions as ob-served by low-altitude satellite[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:91~94.
[14]Parrot M.Statistical study of ELF/VLF emissiond recordedby a low-altitude satellite during seismic events[J].J.Geo-phys.Res.,1994,99,23339~23347.
[15]Molchanov O A,Mazhaeva O A,Golyavin A N,HayakawaM.Observation by the INTERCOSMOS-24 satellite of ELF-VLF electromagnetic emissions associated with earthquake[J].Ann.Geophys.,1993,11,431~440.
[16]Molchanov O,Fedorov E,Schekotov A,et al.Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism forpreseismic short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2004,4:757~767.
[17]Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,et al.Examples ofunusual ionospheric observations made by the DEMETERsatellite over seismic regions[J].Physics and Chemistry ofthe Earth,2006,31:486~495.
[18]Malchanov O A,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signalperturbations possibly related to earthquakes[J].J Geophys.Res.,1998,103(A8):17489~17504.
[19]Bella F,Biagi P F,Caputo M,et al.Field strength varia-tions of Lfradio waves prior to earthquake in Central Italy[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:279~286.
[20]Biagi P F,Piccolo R,Castellana L,et al.Variations in a LFradio signal on the occasion of the recent seismic and volcanicactivity in Southern Italy[J].Phys Chem.Earth,2004,29,4/9,551~557.
[21]Fujiwara H,Kamogawa M,Ikeda M,et al.Atmospheric a-nomalies observed during earthquake occurrences[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2004,31,L17110,1~4.
[22]Parrot M,Lefeuvre F.Statistical study of the propagationcharacteristics of ELF hiss observation on GEOS-1,insideand outside the pasmasphere[J].Ann.Geophysicae,1986,4:363.
[23]Matthews J P,Lebreton J P.A search for seismic relatedwave activity in the micropulsation and ULF frequency rangesusing GEOS-2 data[J],Annales Geophysicae,1985,3:749.
[24]Henderson T R,Sonwalkar V S,Helliwell R A,Inan U S,Fraser-Smith A C.A Search for ELF/VLF Emissions In-duced by Earthquakes as Observed in the Ionosphere by theDE-2 Satellite[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:9503~9514.
[25]Rodger C J,Thomson N R,Dowden R L.A search for ELF/VLF activity associated with earthquakes using ISIS satellitedata[J].J Geophys.Res.,1996,101(A6):13369~13378.
[26]Karakelian D,Beroza G C,Klemperer S L,Fraser-Smith C.Analysis of ultrolow-frequency electromagnetic field measure-ments associated with the 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine,Califo-nia,earthquake sequence[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92,4,1513~1524.
[27]Kotsarenko A,Molchanov O,Enriquez R P,et al.Possibleseismogenic origin of changes in the ULF EM resonant struc-ture observed at Teoloyucan geomagneic station,Mexico,1999~2001[J].Natural Hazards and Earth Sciences,2005,5:711~715.
[28]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,NASDA/UEC team.Sum-mary report of NASDA's earthquake remote sensing frontierproject[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:617~625.
[29]Morgounov V,Ondoh T,Nagai S.Anomalous Variation ofVLF signals associated with strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)[A].Eds:M Hayakawa and Y Fujianawa,ElectromagneticPhenomena related to Earthquake Prediction[C],TERRA-PUB,Tokyo,1994,409~428.
[30]Oike K,Yamada T.Relationship between shallow earth-quakes and electromagnetic noises in the LF and VLF ranges[A].Eds:M Hayakawa and Y Fujianawa,ElectromagneticPhenomena related to Earthquake Prediction[C],TERRA-PUB,Tokyo,1994,115~130.
[31]Moriya T,Mogi T,Takada M.VHF precursory scatteringbefore earthquake[A].Abstracts of Asia Oceania Geosci-ences Society 2nd Annual meeting[C].2005,58-SE-A1097.
[32]Kotsarenko A,Enriquez R P,Cruz-Abeyro J A L,et al.A-nalysis of the ULF electromagnetic emission related to seismicactivity,Teoloyucan geomagnetic station,1998~2001[J].Natural Hazards and Earth Sciences,2004,4:679~684.
[33]Hobara Y,Koons H C,Roeder J L,Yumoto K,HayakawaM.Characteristics of ULF magnetic anomaly before earth-quakes[J].Phys.Chem.Earth,2004,29:437~444.
[34]Nemec F,Santolik O,Parrot M,Berthelier J J.Spacecraftobservation of electromagnetic perturbations connected withseismic activity,(submitted to Nature).
[35]熊皓.电磁波传播与空间环境[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心