岩溶古地震遗迹的初步研究
|
摘要
笔者 1999— 2 0 0 3年在华北太行山区和北京地区多次进行洞穴调查 ,发现很多古地震遗迹。文中论述了岩溶古地震研究的原理与依据 ,以及岩溶古地震遗迹的主要特征与岩溶古地震标志 ,对辨别洞穴正常岩溶现象与岩溶古地震遗迹的问题提出了新的方法 ,指出了在岩溶古地震调查时应注意的问题
Karst caves are an ideal place for palaeoseismic research.This paper introduces at first the basic prin-ciple and method for the research of palaeosecsmic traces in karst caves.Under normal condition,stalac-tite,drips and stalagmite in cave are arranged as a system following a common vertical line.During earth-quake they are dislocated,and the vertical median line among them is displaced;the stalagmite is de-formed(e.g.broken off),while after the earthquake a new stalagmite may grow on the remaining base of old stalagmite,on the fallen stalagmite or on new place,and then a new system of stalactite,drip and sta-lagmite will be aligned along a new vertical line again.With the alternation of earthquake and non-earth-quake processes,the time-space correlation of the varied vertical lines may constitute“a natural pendu-lum”,which swing successively,just like a“seismograph”recording permanently palaeoseismic events oc-curred near the cave in different times.The investigation of the time-space correlation among these cave deposits may provide valuable information about palaeoseismic events in that region. Furthermore,the main characteristics of palaeoseismic traces and the indicators of palaeoseismic events in karst caves are demonstrated in this paper.When an earthquake occurs,the landscape of the caves may be destroyed and deformed.The distribution of the traces of paleoseismic events in the cave shows statistically a preferred orientation.During earthquake the vertical median line between the stalactite and stalagmite may be displaced or deformed laterally,in contrast to the normal phenomenon in karsts cave.The vertical projection of the collapsed roof on the floor of the cave is not coincident with the extent of colluvial deposits,which are displaced laterally.The distribution of slightly sorted colluvial deposits on the floor of the branch caves shows a preferred orientation.These earthquake-produced characteristics differ significantly from those of gravity collapse deposits in the cave. This study shows that the indicators of paleoseismic events in karst cave can be enumerated as fol-lows:the dislocation of karsts cave and/or its corridor along vertical,horizontal or oblique fault planes;displacement of rock mass,existence of earthquake fault and earthquake groove(line or fracture);rock splitting and lateral dislocation or pull-apart of stone column;lateral displacement of vertical median axis between stalactite and stalagmite;deformation of stalagmite(dislocation,riving,dumping and tilting)and earthquake-induced deformation of cave deposits. It is worth noting that the investigation of paleoseismic traces in karst caves should be carried out at the beginning of the exploration of the karst caves,so that geological phenomena generated by aseismic fac-tors in the cave can be distinguished.
Karst caves are an ideal place for palaeoseismic research.This paper introduces at first the basic prin-ciple and method for the research of palaeosecsmic traces in karst caves.Under normal condition,stalac-tite,drips and stalagmite in cave are arranged as a system following a common vertical line.During earth-quake they are dislocated,and the vertical median line among them is displaced;the stalagmite is de-formed(e.g.broken off),while after the earthquake a new stalagmite may grow on the remaining base of old stalagmite,on the fallen stalagmite or on new place,and then a new system of stalactite,drip and sta-lagmite will be aligned along a new vertical line again.With the alternation of earthquake and non-earth-quake processes,the time-space correlation of the varied vertical lines may constitute“a natural pendu-lum”,which swing successively,just like a“seismograph”recording permanently palaeoseismic events oc-curred near the cave in different times.The investigation of the time-space correlation among these cave deposits may provide valuable information about palaeoseismic events in that region. Furthermore,the main characteristics of palaeoseismic traces and the indicators of palaeoseismic events in karst caves are demonstrated in this paper.When an earthquake occurs,the landscape of the caves may be destroyed and deformed.The distribution of the traces of paleoseismic events in the cave shows statistically a preferred orientation.During earthquake the vertical median line between the stalactite and stalagmite may be displaced or deformed laterally,in contrast to the normal phenomenon in karsts cave.The vertical projection of the collapsed roof on the floor of the cave is not coincident with the extent of colluvial deposits,which are displaced laterally.The distribution of slightly sorted colluvial deposits on the floor of the branch caves shows a preferred orientation.These earthquake-produced characteristics differ significantly from those of gravity collapse deposits in the cave. This study shows that the indicators of paleoseismic events in karst cave can be enumerated as fol-lows:the dislocation of karsts cave and/or its corridor along vertical,horizontal or oblique fault planes;displacement of rock mass,existence of earthquake fault and earthquake groove(line or fracture);rock splitting and lateral dislocation or pull-apart of stone column;lateral displacement of vertical median axis between stalactite and stalagmite;deformation of stalagmite(dislocation,riving,dumping and tilting)and earthquake-induced deformation of cave deposits. It is worth noting that the investigation of paleoseismic traces in karst caves should be carried out at the beginning of the exploration of the karst caves,so that geological phenomena generated by aseismic fac-tors in the cave can be distinguished.
