双相各向异性研究、问题与应用前景
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摘要
地球内部流体的存在和岩石各向异性是地下介质的两大表征 ,考虑地下流体和介质各向异性问题的双相各向异性理论是当今地震学和地球物理学理论与应用研究的前沿和难题之一 .孔隙流体的存在、固体和流体之间的相互作用会弱化或硬化岩石的力学属性 ,从而引起声波或弹性波速度的频散和振幅的衰减 ,并产生第二类压缩波 .裂缝或裂隙的定向分布、岩层的旋徊性沉积、应力场的定向排列 ,都会引起传播速度的各向异性、横波发生分裂等重要现象 ,这些特性在石油地震勘探、地震预测、岩石物理、动力学研究以及优化人类生存发展等方面具有重要意义和应用前景 .为此 ,本文讨论了双相各向异性理论研究对于解决地球科学问题中的重要性与必然性 ,介绍了当今双相各向异性研究的发展和主要成果 ,重点论述当前双相介质理论发展中的最新成果— BISQ模型 ,并就双相各向异性理论的应用前景、存在问题及某些观点进行了总结 .
Both the presence of the fluids in the earth and anisotropy of rocks are two main characteristics underground media. Therefor, the two phase anisotropic theory, based on considering the underground fluids and the anisotropy of rocks, is one of frontier and difficulty problems in seismological and geophysical theories and their applications. Pore fluids and solid/fluid interaction can soften and harden the rock's matrix, result in the velocity dispersion and amplitude attenuation of the acoustic and elastic waves and cause the compressional wave of the second kind. Orientation of fractures or cracks, periodic sedimentary deposits of rock, and alignment of the stresses cause velocity anisotropy, shear wave splitting, et al. The properties have important significance and applied frontier on seismic oil exploration, earthquake prediction, rock physics, dynamics, and optimizing human living and developments. For that, we discuss the importance and necessity of the two phase anisotropic study for solving geo scientific problems, review the evolution of the two phase anisotropy study and the main achievements obtained, and introduce emphatically the present newest progress the BISQ model in the evolution of two phase theories. In the last, we prospect the applications of the two phase anisotropy theory, summarize some exist main problems, and make some suggestions about the study of the two phase anisotropy.
Both the presence of the fluids in the earth and anisotropy of rocks are two main characteristics underground media. Therefor, the two phase anisotropic theory, based on considering the underground fluids and the anisotropy of rocks, is one of frontier and difficulty problems in seismological and geophysical theories and their applications. Pore fluids and solid/fluid interaction can soften and harden the rock's matrix, result in the velocity dispersion and amplitude attenuation of the acoustic and elastic waves and cause the compressional wave of the second kind. Orientation of fractures or cracks, periodic sedimentary deposits of rock, and alignment of the stresses cause velocity anisotropy, shear wave splitting, et al. The properties have important significance and applied frontier on seismic oil exploration, earthquake prediction, rock physics, dynamics, and optimizing human living and developments. For that, we discuss the importance and necessity of the two phase anisotropic study for solving geo scientific problems, review the evolution of the two phase anisotropy study and the main achievements obtained, and introduce emphatically the present newest progress the BISQ model in the evolution of two phase theories. In the last, we prospect the applications of the two phase anisotropy theory, summarize some exist main problems, and make some suggestions about the study of the two phase anisotropy.
引文
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[7]Amos Nur等著 .许云译 .双相介质中波的传播 .北京 :石油工业出版社 ,1 986.
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[1 0 ]Wang Z,Nur A.Seismic and acoustic velocities in reservoir rocks:Theoretical and model studies.Society ofExploration Geophysicists. 1 992 ,2 .
[1 1 ]Akbar N,Dvorkin J,Nur A.Relating P-wave attenuation to permeability.Geophysics,1 993 ,58:2 0～ 2 9.
[1 2 ]Parra JO,Xu P C.Dispersion and attenuation of acoustic guided waves in layered fluid-filled porous media:J.Acoust. Soc. Am.,1 994 ,95:91～ 98.
[1 3 ]Sharma M D.Surface-wave propagation in a cracked poroelastic half-space lying under a uniform layer of fluid.Giophys. J. Int.,1 996,1 2 7:3 1～ 3 9.
