知识劳工、身份认同与传播实践:理解中国IT程序员
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摘要
基于"知识劳工"的理论框架,本文从政治经济学的批判视角探究了在中国小型互联网公司就业的IT程序员的身份认同与传播实践。通过对个人式回忆的话语分析,本文揭示出他们四个层面的自我身份认同与建构,包括:基于技术经验和专业主义的认同;以自我提升为目的,对高度流动与内在风险趋于中立化的阐释;使用"码农"一词来体现工作的高压与遭受圆形监狱式的监控;以及使用"屌丝"一词来进行自我表达和集体抗议。IT程序员基于自身工作经验的边缘话语与中国在经济发展、技术创新方面的主流话语形成鲜明的对比,同时也是全球化背景下个人主义凸显的明证。本文的研究进一步确认,"知识劳工"的概念不尽然与专业技能、传播、创新、知识等话语相连,而是对数字经济时代下劳动者的生存困境和凝聚力等问题的再阐释。
Extending the concept of "knowledge workers",this paper studies the identity dynamics of IT programmers from small companies in China. Through the discourse analysis of programmers' personal memoirs,four themes of identity dynamics emerge: IT programmers demonstrate identification with professionalism and technology;they naturalize the high mobility and internal precarity of their work via the discourses of the self and social improvement; the term manong is used to support a sense of selfhood amidst high pressure schedules and"panoptic control"; and the disparaging term diaosi is appropriated in order to activate a sense of self-expression and collective resistance regarding the programmers' working and living conditions. These four themes are integrated into: 1) hegemonic discourses of economic development and technical innovation; and 2)the processes of individualization among IT programmers on a global scale. My findings suggest that being a knowledge worker means providing professional expertise,communication,creativity and knowledge,as well as interrogating questions of survival,struggle and solidarity.
Extending the concept of "knowledge workers",this paper studies the identity dynamics of IT programmers from small companies in China. Through the discourse analysis of programmers' personal memoirs,four themes of identity dynamics emerge: IT programmers demonstrate identification with professionalism and technology;they naturalize the high mobility and internal precarity of their work via the discourses of the self and social improvement; the term manong is used to support a sense of selfhood amidst high pressure schedules and"panoptic control"; and the disparaging term diaosi is appropriated in order to activate a sense of self-expression and collective resistance regarding the programmers' working and living conditions. These four themes are integrated into: 1) hegemonic discourses of economic development and technical innovation; and 2)the processes of individualization among IT programmers on a global scale. My findings suggest that being a knowledge worker means providing professional expertise,communication,creativity and knowledge,as well as interrogating questions of survival,struggle and solidarity.
引文
董海军、黄启萍(2013):屌丝流行及意蕴分析,《中国青年研究》,第1期,5-8页。工业和信息化部运行监测协调局(2014):《中国电子信息产业统计年鉴》,北京:电子工业出版社。
李超民、李礼(2013):“屌丝”现象的后现代话语检视,《中国青年研究》,第1期,13-16页。
项飚(2012):《全球“猎身”:世界信息产业和印度的技术劳工》(王迪译),北京:北京大学出版社。(原书:Xiang,B.[2006].Global“Body Shopping”:An Indian international labor system in the information technology industry.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.)
岳兵(2015):中国软件产业结构集中度的研究分析,《当代经济》,第18期,36-37页。
中国互联网络信息中心(2014):《中国互联网发展报告》,获取自http://www1.cnnic.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201404/U020140417607531610855.pdf
Arora,A.,Arunachalam,V.S.,Asundi,J.&Fernandes,R.(2001).The Indian software services industry.Research Policy,30(8),1267-1287.doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00148-7
Barbrook,R.(1998).The hi-tech gift economy.First Monday,3(12),1-12.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v3i12.631
Beck,U.&Beck-Gernsheim,E.(2002).Individualization:Institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences.London:Sage.
