日本信浓川地震带超压热水系的喷溢作用与地震活动
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摘要
信浓川地震带位于日本大地沟北部,地壳运动十分强烈,区内地震主要沿信浓川流域发生,并密集成带,大地构造上处于日本海板块向本州板块俯冲的边界线上。该地震带大多数地震为中强震,且均为浅源地震,地震发生伴随着明显的地下水前兆异常,震中区有强烈的超压热水系的喷溢活动。震中区地下水的温度、电导率以及主要地球化学成分呈线性异常分布,并与地震强弱或地震断裂规模有关,地震断层的规模控制了超压热水系喷溢活动的强度和规模。地震发生与超压热水系喷溢活动有着密切的成生关系,超压热水系喷溢活动使断层发生活动所需应力条件降低,诱发地震发生,同时断层活动为超压热水系向上喷溢提供通道。
The Shinanogawa seismic belt,which is developed in the Northern Fossa Magna,Honshu Island,Japan,extends along the Shinano River bounding the Eurasian Plate and the Okhotsk Plate.A geopressured hydrothermal system is widely distributed in the Northern Fossa Magna region.Many destructive earthquakes are related to the activity of this geopressured hydrothermal system in the Shinanogawa seismic belt.The expulsion of geopressured hydrothermal system and rising from depth along an active fault triggered the occurrence of an earthquake and opened the fault as a pathway.The anomalous areas in temperature,electrical conductivity and Cl-concentration of groundwater trend northeast as a linear distribution and convincingly demonstrate the presence of a buried active fault at the epicentral area of the destructive earthquake in the Shinanogawa seismic belt.The distribution of the major axis of the anomalous area in groundwater temperature shows an extremely positive relation with the magnitude of earthquake.It means that the distribution of the anomalous area in groundwater temperature may indicate the scale of earthquake fault.The linearly anomalous areas in groundwater temperature resulting from the percolation of geopressured hydrothermal system and having no historical destructive earthquake are of the predicted areas of future destructive earthquakes.Four potential earthquake areas are proposed and discussed based on the re-examinations of the active faults and seismicity in the Shinanogawa seismic belt.
The Shinanogawa seismic belt,which is developed in the Northern Fossa Magna,Honshu Island,Japan,extends along the Shinano River bounding the Eurasian Plate and the Okhotsk Plate.A geopressured hydrothermal system is widely distributed in the Northern Fossa Magna region.Many destructive earthquakes are related to the activity of this geopressured hydrothermal system in the Shinanogawa seismic belt.The expulsion of geopressured hydrothermal system and rising from depth along an active fault triggered the occurrence of an earthquake and opened the fault as a pathway.The anomalous areas in temperature,electrical conductivity and Cl-concentration of groundwater trend northeast as a linear distribution and convincingly demonstrate the presence of a buried active fault at the epicentral area of the destructive earthquake in the Shinanogawa seismic belt.The distribution of the major axis of the anomalous area in groundwater temperature shows an extremely positive relation with the magnitude of earthquake.It means that the distribution of the anomalous area in groundwater temperature may indicate the scale of earthquake fault.The linearly anomalous areas in groundwater temperature resulting from the percolation of geopressured hydrothermal system and having no historical destructive earthquake are of the predicted areas of future destructive earthquakes.Four potential earthquake areas are proposed and discussed based on the re-examinations of the active faults and seismicity in the Shinanogawa seismic belt.
引文
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[15]Roberts S.J.&Nunn J.A.Episodic?uid expulsion from geopressured sediments[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1995,12:195-204.
[16]Xu H.,Oki Y.,Sato O.,et al..Geochemistry of groundwaters in the Utsunomata landslide area,Maki Village,Higashiku-biki District,Niigata Prefecture[J].Journal of the Japan Landslide Society,1997,34:25-34.
[17]Cipriani F.D.,Cathles L.M.&Manhart P.D.Simulating salt diapirism,overpressuring,and seal rupture in sedimentarybasins(Abstract).EOS Spring Meeting Supplement,1993,74:155.
[18]Xu H.,Oki Y.&Ito T.The Northern Niigata Earthquake with special attention to a geopressured hydrothermal system[J].The Island Arc,1998,7:647-659.
[19]Matsuda T.The scale and periodicity of earthquake generated by the movement of active fault[J].Earthquake,1975,28:269-283(in Japanese).
[20]Raleigh C.B.,Healy J.H.&Bredehoeft J.D.An experiment in earthquake control at Rangely,Colorado[J].Science,1976,191:1230-1237.
[21]Yerkes R.F.&Castle R.O.Seismicity and faulting attributable to?uid extraction[J].England Geology,1976,10:151-167.
[22]Segall P.Stress and subsidence resulting from subsurface?uid withdrawal in the epicentral region of the 1983 Coalingaearthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1985.90:6801-6816.
[23]Tsukahara H.&Ikeda R.Crustal stress orientation pattern in the central part of Honshu,Japan:Stress provinces andtheir origins[J].Journal of the Geological Society of Japan,1991,97:461-474(in Japanese).
[24]蔡永恩,殷有泉,王仁.热状态对地震发生的影响[J].地球物理学报,1992,35(2):204-213.
