剪切载荷扰动对断层摩擦影响的实验研究
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摘要
利用双轴伺服控制加载装置,采用3块花岗闪长岩标本组成的含有2个滑动面的直剪结构,开展了摩擦滑动实验。实验中通过在剪切方向上叠加正弦波状的位移扰动,研究了剪应力扰动对断层粘滑失稳的影响。研究表明,在恒定的正应力和位移速率下,标本表现出较为规则的粘滑;当在剪切方向叠加位移扰动后,随扰动振幅的增加,粘滑发生时间与扰动的相关性增大,粘滑的应力降和时间间隔的分布趋于离散,其中扰动能产生明显影响的临界振幅大致为0.05MPa;粘滑应力降和时间间隔随扰动振幅增大而逐渐离散的现象在较高正应力下更为明显,而相同扰动振幅下粘滑失稳发生时间与扰动的相关性也随正应力增加而增大;扰动周期对摩擦性状的影响不明显。研究结果意味着,地震引起的同震剪应力的变化不仅会引起邻近断层上地震发生时间的变化,也可能引起地震强度的变化。
We have performed a series of frictional experiments using a servo-controlled biaxial loading machine with three granodiorite block direct shear configuration.In the experiments,a small-amplitude sine wave of displacement is modulated to shear loading to study the effects of shear stress perturbation on stick-slip instability.The main results are as follows.Under constant normal stress and constant loading point velocity in shear direction,the sample shows regular stick-slip behavior.After the displacement perturbation is modulated to shear loading,the correlation between the timing of stick-slip and the perturbation increases as the perturbation amplitude increases.Stress drop and interval time of stick-slip events also tend to be scattered,and the critical amplitude for producing significant impact is around 0.05MPa.The tendency that the stress drop and interval time of stick-slip events are scattered with increasing perturbation amplitude is more obvious at higher normal stress,and the correlation between the timing of stick-slip and the perturbation also increases with increasing normal stress at the same perturbation amplitude.The effect of perturbation period on friction is not evident.The results imply that the change in Coulomb shear stress caused by strong earthquake may obviously change not only the occurrence time of earthquakes but also the earthquake magnitude on nearby faults.
We have performed a series of frictional experiments using a servo-controlled biaxial loading machine with three granodiorite block direct shear configuration.In the experiments,a small-amplitude sine wave of displacement is modulated to shear loading to study the effects of shear stress perturbation on stick-slip instability.The main results are as follows.Under constant normal stress and constant loading point velocity in shear direction,the sample shows regular stick-slip behavior.After the displacement perturbation is modulated to shear loading,the correlation between the timing of stick-slip and the perturbation increases as the perturbation amplitude increases.Stress drop and interval time of stick-slip events also tend to be scattered,and the critical amplitude for producing significant impact is around 0.05MPa.The tendency that the stress drop and interval time of stick-slip events are scattered with increasing perturbation amplitude is more obvious at higher normal stress,and the correlation between the timing of stick-slip and the perturbation also increases with increasing normal stress at the same perturbation amplitude.The effect of perturbation period on friction is not evident.The results imply that the change in Coulomb shear stress caused by strong earthquake may obviously change not only the occurrence time of earthquakes but also the earthquake magnitude on nearby faults.
引文
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Dieterich J H.1979.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimental results and constitutive equations[J].J GeophysRes,84:2161—2168.
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Nalbant S S,Hubert A,King G C P.1998.Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest Turkey and the north Ae-gean Sea[J].J Geophys Res,103:24469—24486.
Perfettini H,Schmittbuhl J,Rice J R,et al.2001.Frictional response induced by time-dependent fluctuations of thenormal loading[J].J Geophys Res,106:13455—13472.
Rayleigh Lord.1919.On the problem of random vibrations and of random flights in one,two,or three dimensions[J].Phil Mag,37:321—347.
Ruina A L.1983.Slip instability and state variable friction laws[J].J Geophys Res,88:10359—10370.
Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.1997.Progressive failure on the North Anatolian Fault since1939by earthquakestress triggering[J].Geophys J Int,128:594—604.
