高压变电站接地网的腐蚀防护与监测技术研究进展
|
摘要
高压变电站接地网腐蚀会增加高压输供电设备的跳闸风险,导致大面积停电。针对高压变电站接地网腐蚀与服役安全问题,对接地网材料选型、防腐蚀措施以及腐蚀诊断和无损监测技术进行了综述。介绍了目前我国接地网面临的腐蚀情况和存在的主要问题,讨论了影响输变电站接地网腐蚀的主要因素、腐蚀类型和防腐蚀措施,并对各种防腐蚀措施的优劣进行了对比分析。最后总结了目前接地网腐蚀常用的无损监检测方法,并对接地网防腐蚀对策和腐蚀状态的快速诊断技术提出了展望。
Grounding grid of high voltage transformer substation often suffer from severe soil corrosion, leading to increasing risk of tripping for power supply equipment and resulting in large-scale blackouts. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress on service safety and anti-corrosion of the underground steel grid of high-voltage transformer substation, including the material selection of groundinggrid, anti-corrosion methods and non-destructive corrosion monitoring techniques. In addition, the types of corrosion and the main influence factors relevant to the grounding grid, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different corrosion inhibition methods are also concerned. As an efficient evaluation measurement, several methods of defect diagnosis and corrosion monitoring techniques used in grounding grid are also reviewed. Finally, we prospect for the development about the health diagnosis methods of grounding grids, as well as the anti-corrosion strategy.
Grounding grid of high voltage transformer substation often suffer from severe soil corrosion, leading to increasing risk of tripping for power supply equipment and resulting in large-scale blackouts. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress on service safety and anti-corrosion of the underground steel grid of high-voltage transformer substation, including the material selection of groundinggrid, anti-corrosion methods and non-destructive corrosion monitoring techniques. In addition, the types of corrosion and the main influence factors relevant to the grounding grid, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different corrosion inhibition methods are also concerned. As an efficient evaluation measurement, several methods of defect diagnosis and corrosion monitoring techniques used in grounding grid are also reviewed. Finally, we prospect for the development about the health diagnosis methods of grounding grids, as well as the anti-corrosion strategy.
引文
[1]Lv J X,Hu X M.Analysis on importance and basic requirements of proper grounding in power plants and substations[J].Process Autom.Instrum.,2010,31(2):55(吕俊霞,胡雪梅.发电厂和变电所接地的重要性与基本要求分析[J].自动化仪表,2010,31(2):55)
[2]Lindsey T.National electrical grounding research project[R].Quincy,MA:The Fire Protection Research Foundation,2007
[3]Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 50065-2011 The ground design specifications of the AC electrical installations[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2012(中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB/T 50065-2011交流电气装置的接地设计规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012)
[4]Wei W,Wu X Q,Ke W,et al.Research progress on corrosion and protection of grounding materials[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2015,27:273(魏巍,吴欣强,柯伟等.接地网材料腐蚀与防护研究进展[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2015,27:273)
[5]Ibrahim E S.Corrosion control in electric power systems[J].Electric Power Syst.Res,1999,52(1):9
[6]Zhu Z W,Wu Y P,Ge H H.Research of corrosion and protection for grounding grid in substation[J].J.Shanghai Univ.Elect.Power,2009,25:570(朱忠伟,吴一平,葛红花.变电站接地网腐蚀与防护研究进展[J].上海电力学院学报,2009,25:570)
[7]Zhou M,Wang J G,Liu Y,et al.Causes,forms and remedies of substation grounding grid corrosion[A].Proceedings of 2008 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application[C].Chongqing,China:IEEE,2008:186
[8]Geng J F,Shi H F.Corrosion and protection of grounding grid for substation[J].Corros.Prot.,2009,30:523(耿进锋,时洪飞.变电站接地网腐蚀与防护技术进展[J].腐蚀与防护,2009,30:523)
[9]Zhuang C J,Zeng R,Zhang B,et al.Grounding system design method in high soil resistivity regions[J].High Volt.Eng.,2008,34:893(庄池杰,曾嵘,张波等.高土壤电阻率地区变电站接地网设计思路[J].高电压技术,2008,34:893)
[10]Ministry of Construction of the PRC,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.GB 50169-2006 Code for construction and acceptance of grounding connection electric equipment installation engineering[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2006(中华人民共和国建设部,中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 50169-2006电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2006)