引文
丁国瑜.1982.古地震标志问题〔A〕.见:中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会编.中国活动断裂.北京:地震出版社.276—286.DINGGuo-yu.1982.Ontheindicatorsofpaleo earthquakes〔A〕.In:CommitteeonSeismogeology,TheSeismologicalSo cietyofChina(ed).ActiveFaultsinChina.SeismologicalPress,Beijing.276—286(inChinese)
黄秀铭.1979.关于古地震地质研究〔J〕.地震地质译丛,1(4):34—44.HUANGXiu ming.1979.Researchofpalaoeseismicgeology〔J〕.TranslatedWorksonSeismogeology,1(4):34—44(inChinese).
黄秀铭.1991.古墓历史地震信息〔A〕.见:中国地震学会历史地震专业委员会编.中国历史地震研究文集(二).北京:地震出版社.63—65.HUANGXiu ming.1991.Historicalseismicinformationfromancientgraves〔A〕.In:CommitteeonHistoricalEarthquakes,TheSeismologicalSocietyofChina(ed).CollectedPaperonHistoricalSeismicResearchinChina(2).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.63—65(inChinese).
黄秀铭.1996.地壳运动全变率指标(NDR)系与地震事件〔J〕.地震地质,18(4):427—435.HUANGXiu ming.1996.Theindicatorsystemofnetdeformationratio(NTR )ofcrustalmovementandseismicevent〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,18(4):427—435(inChinese).
黄秀铭.2000a.地貌学在地震研究中的应用:评估地震危险性的新思路〔A〕.见:中国地震学会第八次学术大会论文摘要集.北京:地震出版社.82.HUANGXiu ming.2000a.Applicationofgeomorphologytotheseismicresearch:Anewideaonevaluatingseismicrisk〔A〕.CollectedAbstractsofthe8thAcademicSymposiumofSeismologicalSocietyofChina.SeismologicalPress,Bei jing.82
黄秀铭.2000b.建立地震危险性的动态评估系统〔A〕.见:中国地震学会第八次学术大会论文摘要集.北京:地震出版社.92.HUANGXiu ming.2000b.Establishingasystemofdynamicevaluationonseismicrisk〔A〕.In:CollectedAbstractsofthe8thAcademicSymposiumofSeismologicalSocietyofChina.SeismologicalPress,Beijing.92.
黄秀铭,岑浩.1998.开发岩溶古地震资源〔A〕.见:中国地震学会第七次学术大会论文摘要集.北京:地震出版社.73.HUANGXiu ming,CENHao.1998.Developinformationalsourceonpalaoeseismicityfromkarstcaves〔A〕.CollectedAb stractsofthe7thSymposiumoftheSeismologicalSocietyofChina.SeismologicaIPress,Beijing.73(inChinese).
太田阳子,岛崎邦彦.1995.古地震を探ゐ〔M〕.东京:古今书院
ArattaM .1901.Iterremotid′ItaliaTorino〔M〕.AnastaticaForniBologna,Torino,Ristampa(inItalian).
