引文
[1]Bridgman P W.Shearing phenomena at high pressure of pos-sible importance for geology[J].Journal of Geology,1936,44(6):653-669.
[2]Raleigh C B,Paterson M S.Experimental deformation of ser-pentinite and its tectonic implications[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1965,70(16):3965-3985.
[3]Green H W,Houston H.The mechanics of deep earthquakes[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1995,23:169-214.
[4]赵素涛,金振民.地球深部科学研究的新进展:记2007年美国地球物理联合会(AGU)[J].地学前缘,2008,15(5):289-316.
[5]Green H W II,Burnley P C.A new self-organizing mecha-nism for deep-focus earthquakes[J].Nature,1989,341:733-737.
[6]Frohlich C.The nature of deep-focus earthquakes[J].Annu-al Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1989,17:227-254.
[7]Karato S,Riedel M R,Yuen D A.Rheological structure anddeformation of subducted slabs in the mantle transition zone:Implications for mantle circulation and deep earthquakes[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2001,127:83-108.
[8]Frohlich C.Deep Earthquakes[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,2006:252-301.
[9]Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002:1-471.
[10]Wadati K.Shallow and deep earthquakes[J].GeophysicalMagazine,1928,1:162-203.
[11]Benioff H.Seismic evidence for the fault origin of oceanicdeeps[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1949,60(12):1837-1856.
[12]Hasegawa A,Umino N,Takagi A.Double planed deep seis-mic zone and upper mantle structure in the Northeastern Ja-pan Arc[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal AstronomicalSociety,1978,54(2):281-296.
[13]Peacock S M.Are the lower planes of double seismic zonescaused by serpentine dehydration in subducting oceanic man-tle[J]?Geology,2001,29(4):299-302.
[14]Hacker B R,Peacock S M,Abers G A,et al.Subductionfactory:2.Are intermediate-depth earthquakes in subductingslabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions[J]?Jour-nal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(B1):2030.
[15]余日东,金振民.蛇纹石脱水与大洋俯冲带中源地震(70~300km)的关系[J].地学前缘,2006,13(2):191-204.
[16]Wiens D A,McGuire J J,Shore P J.Evidence for transfor-mational faulting from a deep double seismic zone in Tonga[J].Nature,1993,364:790-793.
[17]Kirby S H,Stein S,Okal E A,et al.Metastable mantlephase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting o-ceanic lithosphere[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1996,34(2):261-306.
[18]Kirby S H,Durham W B,Stern L A.Mantle phase changesand deep-earthquake faulting in subducting lithosphere[J].Science,1991,252:216-225.
[19]Stein S.Deep earthquakes:A fault too big[J]?Science,1995,268:49-50.
[20]Helffrich G,Brodholt J.Relationship of deep seismicity tothe thermal structure of subducted lithosphere[J].Nature,1991,353:252-255.
[21]Frohlich C.A simple analytical method to calculate the ther-mal parameter and temperature within subducted lithosphere[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2006,155(3/4):281-285.
[22]Wiens D A.Seismological constraints on the mechanism ofdeep earthquakes:Temperature dependence of deep earth-quake source properties[J].Physics of the Earth and Planeta-ry Interiors,2001,127:145-163.
[23]Peacock S M.Thermal structure and metamorphic evolutionof subducting slabs[J].Geophysical Monograph-AmericanGeophysical Union,2003,138:7-22.
[24]Syracuse E M,van Keken P E,Abers G A.The global rangeof subduction zone thermal models[J].Physics of the Earthand Planetary Interiors,2010,183(1/2):73-90.
[25]Ringwood A E,Irifune T.Nature of the 650km seismic dis-continuity:Implications for mantle dynamics and differentia-tion[J].Nature,1988,331:131-136.
[26]Fei Y,Bertka C M.Phase transitions in the Earths mantleand mantle mineralogy[M]∥Fei Y,Bertka C M,Mysen BO.Mantle Petrology:Field Observations and High PressureExperimentation.Houston:Geochemical Society,SpecialPublication No.6,1999:189-207.