[11]Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China.GB 50059-2011 Design code for substation(35 k V~110 k V)[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2012(中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB 50059-2011 35 k V~110 k V变电站设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2012)
[12]Fu L J,Liu W W,Guan Y L,et al.Study on the corrosion of grounding grid in substation[J].Heilongjiang Elect.Power,2016,38:516(付丽君,刘伟伟,关艳玲等.土壤对变电站接地网腐蚀的研究[J].黑龙江电力,2016,38:516)
[13]Li C R,Qu Z Y,Wang X Y,et al.Characteristic assessment of key factors of soil corrosivity[J].J.Univ.Sci.Technol.Beijing,1996,18(2):174(李长荣,屈祖玉,汪轩义等.土壤腐蚀性关键因素的评价与选取[J].北京科技大学学报,1996,18(2):174)
[14]Song G L,Cao C N,Lin H C,et al.A review of soil corrosion evaluation methods[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,1993,5:268(宋光铃,曹楚南,林海潮等.土壤腐蚀性评价方法综述[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,1993,5:268)
[15]Sadiq R,Rajani B,Kleiner Y.Fuzzy-based method to evaluate soil corrosivity for prediction of water main deterioration[J].J.Infrastruct.Syst.,2004,10:149
[16]Ferreira C A M,Ponciano J A C,Vaitsman D S,et al.Evaluation of the corrosivity of the soil through its chemical composition[J].Sci.Total Environ.,2007,388:250
[17]Hao J T,Xu X,Wang T Z,et al.Application of soil corrosion grade evaluation method in substation grounding grid[J].Sci.Technol.Vis.,2015,(30):272(郝晋堂,徐霞,王天正等.土壤腐蚀等级评价方法在变电站接地网中的应用[J].科技视界,2015,(30):272)
[18]Zhu Z P,Ma X,Jin L L,et al.Soil corrosion evaluation of substation and metal corrosion characteristics analysis for grounding grid[J].Insul.Surge Arrest.,2009,(4):18(朱志平,马骁,荆玲玲等.变电站土壤腐蚀性评价及接地网金属腐蚀特性分析[J].电瓷避雷器,2009,(4):18)
[19]Zhou P P,Wang S,Li Z Z,et al.Review of corrosion resistant metals for grounding[J].Elect.Power Const.,2010,31(8):50(周佩朋,王森,李志忠等.耐蚀性金属接地材料研究综述[J].电力建设,2010,31(8):50)
[20]Deng P,Zhou Y,Zhu Z P,et al.Status and corrosion mechanism of corrosion grounding mesh material in the soil analysis[J].Guangdong Chem.Ind.,2015,42(4):12(邓盼,周艺,朱志平等.接地网材料在土壤中的腐蚀现状及腐蚀机理分析[J].广东化工,2015,42(4):12)
[21]Yan A J,Deng B,Fu J H,et al.Corrosion mechanism of carbon steel grounding grid in soil[J].Shaanxi Elect.Power,2013,41(6):65(闫爱军,邓博,付纪华等.碳钢接地网在土壤中的腐蚀机理研究[J].陕西电力,2013,41(6):65)
[22]Gu M J,Yang F,Deng Y W.Discussion of electrochemical protection and corrosion of grounding device of substation[J].Yunnan Elect.Power,2004,32(1):17(顾梦君,杨凡,邓亚文.变电所接地装置钢质腐蚀及电化学保护的分析探讨[J].云南电力技术,2004,32(1):17)
[23]Liao H D,Li J P,Guan J.Corrosion mechanism and material selection of substation grounding grid[J].Elect.World,2006,47(9):30(廖怀东,李建平,关健.变电站接地网腐蚀机理及材料选择[J].电世界,2006,47(9):30)
[24]Shao Y P,Yan A J,Li B,et al.Corrosion behavior of Q235 carbon steel for grounding grids in soil at shanghai district[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2015,27:333(邵玉佩,闫爱军,李波等.接地极Q235碳钢材料在上海土壤环境中的腐蚀行为[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2015,27:333)
[25]Tan Z H,Zhu Z P,Pei F.Influence of DC stray current on corrosion behavior of grounding grid materials in soils with different moisture content[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2013,25:207(谭铮辉,朱志平,裴锋等.直流杂散电流对不同含水率土壤中接地网材料腐蚀特性的影响[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2013,25:207)
[26]Zheng M C.Effect of stray current on corrosion resistance of grounding grid materials at substation[J].Corros.Prot.,2010,31:294(郑敏聪.杂散电流对变电站接地网材料耐蚀性的影响[J].腐蚀与防护,2010,31:294)
[27]Hong H,Cui Y,Dai X B,et al.Improved method of transmission tower grounding lead based on PVC protection[J].Insul.Surge Arrest.,2012,(5):87(洪浩,崔勇,代鑫波等.基于PVC防护的输电杆塔接地引线改进方法[J].电瓷避雷器,2012,(5):87)
[28]Yang Q G.Analysis on the grounding issues in Jiangsu power grid[J].Jiangsu Elect.Eng.,2015,34(2):82(杨庆刚.江苏电网接地问题探讨[J].江苏电机工程,2015,34(2):82)
[29]Huang S X.Study on corrosion diagnosis method and evaluation of corrosion effect on the grounding grids[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2015(黄胜鑫.接地网腐蚀诊断及腐蚀对接地网性能影响评估方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2015)