GostiniS ,RossiA .1986.IICarsismodeimontiCarsiolani〔A〕.In:Proc9thIntSpeleolCongr.Barcelona,1:199—202
OrtiP ,PostpischlD .1984.SeismotectonicandPaleoseismicanalysesusingkarstsediments〔J〕.MarGeol,55:145—161
ГорбочЛП.1964.ОнижнемеловыхпалеосейсмическихявленияхвКрыму〔J〕.ДоклАНСССР,154(3):590—592.
ДинГоюй.1960.ОбунаследованномразвитиихребтаБоролдайвАльпийскомэтапе〔A〕.трудыМГРИтом.38
ромовскихВС.1979.ПалеосейсмогеологияБольшогоКавказа〔M〕.ИздадтелъствоНаука.Москва.
黄秀铭.1979.关于古地震地质研究〔J〕.地震地质译丛,1(4):34—44.HUANGXiu ming.1979.Researchofpalaoeseismicgeology〔J〕.TranslatedWorksonSeismogeology,1(4):34—44(inChinese).
黄秀铭.1991.古墓历史地震信息〔A〕.见:中国地震学会历史地震专业委员会编.中国历史地震研究文集(二).北京:地震出版社.63—65.HUANGXiu ming.1991.Historicalseismicinformationfromancientgraves〔A〕.In:CommitteeonHistoricalEarthquakes,TheSeismologicalSocietyofChina(ed).CollectedPaperonHistoricalSeismicResearchinChina(2).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.63—65(inChinese).
黄秀铭.1996.地壳运动全变率指标(NDR)系与地震事件〔J〕.地震地质,18(4):427—435.HUANGXiu ming.1996.Theindicatorsystemofnetdeformationratio(NTR )ofcrustalmovementandseismicevent〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,18(4):427—435(inChinese).
黄秀铭.2000a.地貌学在地震研究中的应用:评估地震危险性的新思路〔A〕.见:中国地震学会第八次学术大会论文摘要集.北京:地震出版社.82.HUANGXiu ming.2000a.Applicationofgeomorphologytotheseismicresearch:Anewideaonevaluatingseismicrisk〔A〕.CollectedAbstractsofthe8thAcademicSymposiumofSeismologicalSocietyofChina.SeismologicalPress,Bei jing.82
黄秀铭.2000b.建立地震危险性的动态评估系统〔A〕.见:中国地震学会第八次学术大会论文摘要集.北京:地震出版社.92.HUANGXiu ming.2000b.Establishingasystemofdynamicevaluationonseismicrisk〔A〕.In:CollectedAbstractsofthe8thAcademicSymposiumofSeismologicalSocietyofChina.SeismologicalPress,Beijing.92.
黄秀铭,岑浩.1998.开发岩溶古地震资源〔A〕.见:中国地震学会第七次学术大会论文摘要集.北京:地震出版社.73.HUANGXiu ming,CENHao.1998.Developinformationalsourceonpalaoeseismicityfromkarstcaves〔A〕.CollectedAb stractsofthe7thSymposiumoftheSeismologicalSocietyofChina.SeismologicaIPress,Beijing.73(inChinese).
太田阳子,岛崎邦彦.1995.古地震を探ゐ〔M〕.东京:古今书院
ArattaM .1901.Iterremotid′ItaliaTorino〔M〕.AnastaticaForniBologna,Torino,Ristampa(inItalian).
GostiniS ,RossiA .1986.IICarsismodeimontiCarsiolani〔A〕.In:Proc9thIntSpeleolCongr.Barcelona,1:199—202
OrtiP ,PostpischlD .1984.SeismotectonicandPaleoseismicanalysesusingkarstsediments〔J〕.MarGeol,55:145—161
ГорбочЛП.1964.ОнижнемеловыхпалеосейсмическихявленияхвКрыму〔J〕.ДоклАНСССР,154(3):590—592.
ДинГоюй.1960.ОбунаследованномразвитиихребтаБоролдайвАльпийскомэтапе〔A〕.трудыМГРИтом.38
ромовскихВС.1979.ПалеосейсмогеологияБольшогоКавказа〔M〕.ИздадтелъствоНаука.Москва.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心