张衡地动仪文献蠡读——对地动仪功能的重新认识
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摘要
对地动仪的有关文献进行分析,证明《后汉书·张衡传》中有关地动仪的记载(结构方面的内容除外)与其他同期的文献不能很好地衔接。考察地动仪及其设计思想在中国古代的流传情况,可以看出古人对地动仪的质疑早已有之,而且越来越明显与强烈。关于地动仪的所有文献信息不出范晔所记,亦使之成为一条孤证。研究表明,张衡研制地动仪的史实勿容质疑,但限于东汉的科技发展水平,该地动仪并未达到设计初衷,因此渐被世人所遗忘。然而张衡的设计思想有其科学与合理的一面,是人类历史上系统研究测震仪器的第一人,其在科学史上的崇高地位即体现于此。
Based on an analysis of relevant literature about Zhang Heng's seismograph, this paper shows that the description of the instrument (except the description of its structure) from the Biography of Zhang Heng in the History of the Later Han Dynasty is not quite compatible with other records from the same period. On the other hand, from the spread of the designing thought of the instrument in ancient China, it is very clear that the doubts about the instrument had appeared from very early times,and were becoming more and more obvious and strong. Judging from the fact that all later records of the seismograph did not provide us more information than Fan Ye did, it is completely reasonable to look upon Fan's record as an isolated piece of evidence that can not be reconfirmed with other independent sources. Combining all of these considerations, the paper intends to venture that Zhang Heng did make a seismograph. The instrument did not function according to the original intention of designing because of the limitation of developing level of science and technology in the Eastern Han Dynasty,and was thus gradually forgotten by ancient people. Zhang Heng's thought of designing, however,had a scientific and rational facet. In addition, he was also the first one in the history of mankind who ever systematically studied the instrument for earthquake monitoring. That is why his seismograph occupies a high position in the history of science.
Based on an analysis of relevant literature about Zhang Heng's seismograph, this paper shows that the description of the instrument (except the description of its structure) from the Biography of Zhang Heng in the History of the Later Han Dynasty is not quite compatible with other records from the same period. On the other hand, from the spread of the designing thought of the instrument in ancient China, it is very clear that the doubts about the instrument had appeared from very early times,and were becoming more and more obvious and strong. Judging from the fact that all later records of the seismograph did not provide us more information than Fan Ye did, it is completely reasonable to look upon Fan's record as an isolated piece of evidence that can not be reconfirmed with other independent sources. Combining all of these considerations, the paper intends to venture that Zhang Heng did make a seismograph. The instrument did not function according to the original intention of designing because of the limitation of developing level of science and technology in the Eastern Han Dynasty,and was thus gradually forgotten by ancient people. Zhang Heng's thought of designing, however,had a scientific and rational facet. In addition, he was also the first one in the history of mankind who ever systematically studied the instrument for earthquake monitoring. That is why his seismograph occupies a high position in the history of science.
引文
①《后汉书·本纪》:"三年春二月乙亥,京师及金城、陇西地震,二郡山岸崩,地陷。"参见文献[5]第267页。
① 据中国科技大学李志超的研究:张衡的地动仪对于烈度为三级的弱震,是可以测报出来的。参见文献[4]。 根据弱震发生的烈度与有感人群百分比之间的关系I。=4ρ+1.5,不难看出,若烈度为3级,则约有40％的人 群感知地震的发生。在此种情况下,仪器的灵敏度或功能并不能使人产生"皆服其妙"的感觉。
1 王振铎.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,1963,(2):1-8.
2 李约瑟.中国科学技术史[M].第5卷.北京:科学出版社,1976.
3 李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.
4 李志超.天人古义--中国科学史论纲[M].郑州:大象出版社,1998.298-309.
5 (南北朝)范晔.后汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1965.
6 中国地震资料年表[Z].下册.北京:科学出版社,1956.936.
7 中国地震目录[Z].北京:科学出版社,1983.2.
8 (清)惠栋.后汉书补注[A].张舜徽.二十五史三编[Z].第4分册.长沙:岳麓书社.
9 史延廷.东汉张衡所造"候风地动仪"补论[J].郑州大学学报(社科版),1994,(3):42-52.
10 两汉纪[M].下册.北京:中华书局,2002.
11 陈遵妫.中国天文学史[M].第1册.上海:上海人民出版杜,1980.2.
12 (唐)李淳风.乙巳占[M].伊世同点校.北京:人民中国出版社,1993.146.
13 北齐书[M].北京:中华书局,1972.675.
14 北史[M].北京:中华书局,1983.2933.
15 隋书[M].北京:中华书局,1973.1778.
16 (宋)周密.齐东野语[M].北京:中华书局,1983.270.
17 (清)何琇.樵香小记·地动仪[A].四库全书[Z].第859册.上海:上海古籍出版社.798.
18 (清)阮元.《续畴人传》序[A].江晓原自选集[C].桂林:广西师大出版社,2001.328.
19 刘兵.《天学真原》序[A].江晓原.天学真原[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1991.
20 (清)李澄宇.读后汉书蠡述·书张衡传[A].张舜徽.二十五史三编[Z].第4分册.长沙:岳麓书社.170.
① 据中国科技大学李志超的研究:张衡的地动仪对于烈度为三级的弱震,是可以测报出来的。参见文献[4]。 根据弱震发生的烈度与有感人群百分比之间的关系I。=4ρ+1.5,不难看出,若烈度为3级,则约有40％的人 群感知地震的发生。在此种情况下,仪器的灵敏度或功能并不能使人产生"皆服其妙"的感觉。
1 王振铎.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,1963,(2):1-8.
2 李约瑟.中国科学技术史[M].第5卷.北京:科学出版社,1976.
3 李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.
4 李志超.天人古义--中国科学史论纲[M].郑州:大象出版社,1998.298-309.
5 (南北朝)范晔.后汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1965.
6 中国地震资料年表[Z].下册.北京:科学出版社,1956.936.
7 中国地震目录[Z].北京:科学出版社,1983.2.
8 (清)惠栋.后汉书补注[A].张舜徽.二十五史三编[Z].第4分册.长沙:岳麓书社.
9 史延廷.东汉张衡所造"候风地动仪"补论[J].郑州大学学报(社科版),1994,(3):42-52.
10 两汉纪[M].下册.北京:中华书局,2002.
11 陈遵妫.中国天文学史[M].第1册.上海:上海人民出版杜,1980.2.
12 (唐)李淳风.乙巳占[M].伊世同点校.北京:人民中国出版社,1993.146.
13 北齐书[M].北京:中华书局,1972.675.
14 北史[M].北京:中华书局,1983.2933.
15 隋书[M].北京:中华书局,1973.1778.
16 (宋)周密.齐东野语[M].北京:中华书局,1983.270.
17 (清)何琇.樵香小记·地动仪[A].四库全书[Z].第859册.上海:上海古籍出版社.798.
18 (清)阮元.《续畴人传》序[A].江晓原自选集[C].桂林:广西师大出版社,2001.328.
19 刘兵.《天学真原》序[A].江晓原.天学真原[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1991.
20 (清)李澄宇.读后汉书蠡述·书张衡传[A].张舜徽.二十五史三编[Z].第4分册.长沙:岳麓书社.170.
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