[1 4 ]王尚旭 .双相介质中弹性波问题有限元数值解和 AVO问题 . [博士学位论文 ],北京 :中国石油大学 ,1 990 .
[1 5]乔文孝 ,王宁 ,严炽培 .声波在两种多孔介质界面上的反射和透射 .地球物理学报 ,1 992 ,3 5( 2 ) :2 4 2～ 2 4 8.
[1 6]张应波 .Biot理论应用于地震勘探的探索 .石油物探 ,1 994 ,3 3 ( 4) :2 9～ 3 8.
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[1 8]刘克安 ,刘宏伟 .双相介质二维波动方程三参数同时反演时卷则迭代法 .石油地球物理勘探 ,1 997,3 2 ( 5) :61 5～ 62 2 .
[1 9]席道瑛 ,易良坤 .砂岩石孔隙流体的黏粘性与衰减、模量和速度色散 .石油地球物理勘探 ,1 999,3 4 ( 4) :4 2 0～ 4 2 5.
[2 0 ]Crampin S. Anisotropy in exploration seismics,F irst Break,1 984 a,2 3 :1 9～ 2 1 .
[2 1 ]Crampin S.etal.Earthquake prediction:A new physical basics.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1 984 b,76:1 4 7～1 56.
[2 2 ]Crampin S,Bush I,Naville C. etal. Estimating the internal structure of reservoirs with shear-wave VSPs,TheL eading Edge,1 986,5( 1 1 ) :3 5～ 3 9.
[2 3 ]Li X Y,Crampin S.Linear-transform techniques for processing shear-wave anisotropy in four-componentseismicdata. Geophysics,1 993 ,58:2 4 0～ 2 56.
[2 4 ]Bush I,Crampin S.Paris Basin VSPs:case history establishing combinations of matrix-and crack-anisotropyfrom modeling shear wave fields near pointsingularities. Geophys. J. Int.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 3 3～ 4 47.
[2 5]Liu Y,Crampin S,Abercrombie R E.Shear-wave anisotropy from borehole recordings at2 .5Km depth and thestress field at Cajon Pass. Geophys. J. Int.,1 997,1 2 9:4 3 9～ 4 49.
[2 6]张中杰 ,滕吉文 .三维各向异性介质中内界面上地震波的传播 .科学通报 ,1 995,4 6( 1 4 ) :1 992～ 1 997.
[2 7]姚陈 ,王培德 ,陈运泰 .卢龙地区 S波偏振与上地壳裂隙各向异性 .地球物理学报 ,1 992 ,3 5( 2 ) :3 0 5～ 3 1 5.
[2 8]杨顶辉 ,滕吉文 ,张中杰 .各向异性动力学反演新算法 .地震学报 ,1 997,1 9( 4) :3 76～ 3 82 .
[2 9]滕吉文 ,王光杰 ,杨顶辉等 .地球各向异性介质中地震波动理论、检测与应用研究 .地学前缘 ,1 998,. 5( 1 ) :83～ 90 .
[3 0 ]刘洋 ,董敏煜 .各向异性介质中的方位 AVO.石油地球物理勘探 ,1 999,3 4 ( 3 ) :2 60～ 2 68.
[3 1 ]Crampin S.A review of wave motion in an isotropic and cracked elastic-media.Wave Motion,1 981 ,3 :3 4 3～3 91 .
[3 2 ]Brodov L U,et al.,Estimating physical parameters of cracked-porous reservoirs by inverting shear-wavesplitting,Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 2 9～ 4 3 2 .
[3 3 ]Mueller M C.Prediction of lateral variability in fracture intensity using multi-com ponent shear-wave.surfaceseismic as a processorto horizontal drilling Ithe Austin Chalk. Geophys. J. R.,Astr. Soc.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 0 9～4 1 6.
[3 4 ]Bush I,Crampin S. Paris Basin VSPs:case history establishing combinations of matrix-and crack-anisotropyfrom modeling shear wave fields near pointsingularities.Geophys.J.Int.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 3 3～ 4 47.
[3 5]Ebrom,D.等 (万有林译 ) .各向异性和油藏开发 .石油物探译丛 ,1 995,No. 2 :1 1～ 1 6.