[27]周春银,金振民,章军锋.地幔转换带:地球深部研究的重要方向[J].地学前缘,2010,17(3):90-113.
[28]Stark P B,Frohlich C.The depths of the deepest deep earth-quakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1985,90(B2):1859-1869.
[29]Tibi R,Wiens D A,Inoue H.Remote triggering of deepearthquakes in the 2002Tonga sequences[J].Nature,2003,424:921-925.
[30]Frohlich C.Aftershocks and temporal clustering of deepearthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1987,92(B13):13944-13956.
[31]Persh S E,Houston H.Strongly depth-dependent aftershockproduction in deep earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismolog-ical Society of America,2004,94(5):1808-1816.
[32]Wiens D A,Gilbert H J.Effect of slab temperature on deep-earthquake aftershock productivity and magnitude-frequencyrelations[J].Nature,1996,384:153-156.
[33]Kawakatsu H.Insignificant isotropic component in the mo-ment tensor of deep earthquakes[J].Nature,1991,351:50-53.
[34]Houston H.The non-double-couple component of deep earth-quakes and the width of the seismogenic zone[J].Geophysi-cal Research Letters,1993,20(16):1687-1690.
[35]唐户俊一郎.流变与地球动力学[M].何昌荣,齐庆新,乔春生,等译.北京:地震出版社,2005:131-150.
[36]Green H W.Tiny triggers deep down[J].Nature,2003,424:893-894.
[37]Jiang G M,Zhao D P,Zhang G B.Seismic evidence for ametastable olivine wedge in the subducting Pacific slab underJapan Sea[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,270(3/4):300-307.
[38]Gleason G C,Green H W.A general test of the hypothesisthat transformation-induced faulting cannot occur in the lowermantle[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2009,172(1/2):91-103.
[39]Yamasaki T,Seno T.Double seismic zone and dehydrationembrittlement of the subducting slab[J].Journal of Geophys-ical Research,2003,108(B4):2212-2232.
[40]Green H W,Jung H.Fluids,faulting,and flow[J].Ele-ments,2005,1(1):31-37.
[41]Zhang J,Green H W,Bozhilov K,et al.Faulting induced byprecipitation of water at grain boundaries in hot subducting o-ceanic crust[J].Nature,2004,428:633-636.
[42]Green H W.Shearing instabilities accompanying high-pres-sure phase transformations and the mechanics of deep earth-quakes[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesof the United States of America,2007,104(22):9133-9138.
[43]Bina C R,Navrotsky A.Possible presence of high-pressureice in cold subducting slabs[J].Nature,2000,408:844-847.
[44]Bose K,Navrotsky A.Thermochemistry and phase equilibriaof hydrous phases in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O:Implica-tions for volatile transport to the mantle[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1998,103(B5):9713-9719.
[45]Irifune T,Kubo N,Isshiki M,et al.Phase transformationsin serpentine and transportation of water into the lower man-tle[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1998,25(2):203-206.
[46]Morris J D,Gosse J,Brachfeld S,et al.Cosmogenic Be-10and the solid Earth:Studies in geomagnetism,subductionzone processes,and active tectonics[J].Reviews in Mineralo-gy and Geochemistry,2002,50(1):207-270.
[47]Thompson A B.Water in the Earths upper mantle[J].Na-ture,1992,358:295-302.
[48]Ohtani E.Water in the mantle[J].Elements,2005,1(1):25-30.
[49]Bromiley G D,Pawley A R.The stability of antigorite in thesystems MgO-SiO2-H2O(MSH)and MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O(MASH):The effects of Al 3+substitution on high-pressurestability[J].American Mineralogist,2003,88(1):99-108.
[50]Ulmer P,Trommsdorff V.Serpentine stability to mantledepths and subduction-related magmatism[J].Science,1995,268:858-861.
[51]Dobson D P,Meredith P G,Boon S A.Simulation of subduc-tion zone seismicity by dehydration of serpentine[J].Science,2002,298:1407-1410.
[52]Chernak L J,Hirth G.Deformation of antigorite serpentiniteat high temperature and pressure[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2010,296(1/2):23-33.