Bell,D.(1976).The coming of the post-industrial society.The Educational Forum,40(4),574-579.doi:10.1080/00131727609336501
Boylorn,R.M.(2008).As seen on TV:An autoethnographic reflection on race and reality television.Critical Studies in Media Communication,25(4),413-433.doi:10 .1080/15295030802327758
Carbaugh,D.,Gibson,T.&Milburn,T.(1997).A view of communication and culture:Scenes in an ethnic cultural center and private college.In Kovacˇi c',B.(Ed.),Emerging Theories of Human Communication(pp.1-24).Albany,NY:State University of New York Press.
Das,G.(2001).India unbound:A personal account of a social and economic revolution from independence to the global information age.New York:Anchor.
D'Costa,A.P.(2003).Capitalist maturity and corporate responses to liberalization:The steel,automobile,and software sectors in India.In Read,A.M.(Ed.),Corporate Capitalism in Contemporary South Asia:Conventional Wisdoms and South Asian Realities(pp.106-133).Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.
D'Mello,M.(2006).Gendered selves and identities of information technology professionals in global software organizations in India.Information Technology for Development,12(2),131-158.doi:10.1002/itdj.20031
Dominguez,D.,Beaulieu,A.,Estalella,A.,Gómez,E.,Schnettler,B.&Read,R.(2007).Virtual ethnography.Qualitative Social Research,8(3),3-7.doi:10.17169/fqs-8.3.274
Drucker,P.(1969).The age of discontinuity:Guidelines to our changing society.New York:Harper&Row.
Edwards,P.(1997).The closed world:Computers and the politics of discourse in cold war America.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Ensmenger,N.L.(2012).The computer boys take over:Computers,programmers,and the politics of technical expertise.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Florida,R.(2002).The rise of the creative class:And how it's transforming work,leisure,community and everyday life.New York:Basic Books.
Florman,S.C.(1996).The existential pleasures of engineering.London:Macmillan.
Fuchs,C.(2014).Digital labour and Karl Marx.New York:Routledge.
Gartner.(2014).Annual Report of ICTs in China.Gartner.Retrieved from http://www.gartner.com
Hacker,S.(1989).Pleasure,power and technology:Some tales of gender,engineering and the cooperative workplace.Boston,MA:Unwin Hyman.
Hardt,M.&Negri,A.(1994).Labour of dionysus:A critique of the state-form.Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota Press.
Iedema,R.,Rhodes,C.&Scheeres,H.(2005).Presencing identity:Organizational change and immaterial labor.Journal of Organizational Change Management,18(4),327-337.doi:10.1108/09534810510607038
Janz,B.D.,Colquitt,J.A.&Noe,R.A.(1997).Knowledge worker team effectiveness:The role of autonomy,interdependence,team development,and contextual support variables.Personnel Psychology,50(4),877-904.doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb01486.x
Lazzarato,M.(1996).Immaterial labour.In Virno,P.&Hardt M.(Eds.),Radical Thought in Italy:A Potential Politics(pp.132-146).Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota Press.
Machlup,F.(1962).The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
Marazzi,C.(2011).Capital and affects:The politics of the language economy.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
McKercher,C.&Mosco,V.(2007).Knowledge workers in the information society.Lanham,MD:Lexington Books.
Mosco,V.&McKercher,C.(2008).The laboring of communication:Will knowledge workers of the world unite?Lanham,MD:Lexington Books.
Mukherjee,S.(2008).Producing the knowledge professional:Gendered geographies of alienation in India's new high-tech workplace.In Upadyha,C.&Vasavi,A.R.(Eds.),In an Outpost of the Global Economy:Work and Workers in India's Information Technology Industry(pp.50-75).New Delhi,IN:Routledge.
Sandoval,M.(2013).Foxconned labour as the dark side of the information age:Working conditions at Apple's contract manufacturers in China.TripleC,11(2),318-347.doi:10.31269/triplec.v11i2.481
Scott,J.D.(2014).Memoir as a form of auto-ethnographic research for exploring the practice of transnational higher education in China.Higher Education Research and Development,33(4),757-768.doi:10.1080/07294360.2013.863844
Shirky,C.(2010).Cognitive surplus:Creativity and generosity in a connected age.London:Penguin.