[25]Ishikawa Y.Remained seismic gaps[J].Kaiyo Monthly,1994,7:102-107(in Japanese).
[26]Tsukuda T.The seismicity and seismic gap in Niigata Prefecture,Japan[A].In Chihara K.(ed.)Earthquake-Is itsafe in Niigata Prefecture[C],1998,pp.9-21.Niigata Nippo Jigyousya,Niigata(in Japanese).
[2]Mogi K.The mechanism of the occurrence of the Matsushiro earthquake swarm in central Japan and its relation to the1964 Niigata earthquake[J].Tectonophysics,1988,159:109-119.
[3]Xu Huilong.The Northern Niigata Earthquake with special attention to a geopressured hydrothermal system(PhD The-sis).1998,Niigata University,Niigata.
[4]Xu Huilong and Oki Yasue.The expulsion of geopressured hydrothermal system associated with the destructive earth-quakes and buried active faults in the Shinanogawa seismic belt,Japan[J].The Island Arc,2004,13:333-345.
[5]Matsuda T.Iwanami-shinsho Shoten.Active Faults[M].Tokyo,1995(in Japanese).
[6]Tsukuda T.The occurrence possibility of large earthquake in the Niigata plain[J].Chikyu Monthly,1995,17:789-796(in Japanese).
[7]Tada T.Is the western margin of Fossa-magna a plate boundary?[J].Program and Abstracts of the Seismological Soci-ety of Japan.1996,2,B33(in Japanese).
[8]Ohtake M.A seismic gap in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan as inferred from the time-space distribution of pastseismicity[J].The Island Arc,1995,4:156-165.
[9]Omori F.The damage investigation report of the 1918 Omachi earthquake[J].Report of the Prevention and Investiga-tion Committee of the Earthquake Disaster.1921,94:16-69(in Japanese).
[10]Xu Huilong,Shen Jianwei and Zhou Xuewu.Geochemistry of geopressured hydrothermal waters in the Niigata sedimenta-ry basin[J].The Island Arc,2006,15(1):199-209.
[11]Xu Huilong,Yasue Oki and Osamu Sato.Expulsion of geopressured hydrothermal system along active faults and its rela-tion to the occurrence of earthquakes in the Shinanogawa seismic belt,Japan[J].Science in China D series,2005,48(2):273-281.
[12]Nakamura K.A hypothesis on mechanism of the Matsushiro earthquake swarm[J].Kagaku Asashi,1971,10:127-133.
[13]Oki Y.,Sato O.,Aoki S.et al..The 1992 Tsunan earthquake of M4.5,Southern Niigata Prefecture[J].Annual Reportof the Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas,Niigata University,1994,16,1-36(in Japanese).
[14]Lopez D.L.&Smith L.Fluid?ow in fault zones:analysis of the interplay of convective circulation and topographicallydriven groundwater?ow[J].Water Resource Research,1995,31:1489-1503.
[15]Roberts S.J.&Nunn J.A.Episodic?uid expulsion from geopressured sediments[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1995,12:195-204.
[16]Xu H.,Oki Y.,Sato O.,et al..Geochemistry of groundwaters in the Utsunomata landslide area,Maki Village,Higashiku-biki District,Niigata Prefecture[J].Journal of the Japan Landslide Society,1997,34:25-34.
[17]Cipriani F.D.,Cathles L.M.&Manhart P.D.Simulating salt diapirism,overpressuring,and seal rupture in sedimentarybasins(Abstract).EOS Spring Meeting Supplement,1993,74:155.
[18]Xu H.,Oki Y.&Ito T.The Northern Niigata Earthquake with special attention to a geopressured hydrothermal system[J].The Island Arc,1998,7:647-659.
[19]Matsuda T.The scale and periodicity of earthquake generated by the movement of active fault[J].Earthquake,1975,28:269-283(in Japanese).
[20]Raleigh C.B.,Healy J.H.&Bredehoeft J.D.An experiment in earthquake control at Rangely,Colorado[J].Science,1976,191:1230-1237.
[21]Yerkes R.F.&Castle R.O.Seismicity and faulting attributable to?uid extraction[J].England Geology,1976,10:151-167.
[22]Segall P.Stress and subsidence resulting from subsurface?uid withdrawal in the epicentral region of the 1983 Coalingaearthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1985.90:6801-6816.
[23]Tsukahara H.&Ikeda R.Crustal stress orientation pattern in the central part of Honshu,Japan:Stress provinces andtheir origins[J].Journal of the Geological Society of Japan,1991,97:461-474(in Japanese).
[24]蔡永恩,殷有泉,王仁.热状态对地震发生的影响[J].地球物理学报,1992,35(2):204-213.
[25]Ishikawa Y.Remained seismic gaps[J].Kaiyo Monthly,1994,7:102-107(in Japanese).
[26]Tsukuda T.The seismicity and seismic gap in Niigata Prefecture,Japan[A].In Chihara K.(ed.)Earthquake-Is itsafe in Niigata Prefecture[C],1998,pp.9-21.Niigata Nippo Jigyousya,Niigata(in Japanese).
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