[3 6]Biot M A,Willis D G.The elastic coefficients of the theory of consolidation.J.Appl.Mech.,1 957,2 4 :594～ 60 1 .
[3 7]Biot M A.Mechanics of deformations and acoustic propagation in porous media,J.Appl.Phys.,1 962 ,3 3 :1 4 82～ 1 4 98.
[3 8]Biot M A.Generalized theory of acoustic propagation in porous dissipative m edia,J.Acoust.Soc.Am. 1 962 ,3 4 :1 2 54～ 1 2 64 .
[3 9]Kazi-Azoual M.Green' s functions in an infinite transversely isotropic saturated poroelastic medium.J.Acoust.Soc. Am.,1 988,84 :1 883～ 1 889.
[4 0 ]Auriault JL.Dynamic behavior of a porous medium saturated by a Newtonian fluid,Int.J.Engng.Sci.,1 984 ,1 8:775～ 785.
[4 1 ]Auriault JL.,etal.Dynamics of porous saturated media,checking of the generalized law of Darcy.J.Acoust.Soc. Am.,1 985,77:1 64 1～ 1 650 .
[4 2 ]Schmitt D P.Acoustic multipole logging in transversely isotropic poroelastic formations.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.1 989,86:2 3 97～ 2 4 2 0 .
[4 3 ]Mukerji T,Mavko G.Pore fluid effects on seismic velocity in anisotropic rocks.Geophysics,1 994 ,59:2 3 3～2 4 4.
[4 4]Xu S Y.Modeling the effect of pore fluid communication on seismic anisotropy. 67th Ann.Int.SEG Meeting,Expanded Abstracts,1 997,991～ 994 .
[4 5]Pointer T,etal.Numerical modeling of seismic waves scattered by hydro fractures:application of the indirectboundary elementmethod. Geophys. J. Int.,1 998,1 3 5:2 89～ 3 0 3 .
[4 6]Sayers C M.Stress-dependent seismic anisotropy of shales.Geophysics,1 999,64 :93～ 98.
[4 7]Berryman JG. Scattering by a spherical in homogeneity in a fluid saturated porous medium. J. Math. Phys.,1 985,2 6:1 4 0 8～ 1 4 1 9.
[4 8]Berryman J G. Effective medium approximation for elastic constants of porous solids with microscopicheterogeneity.J.Appl.Phys.,1 986,59:1 1 3 6～ 1 1 4 0 .
[4 9]Berryman JG,Milton G W. Exactresults forgeneralized Gassmann' s equations in composite porous media withtwo constitutes.Geophysics,1 995,56:1 950～ 1 960 .
[50 ]Rathore JS,Fjaer E,Holt R M,et al. P-and S-wave anisotropy of synthetics sandstone with controlled crackgeometry.Geophys.Prosp. 1 994 ,4 3 :71 1～ 72 8.
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[59]Crampin S. The fracture criticality of crustal rock. Geophys. J. Int.,1 994 ,1 1 8:4 2 8～ 4 3 8.
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[66]Miksis M J.Effectof contact line movementon the dissipation of wave in partially saturated rocks.J.Geophys.Res.,1 986,93 :662 4～ 663 4 .
[67]Wang Z,Nur A.Dispersion analysis of acoustic velocities in rocks.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,1 980 ,87:2 3 84～2 3 95.
[68]Akbar N,etal.Relating P-wave attenuation to permeability.Geophysics,1 993 ,58:2 0～ 2 9.
[69]Dvorkin J,et al. Squirt flow in fully saturated rocks. Geophysics,1 993 ,60 :97～ 1 0 7.
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[73 ]杨顶辉 ,陈小宏 ,牟永光 .双相各向异性介质中基于固 -流质量耦合密度各向异性的应力波方程 .中国学术期刊文摘 (科技快报专栏 ) ,1 999.
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[2 ]Biot M A.Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, :Low-frequency range.J.Acoust. Soc. Amer.,1 956a,2 8:1 68～ 1 78.
[3 ]Biot M A.Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, :Higher-frequency range.J.Acoust.Soc.Amer.,1 956b,2 8:1 79～ 1 91 .
[4 ]White JE. Computed seism ic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial gas saturation. Geophysics,1 975,4 0 :2 2 4～ 2 3 2 .