[30]Yang T.The research on corrosion detection and life prediction for grounding grids[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2011:2(杨滔.接地网腐蚀状态检测及其寿命预测[D].长沙:湖南大学,2011:2)
[31]Yu Y F,Zhan Y Z,Lin Z W,et al.Research on 220 k V substation ground grid corrosion status in Hubei power grid[J].Hubei Elect.Power,2007,31(4):5(喻亚非,詹约章,林志伟等.湖北电网220 k V变电站接地网腐蚀状况研究[J].湖北电力,2007,31(4):5)
[32]Lu P J,Huang S B,Dou P,et al.Research on substation ground grid corrosion status in Foshan substations[J].High Volt.Eng.,2008,34:1996(陆培钧,黄松波,豆朋等.佛山地区变电站接地网腐蚀状况分析[J].高电压技术,2008,34:1996)
[33]Li Q.Measurement and Application of Grounding Grid in Power System[M].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2013(李谦.电力系统接地网特性参数测量与应用[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2013)
[34]Zhan Z C,Guo H B,Miao Z F.A burnout accident of secondary devices caused by bad grounding[J].Power Syst.Prot.Control,2010,38(12):145(湛志成,郭化冰,苗智峰.因接地不良引起的二次设备烧毁事故[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(12):145)
[35]Li X Z.Lessons from two bad grounding accident in substation[J].Jiangxi Elect.Power,1997,21(3):34(李晓钟.从两起变电站接地网事故中应吸取的教训[J].江西电力,1997,21(3):34)
[36]Tan J Z.Corrosion problem of grounding grid in substation and its solution way[J].Guangdong Power Trans.Technol.,2009,11(2):50(谭炯炽.简述变电站接地网腐蚀问题与解决方法[J].广东输电与变电技术,2009,11(2):50)
[37]Zhu W Q.Corrosion behaviour and protection for substation grounding grid[J].Elect.Eng.,2011,(12):108(朱文强.变电站接地网腐蚀及防腐措施[J].电气技术,2011,(12):108)
[38]Wang S,Luo H,Li Z Z,et al.Corrosion analysis on galvanized flat steel grounding electrode of power system[J].Sci.Technol.Rev.,2011,29(30):37(王森,骆鸿,李志忠等.电力系统接地用镀锌扁钢腐蚀分析与研究[J].科技导报,2011,29(30):37)
[39]Chen S X.Research on corrosion of grounding grid materials in typical soil in China[D].Beijing:China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology,2016(陈散兴.接地网材料在我国典型土壤环境下的腐蚀研究[D].北京:机械科学研究总院,2016)
[40]Nie X H,Zheng M C,Li J H.Electrochemical corrosion behavior of copper grounding grid material[J].Corros.Prot.,2012,33:817(聂新辉,郑敏聪,李建华.铜质接地网材料电化学腐蚀行为[J].腐蚀与防护,2012,33:817)
[41]Li Y X,Ma J X,Dawalibi F P,et al.Power grounding safety:Copper grounding systems vs.steel grounding systems[A].Proceedings of 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology[C].Chongqing,China:IEEE,2006:1
[42]Lei X S,Wang Y F,Huang Y,et al.Key technology for substation coppered steel grounding network design[J].Guangdong Elect.Power,2012,25(11):92(雷翔胜,王彦峰,黄阳等.变电站镀铜钢接地网设计关键技术[J].广东电力,2012,25(11):92)
[43]Guo Y F.The development and application of electrolyte for decreasing soil resistance[J].Northeast Elect.Power Technol.,2004,25(11):37(郭云峰.接地降阻剂的发展与应用[J].东北电力技术,2004,25(11):37)
[44]Guan C P,Jiang L Q.Chemical resistance reducing agent and physical resistance reducing agent[J].Des.Tech.Posts Telecomm.,1995,(1):43(冠承平,江黎前.化学降阻剂与物理降阻剂[J].邮电设计技术,1995,(1):43)
[45]Liu Z C.On the unsuitability of applying agent for reducing resistance in grounding net[J].Power Syst.Technol.,1998,22(9):35(刘正超.化学降阻剂不应使用[J].电网技术,1998,22(9):35)
[46]Zhang W Y,Li H,Sui X D,et al.Research progress on corrosion of steel in earth resistance-reducing agents for grounding electrode[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2017,29(1):80(张万友,李红,隋兴东等.钢接地极在降阻剂中的腐蚀研究进展[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2017,29(1):80)
[47]Jiang L.Study on the reducing resistance and anticorrosion properties of the new-type calcium base bentonite grounding composite[D].Nanchang:Nanchang Hangkong University,2016:1(蒋磊.新型钙基膨润土接地复合材料的降阻与防腐研究[D].南昌:南昌航空大学,2016:1)
[48]Yang D W,Li J L,Zhu Z P.Cathodic protection design for grounding net anti-corrosion project in transformer substation[J].Insul.Surge Arrest.,2004,(1):36(杨道武,李景禄,朱志平.接地网防腐工程中的阴极保护设计[J].电瓷避雷器,2004,(1):36)
[49]Lei M.Application of cathodic protection technology in grounding grid corrosion protection[J].Oil-Gas.Field.Surf.Eng.,2014,33(6):44(雷鸣.阴极保护技术在接地网防腐中的应用[J].油气田地面工程,2014,33(6):44)
[50]Hu X W,Xu C W.Demonstration project of applied—current cathodic protection for grounding grid[J].Guangdong Power Transm.Technol.,2003,30(1):21(胡学文,许崇武.接地网外加电流阴极保护示范工程[J].广东输电与变电技术,2003,30(1):21)