Smythe,D.W.(1977).Communications:Blindspot of western Marxism.Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory,1(3),1-27.
Terranova,T.(2004).Network culture:Politics for the information age.London:Pluto Press.
Upadhya,C.&Vasavi,A.R.(2006).Work,culture,and sociality in the Indian ITindustry:A sociological study.Indo-Dutch Programme for Alternatives in Development.Retrieved from http://www.unikassel.de/~tduermei/iksa/readerengl/addtext%2013-Updadhya%202006%20Work,%20Culture%20and%20Sociality-1.pdf
Valk,R.&Srinivasan,V.(2011).Work-family balance of Indian women software professionals:A qualitative study.IIMB Management Review,23(1),39-50.doi:10 .1016/j.iimb.2011.01.006
Virno,P.&Hardt,M.(1996).Radical thought in Italy:A potential politics.Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota Press.
Witteborn,S.(2008).Identity mobilization practices of refugees:The case of Iraqis in the United States and the war in Iraq.Journal of International and Intercultural Communication,1(3),202-220.doi:10.1080/17513050802101781
Xia,B.Q.(2014).Digital labour in Chinese Internet industries.TripleC,12(2),668-693.doi:10.31269/triplec.v12i2.534
李超民、李礼(2013):“屌丝”现象的后现代话语检视,《中国青年研究》,第1期,13-16页。
项飚(2012):《全球“猎身”:世界信息产业和印度的技术劳工》(王迪译),北京:北京大学出版社。(原书:Xiang,B.[2006].Global“Body Shopping”:An Indian international labor system in the information technology industry.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.)
岳兵(2015):中国软件产业结构集中度的研究分析,《当代经济》,第18期,36-37页。
中国互联网络信息中心(2014):《中国互联网发展报告》,获取自http://www1.cnnic.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201404/U020140417607531610855.pdf
Arora,A.,Arunachalam,V.S.,Asundi,J.&Fernandes,R.(2001).The Indian software services industry.Research Policy,30(8),1267-1287.doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00148-7
Barbrook,R.(1998).The hi-tech gift economy.First Monday,3(12),1-12.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v3i12.631
Beck,U.&Beck-Gernsheim,E.(2002).Individualization:Institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences.London:Sage.
Bell,D.(1976).The coming of the post-industrial society.The Educational Forum,40(4),574-579.doi:10.1080/00131727609336501
Boylorn,R.M.(2008).As seen on TV:An autoethnographic reflection on race and reality television.Critical Studies in Media Communication,25(4),413-433.doi:10 .1080/15295030802327758
Carbaugh,D.,Gibson,T.&Milburn,T.(1997).A view of communication and culture:Scenes in an ethnic cultural center and private college.In Kovacˇi c',B.(Ed.),Emerging Theories of Human Communication(pp.1-24).Albany,NY:State University of New York Press.
Das,G.(2001).India unbound:A personal account of a social and economic revolution from independence to the global information age.New York:Anchor.
D'Costa,A.P.(2003).Capitalist maturity and corporate responses to liberalization:The steel,automobile,and software sectors in India.In Read,A.M.(Ed.),Corporate Capitalism in Contemporary South Asia:Conventional Wisdoms and South Asian Realities(pp.106-133).Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.
D'Mello,M.(2006).Gendered selves and identities of information technology professionals in global software organizations in India.Information Technology for Development,12(2),131-158.doi:10.1002/itdj.20031
Dominguez,D.,Beaulieu,A.,Estalella,A.,Gómez,E.,Schnettler,B.&Read,R.(2007).Virtual ethnography.Qualitative Social Research,8(3),3-7.doi:10.17169/fqs-8.3.274
Drucker,P.(1969).The age of discontinuity:Guidelines to our changing society.New York:Harper&Row.