[5]Plona T J. Observation of a second bulk compressional wave in a porous medium atultrasonic frequencies. Appl.Phys. Lett.,1 980 ,3 6:2 59～ 2 61 .
[6]Hamdi F,Sm ith D T.The influence of permeability on compressional wave velocity in marine sediments.Geophysical Prospecting,1 982 ,3 0 :62 2～ 64 0 .
[7]Amos Nur等著 .许云译 .双相介质中波的传播 .北京 :石油工业出版社 ,1 986.
[8]B.Д.Сибиряков著 ,马在田译 .含流体微观非均匀介质中波的传播 .《国外油气勘探》,1 991 ,No. 3 .
[9]Nur A M,Wang Z. Seismic and acoustic velocities in reservoir rocks:Experimental Studies. Society ofExploration Geophysicists . 1 989,1 .
[1 0 ]Wang Z,Nur A.Seismic and acoustic velocities in reservoir rocks:Theoretical and model studies.Society ofExploration Geophysicists. 1 992 ,2 .
[1 1 ]Akbar N,Dvorkin J,Nur A.Relating P-wave attenuation to permeability.Geophysics,1 993 ,58:2 0～ 2 9.
[1 2 ]Parra JO,Xu P C.Dispersion and attenuation of acoustic guided waves in layered fluid-filled porous media:J.Acoust. Soc. Am.,1 994 ,95:91～ 98.
[1 3 ]Sharma M D.Surface-wave propagation in a cracked poroelastic half-space lying under a uniform layer of fluid.Giophys. J. Int.,1 996,1 2 7:3 1～ 3 9.
[1 4 ]王尚旭 .双相介质中弹性波问题有限元数值解和 AVO问题 . [博士学位论文 ],北京 :中国石油大学 ,1 990 .
[1 5]乔文孝 ,王宁 ,严炽培 .声波在两种多孔介质界面上的反射和透射 .地球物理学报 ,1 992 ,3 5( 2 ) :2 4 2～ 2 4 8.
[1 6]张应波 .Biot理论应用于地震勘探的探索 .石油物探 ,1 994 ,3 3 ( 4) :2 9～ 3 8.
[1 7]牟永光 .储层地球物理学 .北京 :石油工业出版社 ,1 996.
[1 8]刘克安 ,刘宏伟 .双相介质二维波动方程三参数同时反演时卷则迭代法 .石油地球物理勘探 ,1 997,3 2 ( 5) :61 5～ 62 2 .
[1 9]席道瑛 ,易良坤 .砂岩石孔隙流体的黏粘性与衰减、模量和速度色散 .石油地球物理勘探 ,1 999,3 4 ( 4) :4 2 0～ 4 2 5.
[2 0 ]Crampin S. Anisotropy in exploration seismics,F irst Break,1 984 a,2 3 :1 9～ 2 1 .
[2 1 ]Crampin S.etal.Earthquake prediction:A new physical basics.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1 984 b,76:1 4 7～1 56.
[2 2 ]Crampin S,Bush I,Naville C. etal. Estimating the internal structure of reservoirs with shear-wave VSPs,TheL eading Edge,1 986,5( 1 1 ) :3 5～ 3 9.
[2 3 ]Li X Y,Crampin S.Linear-transform techniques for processing shear-wave anisotropy in four-componentseismicdata. Geophysics,1 993 ,58:2 4 0～ 2 56.
[2 4 ]Bush I,Crampin S.Paris Basin VSPs:case history establishing combinations of matrix-and crack-anisotropyfrom modeling shear wave fields near pointsingularities. Geophys. J. Int.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 3 3～ 4 47.
[2 5]Liu Y,Crampin S,Abercrombie R E.Shear-wave anisotropy from borehole recordings at2 .5Km depth and thestress field at Cajon Pass. Geophys. J. Int.,1 997,1 2 9:4 3 9～ 4 49.
[2 6]张中杰 ,滕吉文 .三维各向异性介质中内界面上地震波的传播 .科学通报 ,1 995,4 6( 1 4 ) :1 992～ 1 997.
[2 7]姚陈 ,王培德 ,陈运泰 .卢龙地区 S波偏振与上地壳裂隙各向异性 .地球物理学报 ,1 992 ,3 5( 2 ) :3 0 5～ 3 1 5.