[51]Ren C B,Feng B,Zhou W H,et al.Erosion of the earth mat and the anode protecting in wearing[J].Hunan Elect.Power,2003,23(5):38(任承飚,冯斌,周卫华等.接地网的腐蚀与牺牲阳极保护法[J].湖南电力,2003,23(5):38)
[52]Cao K,Dong G F,Jia Z L,et al.Application of abandon-anodeprotection method in the grounding network anti-corrosion engineering[J].Hebei Elect.Power,2006,25(3):30(曹康,董国防,贾志林等.牺牲阳极保护法在接地网防腐改造中的应用[J].河北电力技术,2006,25(3):30)
[53]Jia F K,Cao S A.Research progress in conductive coatings for corrosion protection of grounding grid[J].Paint Coat.Ind.,2016,46(3):83(贾方凯,曹顺安.导电涂料用于接地网防腐蚀的研究进展[J].涂料工业,2016,46(3):83)
[54]Chang C H,Huang T C,Peng C W,et al.Novel anticorrosion coatings prepared from polyaniline/graphene composites[J].Carbon,2012,50:5044
[55]Li J,Yang H,Li Y S.A conductive paint for electric power system ground net[J].Mater.Prot.,2000,33(9):26(李进,杨鸿,李义山.电力系统接地网导电涂料的研究[J].材料保护,2000,33(9):26)
[56]Wang Z,Ruan J J,Wang Q,et al.Comparative study of corrosion diagnosis methods for common grounding grids[A].Academic Annual Conference in 2015 of High Voltage Specialized Committee of CSEE[C].Xi'an:China Institute of Electrical Engineering High Voltage Specialized Committee,2015(汪昭,阮江军,王谦等.常用接地网腐蚀诊断方法对比研究[A].中国电机工程学会高电压专业委员会2015年学术年会论文集[C].西安:中国电机工程学会高电压专业委员会,2015)
[57]Xiao L S,Li Q,Rao Z Q,et al.The corrosion diagnosis technology of CSG grounding grid and its application[J].Southern Power Syst.Technol.,2013,7(6):89(肖磊石,李谦,饶章权等.南方电网接地网腐蚀故障诊断技术及其应用[J].南方电网技术,2013,7(6):89)
[58]Xiao L S.Research on corrosion diagnosis of substation grounding grid and its influence factors[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2011:7(肖磊石.变电站接地网腐蚀诊断方法及其影响因素研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2011:7)
[59]Liu J,Wang J X,Wang S.An improved algorithm of corrosion diagnosis for grounding grids&its evaluation[J].Proc.CSEE,2005,25(3):71(刘健,王建新,王森.一种改进的接地网故障诊断算法及测试方案评价[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(3):71)
[60]Wang D X,Xu A,Liu F,et al.Research of application on grounding grid fault diagnosis model based on sensitivity analysis[J].Electrotech.Appl.,2013,32(18):64(王大兴,许安,刘凡等.基于灵敏度分析法的接地网故障诊断模型应用研究[J].电气应用,2013,32(18):64)
[61]Niu T,Luo X J,Wang S,et al.Testability analysis of corrosion diagnosis for grounding grids[J].Trans.China Electrotech.Soc.,2010,25(6):192(牛涛,罗先觉,王森等.接地网腐蚀故障诊断可测性分析[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(6):192)
[62]Liu Y,Cui X,Zhao Z B,et al.Method of corrosion diagnosis of substations'grounding grids based on electromagnetic induction theory[J].Proc.CSEE,2009,29(4):97(刘洋,崔翔,赵志斌等.基于电磁感应原理的变电站接地网腐蚀诊断方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(4):97)
[63]Xiong W.Research and application of detection system for grounding grid topology of 110 k V and below the voltage[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014(熊薇.110 k V及以下电压等级接地网拓扑结构检测系统研究与应用[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014)
[64]Gao C Z,Zhao Z B,Li L,et al.Fast computation method for magnetic field generated by substation grounding grids[J].High Volt.Eng.,2009,35:1990(高长征,赵志斌,李琳等.变电站接地网的空间磁场快速计算方法[J].高电压技术,2009,35:1990)
[65]Zhao Z B.Analysis of characteristics of grounding grids in complex soil and calculation of electromagnetic field in substations[D].Baoding:North China Electric Power University(Baoding),2005(赵志斌.复杂土壤中接地网性能分析与变电站内空间电磁场计算[D].保定:华北电力大学(保定),2005)
[66]Jiang Y C,Shi Y Z,Gao J S,et al.Research on the grounding grid defect diagnosis based on the combination of electromagnetic field theory and region segmentation[J].Informat.Res.,2016,42(3):74(蒋宇纯,史玉柱,高劲松等.电磁场理论与区域分割检测相结合的接地网缺陷诊断方法研究[J].信息化研究,2016,42(3):74)
[67]Zhang X L,Zhao X H,Wang Y G,et al.Development of an electrochemical in situ detection sensor for grounding grid corrosion[J].Corrosion,2010,66:076001
[68]Zhang J H.The study of grounding grid corrosion electrochemical measurement method[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2016(张佳慧.接地网腐蚀的电化学测量方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2016)
[69]Li W F.The research on resistance measuring method for grounding grids[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Technology,2009(李为锋.接地网电阻检测方法的研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2009)