Edwards,P.(1997).The closed world:Computers and the politics of discourse in cold war America.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Ensmenger,N.L.(2012).The computer boys take over:Computers,programmers,and the politics of technical expertise.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Florida,R.(2002).The rise of the creative class:And how it's transforming work,leisure,community and everyday life.New York:Basic Books.
Florman,S.C.(1996).The existential pleasures of engineering.London:Macmillan.
Fuchs,C.(2014).Digital labour and Karl Marx.New York:Routledge.
Gartner.(2014).Annual Report of ICTs in China.Gartner.Retrieved from http://www.gartner.com
Hacker,S.(1989).Pleasure,power and technology:Some tales of gender,engineering and the cooperative workplace.Boston,MA:Unwin Hyman.
Hardt,M.&Negri,A.(1994).Labour of dionysus:A critique of the state-form.Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota Press.
Iedema,R.,Rhodes,C.&Scheeres,H.(2005).Presencing identity:Organizational change and immaterial labor.Journal of Organizational Change Management,18(4),327-337.doi:10.1108/09534810510607038
Janz,B.D.,Colquitt,J.A.&Noe,R.A.(1997).Knowledge worker team effectiveness:The role of autonomy,interdependence,team development,and contextual support variables.Personnel Psychology,50(4),877-904.doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb01486.x
Lazzarato,M.(1996).Immaterial labour.In Virno,P.&Hardt M.(Eds.),Radical Thought in Italy:A Potential Politics(pp.132-146).Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota Press.
Machlup,F.(1962).The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
Marazzi,C.(2011).Capital and affects:The politics of the language economy.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
McKercher,C.&Mosco,V.(2007).Knowledge workers in the information society.Lanham,MD:Lexington Books.
Mosco,V.&McKercher,C.(2008).The laboring of communication:Will knowledge workers of the world unite?Lanham,MD:Lexington Books.
Mukherjee,S.(2008).Producing the knowledge professional:Gendered geographies of alienation in India's new high-tech workplace.In Upadyha,C.&Vasavi,A.R.(Eds.),In an Outpost of the Global Economy:Work and Workers in India's Information Technology Industry(pp.50-75).New Delhi,IN:Routledge.
Sandoval,M.(2013).Foxconned labour as the dark side of the information age:Working conditions at Apple's contract manufacturers in China.TripleC,11(2),318-347.doi:10.31269/triplec.v11i2.481
Scott,J.D.(2014).Memoir as a form of auto-ethnographic research for exploring the practice of transnational higher education in China.Higher Education Research and Development,33(4),757-768.doi:10.1080/07294360.2013.863844
Shirky,C.(2010).Cognitive surplus:Creativity and generosity in a connected age.London:Penguin.
Smythe,D.W.(1977).Communications:Blindspot of western Marxism.Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory,1(3),1-27.
Terranova,T.(2004).Network culture:Politics for the information age.London:Pluto Press.
Upadhya,C.&Vasavi,A.R.(2006).Work,culture,and sociality in the Indian ITindustry:A sociological study.Indo-Dutch Programme for Alternatives in Development.Retrieved from http://www.unikassel.de/~tduermei/iksa/readerengl/addtext%2013-Updadhya%202006%20Work,%20Culture%20and%20Sociality-1.pdf
Valk,R.&Srinivasan,V.(2011).Work-family balance of Indian women software professionals:A qualitative study.IIMB Management Review,23(1),39-50.doi:10 .1016/j.iimb.2011.01.006
Virno,P.&Hardt,M.(1996).Radical thought in Italy:A potential politics.Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota Press.
Witteborn,S.(2008).Identity mobilization practices of refugees:The case of Iraqis in the United States and the war in Iraq.Journal of International and Intercultural Communication,1(3),202-220.doi:10.1080/17513050802101781
Xia,B.Q.(2014).Digital labour in Chinese Internet industries.TripleC,12(2),668-693.doi:10.31269/triplec.v12i2.534