West M,Sa′nchez J J,McNut S R.2005.Periodically triggered seismicity at Mount Wrangell,Alaska,after the Sumatraearthquakes[J].Science,308:1144—1146.
马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,等.2002.断层相互作用型式的实验研究[J].自然科学进展,12(5):503—508.MA Jin,MA Sheng-li,LIU Li-qiang,et al.2002.Experimental study on patterns of fault interaction[J].Progress inNatural Science,12(10):759—765.
万永革,吴忠良,周公威,等.2002.地震应力触发研究[J].地震学报,24(5):533—551.WAN Yong-ge,WU Zhong-liang,ZHOU Gong-wei,et al.2002.Research on seismic stress triggering[J].Acta Seis-mologica Sinica,24(5):533—551(in Chinese).
闻学泽.2000.山西1303年大地震破裂对相邻断裂段地震复发行为的影响[J].中国地震,16(1):22—27.WEN Xue-ze.2000.Influence of the1303great earthquake rupture,Shanxi,on earthquake recurrence behavior of itsadjacent fault segments[J].Earthquake Research in China,16(1):22—27(in Chinese).
闻学泽,马胜利.2006.唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响[J].自然科学进展,16(10):1346—1350.WEN Xue-ze,MA Sheng-li.2006.Influence of the Tangshan earthquake on earthquake recurrence behavior of its theadjacent fault segments[J].Progress in Natural Science,16(10):1346—1350(in Chinese).
张国民,张晓东,刘杰,等.2005.印尼苏门答腊8.7级大震对中国大陆的影响[J].地震,25(4):15—25.ZHANG Guo-min,ZHANG Xiao-dong,LIU Jie,et al.2005.The effects of Sumatra earthquake with Magnitude8.7inChina s mainland[J].Earthquake,25(4):15—25(in Chinese).
Brodsky E E,Karakostas V,Kanamoro H.2000.Anewobservation of dynamically triggered regional seismicity:Earth-quakes in Greece following the August,1999Izmit,Turkey earthquake[J].Geophys Res Lett,27:274l—2744.
Dieterich J H.1979.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimental results and constitutive equations[J].J GeophysRes,84:2161—2168.
Dieterich J Hand Linker MF.1992.Fault stability under conditions of variable normal stress[J].Geophys Res Lett,19:1691—1694.
Gomberg J,Blanpied M L,Beeler N M.1997.Transient triggering of near and distant earthquakes[J].Bull SeismolSoc Am,87:294—309.
Gomberg J,Beeler N M,Blanpied M L.1998.Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations[J].J Geo-phys Res,103:24411—24426.
Heaton TH.1975.Tidal triggering of earthquakes[J].Geophys R Astr Soc,43(2):307—326.
Heaton TH.1982.Tidal triggering of earthquakes[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,72:2181—2200.
Hill D P,Reasenberg P A,Michael A,et al.1993.Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude7.3Landers,Califor-nia,earthquake[J].Science,260:1617—1623.
He C,Ma S,Huang J.1998.Transition between stable sliding and stick-slip due to variation in slip rate under variablenormal stress condition[J].Geophys Res Lett,25:3235—3238.
Harris R A.1998.Introduction to special section:Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard[J].J Geophys Res,103:24347—24358.
Locker D A,Beeler N M.1999.Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,104:20133—20151.
Nalbant S S,Hubert A,King G C P.1998.Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest Turkey and the north Ae-gean Sea[J].J Geophys Res,103:24469—24486.
Perfettini H,Schmittbuhl J,Rice J R,et al.2001.Frictional response induced by time-dependent fluctuations of thenormal loading[J].J Geophys Res,106:13455—13472.
Rayleigh Lord.1919.On the problem of random vibrations and of random flights in one,two,or three dimensions[J].Phil Mag,37:321—347.
Ruina A L.1983.Slip instability and state variable friction laws[J].J Geophys Res,88:10359—10370.
Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.1997.Progressive failure on the North Anatolian Fault since1939by earthquakestress triggering[J].Geophys J Int,128:594—604.
West M,Sa′nchez J J,McNut S R.2005.Periodically triggered seismicity at Mount Wrangell,Alaska,after the Sumatraearthquakes[J].Science,308:1144—1146.
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