[70]Wang H Y,Chang Y,Li Q,et al.Research on data processing method of corrosion polarization curve of grounding grid[J].Water Resour.Power,2017,35(2):208(王浩屹,常湧,李琦等.接地网金属腐蚀极化曲线的数据处理方法研究[J].水电能源科学,2017,35(2):208)
[71]Zhang X L,Luo P,Mo N,et al.Development and application of electrochemical detection system for grounding grid corrosion state[J].Proc.CSEE,2008,28(19):152(张秀丽,骆平,莫逆等.接地网腐蚀状态电化学检测系统的开发与应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(19):152)
[72]Han L,Song S Z,Zhang X L,et al.Development and application of a portable electrochemical device for diagnose of grounding grid corrosion[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2009,21:337(韩磊,宋诗哲,张秀丽等.便携式接地网腐蚀电化学检测系统及其应用[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2009,21:337)
[73]Wang T Y,Xu X,Hao J T,et al.Remote corrosion monitoring technology for grounding grid of high voltage substation[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2016,28:184(王天正,徐霞,郝晋堂等.高压变电站接地网的远程腐蚀监测技术[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2016,28:184)
[74]Ji Y Y.Research on the corrosion of substation grounding grids by electrochemical measurement methods[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2013(寄玉玉.变电站接地网腐蚀状态的电化学测量方法研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2013)
[2]Lindsey T.National electrical grounding research project[R].Quincy,MA:The Fire Protection Research Foundation,2007
[3]Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 50065-2011 The ground design specifications of the AC electrical installations[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2012(中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB/T 50065-2011交流电气装置的接地设计规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012)
[4]Wei W,Wu X Q,Ke W,et al.Research progress on corrosion and protection of grounding materials[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2015,27:273(魏巍,吴欣强,柯伟等.接地网材料腐蚀与防护研究进展[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2015,27:273)
[5]Ibrahim E S.Corrosion control in electric power systems[J].Electric Power Syst.Res,1999,52(1):9
[6]Zhu Z W,Wu Y P,Ge H H.Research of corrosion and protection for grounding grid in substation[J].J.Shanghai Univ.Elect.Power,2009,25:570(朱忠伟,吴一平,葛红花.变电站接地网腐蚀与防护研究进展[J].上海电力学院学报,2009,25:570)
[7]Zhou M,Wang J G,Liu Y,et al.Causes,forms and remedies of substation grounding grid corrosion[A].Proceedings of 2008 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application[C].Chongqing,China:IEEE,2008:186
[8]Geng J F,Shi H F.Corrosion and protection of grounding grid for substation[J].Corros.Prot.,2009,30:523(耿进锋,时洪飞.变电站接地网腐蚀与防护技术进展[J].腐蚀与防护,2009,30:523)
[9]Zhuang C J,Zeng R,Zhang B,et al.Grounding system design method in high soil resistivity regions[J].High Volt.Eng.,2008,34:893(庄池杰,曾嵘,张波等.高土壤电阻率地区变电站接地网设计思路[J].高电压技术,2008,34:893)
[10]Ministry of Construction of the PRC,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.GB 50169-2006 Code for construction and acceptance of grounding connection electric equipment installation engineering[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2006(中华人民共和国建设部,中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 50169-2006电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2006)
[11]Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China.GB 50059-2011 Design code for substation(35 k V~110 k V)[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2012(中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB 50059-2011 35 k V~110 k V变电站设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2012)
[12]Fu L J,Liu W W,Guan Y L,et al.Study on the corrosion of grounding grid in substation[J].Heilongjiang Elect.Power,2016,38:516(付丽君,刘伟伟,关艳玲等.土壤对变电站接地网腐蚀的研究[J].黑龙江电力,2016,38:516)
[13]Li C R,Qu Z Y,Wang X Y,et al.Characteristic assessment of key factors of soil corrosivity[J].J.Univ.Sci.Technol.Beijing,1996,18(2):174(李长荣,屈祖玉,汪轩义等.土壤腐蚀性关键因素的评价与选取[J].北京科技大学学报,1996,18(2):174)
[14]Song G L,Cao C N,Lin H C,et al.A review of soil corrosion evaluation methods[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,1993,5:268(宋光铃,曹楚南,林海潮等.土壤腐蚀性评价方法综述[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,1993,5:268)
[15]Sadiq R,Rajani B,Kleiner Y.Fuzzy-based method to evaluate soil corrosivity for prediction of water main deterioration[J].J.Infrastruct.Syst.,2004,10:149