[53]Raleigh C B.Tectonic implications of serpentinite weakening[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1967,14(14):113-118.
[54]Meade C,Jeanloz R.Deep-focus earthquakes and recycling of wa-ter into the Earths mantle[J].Science,1991,252:68-72.
[55]Jung H,Green H W,Dobrzhinetskaya L F.Intermediate-depth earthquake faulting by dehydration embrittlement withnegative volume change[J].Nature,2004,428:545-549.
[56]Jung H,Green H W.Experimental faulting of serpentiniteduring dehydration:Implications for earthquakes,seismiclow-velocity zones,and anomalous hypocenter distributions insubduction zones[J].International Geology Review,2004,46(12):1089-1102.
[57]Wong T F,Ko S C,Olgaard D L.Generation and mainte-nance of pore pressure excess in a dehydrating system:2.Theoretical analysis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B1):841-852.
[58]Perrillat J P,Daniel I,Koga K T,et al.Kinetics of an-tigorite dehydration:A real-time X-ray diffraction study[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,236(3/4):899-913.
[59]Omori S,Kamiya S,Maruyama S,et al.Morphology of theintraslab seismic zone and devolatilization phase equilibria ofthe subducting slab peridotite[J].Bulletin of the EarthquakeResearch Institute,University of Tokyo,2002,76(4):455-478.
[60]Silver P G,Beck S L,Wallace T C,et al.Rupture character-istics of the deep Bolivian earthquake of 9June 1994and themechanism of deep-focus earthquakes[J].Science,1995,268:69.
[61]Green H W,Marone C.Instability of deformation[J].Re-views in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,2002,51(1):181-199.
[62]Omori S,Komabayashi T,Maruyama S.Dehydration andearthquakes in the subducting slab:Empirical link in interme-diate and deep seismic zones[J].Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,2004,146(1/2):297-311.
[63]Stalder R,Ulmer P.Phase relations of a serpentine composi-tion between 5and 14GPa:Significance of clinohumite andphase E as water carriers into the transition zone[J].Contri-butions to Mineralogy and Petrology,2001,140(6):670-679.
[64]Green H W,Chen W P,Brudzinski M R.Seismic evidence ofnegligible water carried below 400km depth in subductinglithosphere[J].Nature,2010,467:828-831.
[65]Zhang H,Thurber C H,Shelly D,et al.High-resolutionsubducting-slab structure beneath northern Honshu,Japan,revealed by double-difference tomography[J].Geology,2004,32(4):361-364.
[66]Kawakatsu H,Yoshioka S.Metastable olivine wedge anddeep dry cold slab beneath southwest Japan[J].Earth andPlanetary Science Letters,2011,303(1/2):1-10.
[67]Bridgman P W.Polymorphic transitions and geological phe-nomena[J].The American Journal of Science,1945,243:90-97.
[68]Benioff H.Source wave forms of three earthquakes[J].Bul-letin of the Seismological Society of America,1963,53(5):893-903.
[69]Benioff H.Earthquake source mechanisms[J].Science,1964,143:1399-1406.
[70]Dziewonski A M,Gilbert F.Temporal variation of the seis-mic moment tensor and the evidence of precursive compres-sion for two deep earthquakes[J].Nature,1974,247:185-188.
[71]Gilbert F,Dziewonski A M.An application of normal modetheory to the retrieval of structural parameters and sourcemechanisms from seismic spectra[J].Philosophical Transac-tions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematicaland Physical Sciences,1975,278:187-269.
[72]Wiens D A,Snider N O.Repeating deep earthquakes:Evi-dence for fault reactivation at great depth[J].Science,2001,293:1463-1466.
[73]Kirby S H.Localized polymorphic phase transformations inhigh-pressure faults and applications to the physical mecha-nism of deep earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Re-search,1987,92(B13):13789-13800.
[74]Burnley P C,Green H W,Prior D J.Faulting associatedwith the olivine to spinel transformation in Mg2GeO4and itsimplications for deep-focus earthquakes[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1991,96(B1):425-443.