[2 8]杨顶辉 ,滕吉文 ,张中杰 .各向异性动力学反演新算法 .地震学报 ,1 997,1 9( 4) :3 76～ 3 82 .
[2 9]滕吉文 ,王光杰 ,杨顶辉等 .地球各向异性介质中地震波动理论、检测与应用研究 .地学前缘 ,1 998,. 5( 1 ) :83～ 90 .
[3 0 ]刘洋 ,董敏煜 .各向异性介质中的方位 AVO.石油地球物理勘探 ,1 999,3 4 ( 3 ) :2 60～ 2 68.
[3 1 ]Crampin S.A review of wave motion in an isotropic and cracked elastic-media.Wave Motion,1 981 ,3 :3 4 3～3 91 .
[3 2 ]Brodov L U,et al.,Estimating physical parameters of cracked-porous reservoirs by inverting shear-wavesplitting,Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 2 9～ 4 3 2 .
[3 3 ]Mueller M C.Prediction of lateral variability in fracture intensity using multi-com ponent shear-wave.surfaceseismic as a processorto horizontal drilling Ithe Austin Chalk. Geophys. J. R.,Astr. Soc.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 0 9～4 1 6.
[3 4 ]Bush I,Crampin S. Paris Basin VSPs:case history establishing combinations of matrix-and crack-anisotropyfrom modeling shear wave fields near pointsingularities.Geophys.J.Int.,1 991 ,1 0 7:4 3 3～ 4 47.
[3 5]Ebrom,D.等 (万有林译 ) .各向异性和油藏开发 .石油物探译丛 ,1 995,No. 2 :1 1～ 1 6.
[3 6]Biot M A,Willis D G.The elastic coefficients of the theory of consolidation.J.Appl.Mech.,1 957,2 4 :594～ 60 1 .
[3 7]Biot M A.Mechanics of deformations and acoustic propagation in porous media,J.Appl.Phys.,1 962 ,3 3 :1 4 82～ 1 4 98.
[3 8]Biot M A.Generalized theory of acoustic propagation in porous dissipative m edia,J.Acoust.Soc.Am. 1 962 ,3 4 :1 2 54～ 1 2 64 .
[3 9]Kazi-Azoual M.Green' s functions in an infinite transversely isotropic saturated poroelastic medium.J.Acoust.Soc. Am.,1 988,84 :1 883～ 1 889.
[4 0 ]Auriault JL.Dynamic behavior of a porous medium saturated by a Newtonian fluid,Int.J.Engng.Sci.,1 984 ,1 8:775～ 785.
[4 1 ]Auriault JL.,etal.Dynamics of porous saturated media,checking of the generalized law of Darcy.J.Acoust.Soc. Am.,1 985,77:1 64 1～ 1 650 .
[4 2 ]Schmitt D P.Acoustic multipole logging in transversely isotropic poroelastic formations.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.1 989,86:2 3 97～ 2 4 2 0 .
[4 3 ]Mukerji T,Mavko G.Pore fluid effects on seismic velocity in anisotropic rocks.Geophysics,1 994 ,59:2 3 3～2 4 4.
[4 4]Xu S Y.Modeling the effect of pore fluid communication on seismic anisotropy. 67th Ann.Int.SEG Meeting,Expanded Abstracts,1 997,991～ 994 .
[4 5]Pointer T,etal.Numerical modeling of seismic waves scattered by hydro fractures:application of the indirectboundary elementmethod. Geophys. J. Int.,1 998,1 3 5:2 89～ 3 0 3 .
[4 6]Sayers C M.Stress-dependent seismic anisotropy of shales.Geophysics,1 999,64 :93～ 98.
[4 7]Berryman JG. Scattering by a spherical in homogeneity in a fluid saturated porous medium. J. Math. Phys.,1 985,2 6:1 4 0 8～ 1 4 1 9.
[4 8]Berryman J G. Effective medium approximation for elastic constants of porous solids with microscopicheterogeneity.J.Appl.Phys.,1 986,59:1 1 3 6～ 1 1 4 0 .
[4 9]Berryman JG,Milton G W. Exactresults forgeneralized Gassmann' s equations in composite porous media withtwo constitutes.Geophysics,1 995,56:1 950～ 1 960 .
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