[16]Ferreira C A M,Ponciano J A C,Vaitsman D S,et al.Evaluation of the corrosivity of the soil through its chemical composition[J].Sci.Total Environ.,2007,388:250
[17]Hao J T,Xu X,Wang T Z,et al.Application of soil corrosion grade evaluation method in substation grounding grid[J].Sci.Technol.Vis.,2015,(30):272(郝晋堂,徐霞,王天正等.土壤腐蚀等级评价方法在变电站接地网中的应用[J].科技视界,2015,(30):272)
[18]Zhu Z P,Ma X,Jin L L,et al.Soil corrosion evaluation of substation and metal corrosion characteristics analysis for grounding grid[J].Insul.Surge Arrest.,2009,(4):18(朱志平,马骁,荆玲玲等.变电站土壤腐蚀性评价及接地网金属腐蚀特性分析[J].电瓷避雷器,2009,(4):18)
[19]Zhou P P,Wang S,Li Z Z,et al.Review of corrosion resistant metals for grounding[J].Elect.Power Const.,2010,31(8):50(周佩朋,王森,李志忠等.耐蚀性金属接地材料研究综述[J].电力建设,2010,31(8):50)
[20]Deng P,Zhou Y,Zhu Z P,et al.Status and corrosion mechanism of corrosion grounding mesh material in the soil analysis[J].Guangdong Chem.Ind.,2015,42(4):12(邓盼,周艺,朱志平等.接地网材料在土壤中的腐蚀现状及腐蚀机理分析[J].广东化工,2015,42(4):12)
[21]Yan A J,Deng B,Fu J H,et al.Corrosion mechanism of carbon steel grounding grid in soil[J].Shaanxi Elect.Power,2013,41(6):65(闫爱军,邓博,付纪华等.碳钢接地网在土壤中的腐蚀机理研究[J].陕西电力,2013,41(6):65)
[22]Gu M J,Yang F,Deng Y W.Discussion of electrochemical protection and corrosion of grounding device of substation[J].Yunnan Elect.Power,2004,32(1):17(顾梦君,杨凡,邓亚文.变电所接地装置钢质腐蚀及电化学保护的分析探讨[J].云南电力技术,2004,32(1):17)
[23]Liao H D,Li J P,Guan J.Corrosion mechanism and material selection of substation grounding grid[J].Elect.World,2006,47(9):30(廖怀东,李建平,关健.变电站接地网腐蚀机理及材料选择[J].电世界,2006,47(9):30)
[24]Shao Y P,Yan A J,Li B,et al.Corrosion behavior of Q235 carbon steel for grounding grids in soil at shanghai district[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2015,27:333(邵玉佩,闫爱军,李波等.接地极Q235碳钢材料在上海土壤环境中的腐蚀行为[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2015,27:333)
[25]Tan Z H,Zhu Z P,Pei F.Influence of DC stray current on corrosion behavior of grounding grid materials in soils with different moisture content[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2013,25:207(谭铮辉,朱志平,裴锋等.直流杂散电流对不同含水率土壤中接地网材料腐蚀特性的影响[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2013,25:207)
[26]Zheng M C.Effect of stray current on corrosion resistance of grounding grid materials at substation[J].Corros.Prot.,2010,31:294(郑敏聪.杂散电流对变电站接地网材料耐蚀性的影响[J].腐蚀与防护,2010,31:294)
[27]Hong H,Cui Y,Dai X B,et al.Improved method of transmission tower grounding lead based on PVC protection[J].Insul.Surge Arrest.,2012,(5):87(洪浩,崔勇,代鑫波等.基于PVC防护的输电杆塔接地引线改进方法[J].电瓷避雷器,2012,(5):87)
[28]Yang Q G.Analysis on the grounding issues in Jiangsu power grid[J].Jiangsu Elect.Eng.,2015,34(2):82(杨庆刚.江苏电网接地问题探讨[J].江苏电机工程,2015,34(2):82)
[29]Huang S X.Study on corrosion diagnosis method and evaluation of corrosion effect on the grounding grids[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2015(黄胜鑫.接地网腐蚀诊断及腐蚀对接地网性能影响评估方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2015)
[30]Yang T.The research on corrosion detection and life prediction for grounding grids[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2011:2(杨滔.接地网腐蚀状态检测及其寿命预测[D].长沙:湖南大学,2011:2)
[31]Yu Y F,Zhan Y Z,Lin Z W,et al.Research on 220 k V substation ground grid corrosion status in Hubei power grid[J].Hubei Elect.Power,2007,31(4):5(喻亚非,詹约章,林志伟等.湖北电网220 k V变电站接地网腐蚀状况研究[J].湖北电力,2007,31(4):5)
[32]Lu P J,Huang S B,Dou P,et al.Research on substation ground grid corrosion status in Foshan substations[J].High Volt.Eng.,2008,34:1996(陆培钧,黄松波,豆朋等.佛山地区变电站接地网腐蚀状况分析[J].高电压技术,2008,34:1996)
[33]Li Q.Measurement and Application of Grounding Grid in Power System[M].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2013(李谦.电力系统接地网特性参数测量与应用[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2013)
[34]Zhan Z C,Guo H B,Miao Z F.A burnout accident of secondary devices caused by bad grounding[J].Power Syst.Prot.Control,2010,38(12):145(湛志成,郭化冰,苗智峰.因接地不良引起的二次设备烧毁事故[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(12):145)
[35]Li X Z.Lessons from two bad grounding accident in substation[J].Jiangxi Elect.Power,1997,21(3):34(李晓钟.从两起变电站接地网事故中应吸取的教训[J].江西电力,1997,21(3):34)