[75]Green H W,Young T E,Walker D,et al.Anticrack-associ-ated faulting at very high pressure in natural olivine[J].Na-ture,1990,348:720-722.
[76]Green H W.Solving the paradox of deep earthquakes[J].Scientific American,1994,271(3):50-57.
[77]Green H W,Scholz C H,Tingle T N,et al.Acoustic emis-sions produced by anticrack faulting during the olivine spineltransformation[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1992,19(8):789-792.
[78]Boland J N,Liu L G.Olivine to spinel transformation inMg2SiO4via faulted structures[J].Nature,1983,303:233-235.
[79]Meade C,Jeanloz R.Acoustic emissions and shear instabili-ties during phase transformations in Si and Ge at ultrahighpressures[J].Nature,1989,339:616-618.
[80]Kerschhofer L,Rubie D C,Sharp T G,et al.Kinetics of in-tracrystalline olivine-ringwoodite transformation[J].Physicsof the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2000,121(1/2):59-76.
[81]Burnley P C,Green H W.Stress dependence of the mecha-nism of the olivine-spinel transformation[J].Nature,1989,338:753-756.
[82]Green H W.How and why does olivine transform to spinel[J]?Geophysical Research Letters,1984,11(9):817-820.
[83]Green H W.New light on deep earthquakes[J].ScientificAmerican,2005,Special Edition(Electronic Version):97-105.
[84]Geller R J.Metastable phases confirmed[J].Nature,1990,347:620-621.
[85]Sung C M,Burns R G.Kinetics of the olivine→spinel transi-tion:Implications to deep-focus earthquake genesis[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,1976,32(2):165-170.
[86]Rubie D C,Ross I,Charles R.Kinetics of the olivine-spineltransformation in subducting lithosphere:Experimental con-straints and implications for deep slab processes[J].Physicsof the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1994,86(1/2/3):223-243.
[87]Dler R,Yuen D A.The metastable olivine wedge in fastsubducting slabs:Constraints from thermo-kinetic coupling[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1996,137:109-118.
[88]Koper K D,Wiens D A.The waveguide effect of metastableolivine in slabs[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(4):581-584.
[89]叶国扬,楼小挺,王彦宾,等.一组可用于探测亚稳态橄榄石存在情况的震相[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1165-1171.
[90]Pankow K L,Williams Q,Lay T.Using shear wave ampli-tude patterns to detect metastable olivine in subducted slabs[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107(B6):2108.
[91]Yoshioka S,Murakami T.The effects of metastable olivine(&)wedge in subducted slabs on theoretical seismic wave-forms of deep earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Re-search,2002,107(B12):2365.
[92]Iidaka T,Suetsugu D.Seismological evidence for metastableolivine inside a subducting slab[J].Nature,1992,356:593-595.
[93]Chen W R,Brudzinski M R.Evidence for a large-scale rem-nant of subducted lithosphere beneath Fiji[J].Science,2001,292:2475-2479.
[94]Kaneshima S,Okamoto T,Takenaka H.Evidence for a met-astable olivine wedge inside the subducted Mariana slab[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2007,258(1/2):219-227.
[95]Koper K D,Wiens D A,Dorman L M,et al.Modeling theTonga slab:Can travel time data resolve a metastable olivinewedge[J]?Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(B12):30079-30100.
[96]Mosenfelder J L,Marton F C,Ross C R,et al.Experimentalconstraints on the depth of olivine metastability in subductinglithosphere[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2001,127:165-180.
[97]Wiens D A,Mcguire J J,Shore P J,et al.A deep earthquakeaftershock sequence and implications for the rupture mecha-nism of deep earthquakes[J].Nature,1994,372:540-543.
[98]Frohlich C.A break in the deep[J].Nature,1994,368:100-101.
[99]Stein S A,Rubie D C.Deep earthquakes in real slabs[J].Science,1999,286:909-910.
[100]Dupas-Bruzek C,Sharp T G,Rubie D C,et al.Mechanismsof transformation and deformation in Mg1.8Fe0.2SiO4olivineand wadsleyite under non-hydrostatic stress[J].Physics ofthe Earth and Planetary Interiors,1998,108(1):33-48.
