摘要
•This study explores how Vestas and Siemens approach innovation in offshore wind turbine technology.•Open research styles are inclusive, participatory, cooperative, and flexible.•Closed research styles are exclusive, competitive, centralized, and rigid.•Interestingly, Vestas and Siemens use the same style to manage technological innovation.•They are closed when it comes to resources and expenditures and knowledge movement, but open in all other attributes.