[36]Tan J Z.Corrosion problem of grounding grid in substation and its solution way[J].Guangdong Power Trans.Technol.,2009,11(2):50(谭炯炽.简述变电站接地网腐蚀问题与解决方法[J].广东输电与变电技术,2009,11(2):50)
[37]Zhu W Q.Corrosion behaviour and protection for substation grounding grid[J].Elect.Eng.,2011,(12):108(朱文强.变电站接地网腐蚀及防腐措施[J].电气技术,2011,(12):108)
[38]Wang S,Luo H,Li Z Z,et al.Corrosion analysis on galvanized flat steel grounding electrode of power system[J].Sci.Technol.Rev.,2011,29(30):37(王森,骆鸿,李志忠等.电力系统接地用镀锌扁钢腐蚀分析与研究[J].科技导报,2011,29(30):37)
[39]Chen S X.Research on corrosion of grounding grid materials in typical soil in China[D].Beijing:China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology,2016(陈散兴.接地网材料在我国典型土壤环境下的腐蚀研究[D].北京:机械科学研究总院,2016)
[40]Nie X H,Zheng M C,Li J H.Electrochemical corrosion behavior of copper grounding grid material[J].Corros.Prot.,2012,33:817(聂新辉,郑敏聪,李建华.铜质接地网材料电化学腐蚀行为[J].腐蚀与防护,2012,33:817)
[41]Li Y X,Ma J X,Dawalibi F P,et al.Power grounding safety:Copper grounding systems vs.steel grounding systems[A].Proceedings of 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology[C].Chongqing,China:IEEE,2006:1
[42]Lei X S,Wang Y F,Huang Y,et al.Key technology for substation coppered steel grounding network design[J].Guangdong Elect.Power,2012,25(11):92(雷翔胜,王彦峰,黄阳等.变电站镀铜钢接地网设计关键技术[J].广东电力,2012,25(11):92)
[43]Guo Y F.The development and application of electrolyte for decreasing soil resistance[J].Northeast Elect.Power Technol.,2004,25(11):37(郭云峰.接地降阻剂的发展与应用[J].东北电力技术,2004,25(11):37)
[44]Guan C P,Jiang L Q.Chemical resistance reducing agent and physical resistance reducing agent[J].Des.Tech.Posts Telecomm.,1995,(1):43(冠承平,江黎前.化学降阻剂与物理降阻剂[J].邮电设计技术,1995,(1):43)
[45]Liu Z C.On the unsuitability of applying agent for reducing resistance in grounding net[J].Power Syst.Technol.,1998,22(9):35(刘正超.化学降阻剂不应使用[J].电网技术,1998,22(9):35)
[46]Zhang W Y,Li H,Sui X D,et al.Research progress on corrosion of steel in earth resistance-reducing agents for grounding electrode[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2017,29(1):80(张万友,李红,隋兴东等.钢接地极在降阻剂中的腐蚀研究进展[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2017,29(1):80)
[47]Jiang L.Study on the reducing resistance and anticorrosion properties of the new-type calcium base bentonite grounding composite[D].Nanchang:Nanchang Hangkong University,2016:1(蒋磊.新型钙基膨润土接地复合材料的降阻与防腐研究[D].南昌:南昌航空大学,2016:1)
[48]Yang D W,Li J L,Zhu Z P.Cathodic protection design for grounding net anti-corrosion project in transformer substation[J].Insul.Surge Arrest.,2004,(1):36(杨道武,李景禄,朱志平.接地网防腐工程中的阴极保护设计[J].电瓷避雷器,2004,(1):36)
[49]Lei M.Application of cathodic protection technology in grounding grid corrosion protection[J].Oil-Gas.Field.Surf.Eng.,2014,33(6):44(雷鸣.阴极保护技术在接地网防腐中的应用[J].油气田地面工程,2014,33(6):44)
[50]Hu X W,Xu C W.Demonstration project of applied—current cathodic protection for grounding grid[J].Guangdong Power Transm.Technol.,2003,30(1):21(胡学文,许崇武.接地网外加电流阴极保护示范工程[J].广东输电与变电技术,2003,30(1):21)
[51]Ren C B,Feng B,Zhou W H,et al.Erosion of the earth mat and the anode protecting in wearing[J].Hunan Elect.Power,2003,23(5):38(任承飚,冯斌,周卫华等.接地网的腐蚀与牺牲阳极保护法[J].湖南电力,2003,23(5):38)
[52]Cao K,Dong G F,Jia Z L,et al.Application of abandon-anodeprotection method in the grounding network anti-corrosion engineering[J].Hebei Elect.Power,2006,25(3):30(曹康,董国防,贾志林等.牺牲阳极保护法在接地网防腐改造中的应用[J].河北电力技术,2006,25(3):30)
[53]Jia F K,Cao S A.Research progress in conductive coatings for corrosion protection of grounding grid[J].Paint Coat.Ind.,2016,46(3):83(贾方凯,曹顺安.导电涂料用于接地网防腐蚀的研究进展[J].涂料工业,2016,46(3):83)
[54]Chang C H,Huang T C,Peng C W,et al.Novel anticorrosion coatings prepared from polyaniline/graphene composites[J].Carbon,2012,50:5044
[55]Li J,Yang H,Li Y S.A conductive paint for electric power system ground net[J].Mater.Prot.,2000,33(9):26(李进,杨鸿,李义山.电力系统接地网导电涂料的研究[J].材料保护,2000,33(9):26)
[56]Wang Z,Ruan J J,Wang Q,et al.Comparative study of corrosion diagnosis methods for common grounding grids[A].Academic Annual Conference in 2015 of High Voltage Specialized Committee of CSEE[C].Xi'an:China Institute of Electrical Engineering High Voltage Specialized Committee,2015(汪昭,阮江军,王谦等.常用接地网腐蚀诊断方法对比研究[A].中国电机工程学会高电压专业委员会2015年学术年会论文集[C].西安:中国电机工程学会高电压专业委员会,2015)