[101]Orowan E.Mechanism of seismic faulting[J].GeologicalSociety of America Memoir,1960,79:323-345.
[102]Griggs D,Baker D W.The origin of deep-focus earthquakes[M]∥Mark H,Fernback S.Properties of Matter UnderUnusual Conditions.New York:Interscience,1969:23-42.
[103]Griggs D,Handin J.Observations on fracture and a hypoth-esis of earthquakes:Rock deformation[J].Geological Socie-ty of America Memoir,1960,79:247–264.
[104]Ogawa M.Shear instability in a viscoelastic material as thecause of deep focus earthquakes[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1987,92(B13):13801-13810.
[105]Hobbs B E,Ord A.Plastic instabilities:Implications forthe origin of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1988,93(B9):10521-10540.
[106]Kanamori H,Anderson D L,Heaton T H.Frictional melt-ing during the rupture of the 1994Bolivian earthquake[J].Science,1998,279:839-842.
[107]Bouchon M,IhmléP.Stress drop and frictional heating dur-ing the 1994deep Bolivia earthquake[J].Geophysical Re-search Letters,1999,26(23):3521-3524.
[108]Venkataraman A,Kanamori H.Observational constraintson the fracture energy of subduction zone earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(B5):B05302.
[109]Reuters T.Web of Knowledge.[2012-02-10].http:∥apps.webofknowledge.com/Citation Report.do?Product=UA&search_mode=CitationReport&SID=1Ekj9La7cD7ppC3MjBF&page=1&cr_pqid=2&viewType=summary.
[110]Bina C R.Patterns of deep seismicity reflect buoyancy stres-ses due to phase transitions[J].Geophysical Research Let-ters,1997,24(24):3301-3304.
[111]Vassiliou M S,Hager B H.Subduction zone earthquakesand stress in slabs[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1988,128(3):547-624.
[112]Estabrook C H.Seismic constraints on mechanisms of deepearthquake rupture[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(B2):B02306.
[113]Suzuki M,Yagi Y.Depth dependence of rupture velocity indeep earthquakes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2011,38(5):L05308.
[114]金振民.上地幔相变动力学[M]∥肖庆辉,李晓波,刘树臣,等.当代地质科学前沿:我国今后值得重视的前沿研究领域.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1993:121-130.
[115]Ito E,Sato H.Aseismicity in the lower mantle by super-plasticity of the descending slab[J].Nature,1991,351:140-141.
[116]周翊.深源地震机理的新认识:反向裂隙断层作用[J].地质科技情报,1994,13(4):5-20.
[117]Green H W,Zhou Y.Transformation-induced faulting re-quires an exothermic reaction and explains the cessation ofearthquakes at the base of the mantle transition zone[J].Tectonophysics,1996,256:39-56.
[118]Bina C R.A note on latent heat release from disequilibriumphase transformations and deep seismogenesis[J].Earth,Planets and Space,1998,50:1029-1034.
[119]Zhao D,Yu S,Ohtani E.East Asia:Seismotectonics,mag-matism and mantle dynamics[J].Journal of Asian EarthSciences,2011,40(3):689-709.
[120]Huang J,Zhao D.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,2006,111(B9):B09305.
[121]Ai Y,Zheng T,Xu W,et al.A complex 660km disconti-nuity beneath northeast China[J].Earth and Planetary Sci-ence Letters,2003,212(1/2):63-71.
[122]Ai Y,Zheng T.The upper mantle discontinuity structurebeneath eastern China[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(21):2089.
[123]Chen L,Ai Y.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transi-tion zone beneath the North China Craton from receiverfunction migration[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2009,114:B06307.
[124]臧绍先,周蕙兰,魏荣强.中国地幔结构及物性研究的进展[J].地震学报,2008,30(5):525-532.
[125]Chen Y J,Pei S.Tomographic structure of East Asia:II.Stag-nant slab above 660km discontinuity and its geodynamic implica-tions[J].Earthquake Science,2010,23(6):613-626.