[57]Xiao L S,Li Q,Rao Z Q,et al.The corrosion diagnosis technology of CSG grounding grid and its application[J].Southern Power Syst.Technol.,2013,7(6):89(肖磊石,李谦,饶章权等.南方电网接地网腐蚀故障诊断技术及其应用[J].南方电网技术,2013,7(6):89)
[58]Xiao L S.Research on corrosion diagnosis of substation grounding grid and its influence factors[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2011:7(肖磊石.变电站接地网腐蚀诊断方法及其影响因素研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2011:7)
[59]Liu J,Wang J X,Wang S.An improved algorithm of corrosion diagnosis for grounding grids&its evaluation[J].Proc.CSEE,2005,25(3):71(刘健,王建新,王森.一种改进的接地网故障诊断算法及测试方案评价[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(3):71)
[60]Wang D X,Xu A,Liu F,et al.Research of application on grounding grid fault diagnosis model based on sensitivity analysis[J].Electrotech.Appl.,2013,32(18):64(王大兴,许安,刘凡等.基于灵敏度分析法的接地网故障诊断模型应用研究[J].电气应用,2013,32(18):64)
[61]Niu T,Luo X J,Wang S,et al.Testability analysis of corrosion diagnosis for grounding grids[J].Trans.China Electrotech.Soc.,2010,25(6):192(牛涛,罗先觉,王森等.接地网腐蚀故障诊断可测性分析[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(6):192)
[62]Liu Y,Cui X,Zhao Z B,et al.Method of corrosion diagnosis of substations'grounding grids based on electromagnetic induction theory[J].Proc.CSEE,2009,29(4):97(刘洋,崔翔,赵志斌等.基于电磁感应原理的变电站接地网腐蚀诊断方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(4):97)
[63]Xiong W.Research and application of detection system for grounding grid topology of 110 k V and below the voltage[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014(熊薇.110 k V及以下电压等级接地网拓扑结构检测系统研究与应用[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014)
[64]Gao C Z,Zhao Z B,Li L,et al.Fast computation method for magnetic field generated by substation grounding grids[J].High Volt.Eng.,2009,35:1990(高长征,赵志斌,李琳等.变电站接地网的空间磁场快速计算方法[J].高电压技术,2009,35:1990)
[65]Zhao Z B.Analysis of characteristics of grounding grids in complex soil and calculation of electromagnetic field in substations[D].Baoding:North China Electric Power University(Baoding),2005(赵志斌.复杂土壤中接地网性能分析与变电站内空间电磁场计算[D].保定:华北电力大学(保定),2005)
[66]Jiang Y C,Shi Y Z,Gao J S,et al.Research on the grounding grid defect diagnosis based on the combination of electromagnetic field theory and region segmentation[J].Informat.Res.,2016,42(3):74(蒋宇纯,史玉柱,高劲松等.电磁场理论与区域分割检测相结合的接地网缺陷诊断方法研究[J].信息化研究,2016,42(3):74)
[67]Zhang X L,Zhao X H,Wang Y G,et al.Development of an electrochemical in situ detection sensor for grounding grid corrosion[J].Corrosion,2010,66:076001
[68]Zhang J H.The study of grounding grid corrosion electrochemical measurement method[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2016(张佳慧.接地网腐蚀的电化学测量方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2016)
[69]Li W F.The research on resistance measuring method for grounding grids[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Technology,2009(李为锋.接地网电阻检测方法的研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2009)
[70]Wang H Y,Chang Y,Li Q,et al.Research on data processing method of corrosion polarization curve of grounding grid[J].Water Resour.Power,2017,35(2):208(王浩屹,常湧,李琦等.接地网金属腐蚀极化曲线的数据处理方法研究[J].水电能源科学,2017,35(2):208)
[71]Zhang X L,Luo P,Mo N,et al.Development and application of electrochemical detection system for grounding grid corrosion state[J].Proc.CSEE,2008,28(19):152(张秀丽,骆平,莫逆等.接地网腐蚀状态电化学检测系统的开发与应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(19):152)
[72]Han L,Song S Z,Zhang X L,et al.Development and application of a portable electrochemical device for diagnose of grounding grid corrosion[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2009,21:337(韩磊,宋诗哲,张秀丽等.便携式接地网腐蚀电化学检测系统及其应用[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2009,21:337)
[73]Wang T Y,Xu X,Hao J T,et al.Remote corrosion monitoring technology for grounding grid of high voltage substation[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2016,28:184(王天正,徐霞,郝晋堂等.高压变电站接地网的远程腐蚀监测技术[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2016,28:184)
[74]Ji Y Y.Research on the corrosion of substation grounding grids by electrochemical measurement methods[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2013(寄玉玉.变电站接地网腐蚀状态的电化学测量方法研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2013)