风力机叶片翼型动态试验技术研究
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摘要
风力机叶片动态振荡过程往往伴随着俯仰和横摆同时进行,以前对许多动态问题不清楚的阶段,工程上不惜以增加叶片重量为代价而采用偏安全的设计,通常忽略横摆振荡的影响;大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出了更高要求,研究横摆振荡对翼型动态气动特性的影响规律具有重要意义.本文首次开展翼型横摆振荡动态风洞试验研究,采用"电子凸轮"技术代替机械凸轮实现了振荡频率和振荡角度的无级变化,基于设计的电子外触发装置实现了对动态流场的实时测量,实现了风洞来流、模型角位移和动态压力数据的同步采集,分别开展了翼型静态测压、俯仰/横摆动态测压、粒子图像测速和荧光丝线等试验研究,试验结果准度较高、规律合理;分析了动态试验洞壁干扰影响机制.研究表明,横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线也存在明显迟滞效应;随着振荡频率升高,翼型俯仰和横摆振荡下的气动迟滞性均增强;翼型俯仰振荡正行程的动态失速涡破裂有所延迟;洞壁与模型端部交界处的强三维效应对翼型压力分布影响较大;建立的横摆振荡试验技术可为风力机动态掠效应的研究提供技术支撑.
The dynamic oscillation process of wind turbine blades is usually accompanied by pitching and yaw. Due to the unclear understanding of many dynamic problems previously, a safer design is adopted at the expense of increasing the weight of the blade structure in engineering, usually neglecting the influence of the yaw oscillation. The design of large wind turbines has put forward higher requirements for obtaining more comprehensive and accurate dynamic loads of airfoils. It is of great significance to study the influence of yaw oscillation on the dynamic aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil. In view of this, the dynamic wind tunnel test on yaw oscillation of airfoil is carried out in this paper for the first time. The "electronic cam" technology is used instead of the mechanical cam to realize the stepless adjustment of oscillation frequency and oscillation angle. Based on the designed electronic external trigger device,the real-time measurement of the dynamic flow field is realized. Meanwhile, the synchronous acquisition of wind tunnel flow, model angular displacement and dynamic pressure data is realized. Furthermore, the static pressure measurement, pitching/yaw dynamic pressure measurement, PIV and fluorescent wire test are carried out respectively. The accuracy of the test results is high, and the regular pattern is reasonable. Besides, the influence mechanism of wall interference in dynamic test is analyzed. Research shows that: there is also obvious hysteresis effect on the dynamic aerodynamic parameters of yaw oscillation airfoil with the changing of the angle of attack. And with the increase of oscillation frequency, the aerodynamic hysteresis characteristics of the airfoil under pitching and yaw oscillation are all enhanced. The dynamic stall vortex at the positive stroke is delayed due to the pitching oscillation. The pressure distribution of the airfoil is greatly influenced by the strong three-dimensional effect at the intersection of the wind tunnel wall and the model tip. Overall, the dynamic test technique of yaw oscillation established in this paper can provide technical support for the study of the dynamic swept effect of the wind turbines.
The dynamic oscillation process of wind turbine blades is usually accompanied by pitching and yaw. Due to the unclear understanding of many dynamic problems previously, a safer design is adopted at the expense of increasing the weight of the blade structure in engineering, usually neglecting the influence of the yaw oscillation. The design of large wind turbines has put forward higher requirements for obtaining more comprehensive and accurate dynamic loads of airfoils. It is of great significance to study the influence of yaw oscillation on the dynamic aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil. In view of this, the dynamic wind tunnel test on yaw oscillation of airfoil is carried out in this paper for the first time. The "electronic cam" technology is used instead of the mechanical cam to realize the stepless adjustment of oscillation frequency and oscillation angle. Based on the designed electronic external trigger device,the real-time measurement of the dynamic flow field is realized. Meanwhile, the synchronous acquisition of wind tunnel flow, model angular displacement and dynamic pressure data is realized. Furthermore, the static pressure measurement, pitching/yaw dynamic pressure measurement, PIV and fluorescent wire test are carried out respectively. The accuracy of the test results is high, and the regular pattern is reasonable. Besides, the influence mechanism of wall interference in dynamic test is analyzed. Research shows that: there is also obvious hysteresis effect on the dynamic aerodynamic parameters of yaw oscillation airfoil with the changing of the angle of attack. And with the increase of oscillation frequency, the aerodynamic hysteresis characteristics of the airfoil under pitching and yaw oscillation are all enhanced. The dynamic stall vortex at the positive stroke is delayed due to the pitching oscillation. The pressure distribution of the airfoil is greatly influenced by the strong three-dimensional effect at the intersection of the wind tunnel wall and the model tip. Overall, the dynamic test technique of yaw oscillation established in this paper can provide technical support for the study of the dynamic swept effect of the wind turbines.
引文
1黎作武,贺德馨.风能工程中流体力学问题的研究现状与进展.力学进展,2013,43(5):472-525(Li Zuowu,He Dexin.Reviews of fluid dynamics researches in wind energy engineering.Advances in Mechanics,2013,43(5):472-525(in Chinese))
2胡海岩,赵永辉,黄锐.飞机结构气动弹性分析与控制研究.力学学报,2016,48(1):1-27(Hu Haiyan,Zhao Yonghui,Huang Rui.S-tudies on aeroelastic analysis and control of aircraft structures.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(1):1-27(in Chinese))
3王珑,王同光.风力机设计及其空气动力学问题.中国科学,2013,43(12):1579-1588(Wang Long,Wang Tongguang.Wind turbine design and its aerodynamic issues.Scientia Sinica,2013,43(12):1579-1588(in Chinese))
4刘雄,梁湿.风力机翼型在复合运动下的动态失速数值分析.工程力学,2016,33(12):248-256(Liu Xiong,Liang Shi.Numerical investigation on dynamic stall of wind turbine airfoil undergoing complex motion.Engineering Mechanics,2016,33(12):248-256(in Chinese))
5 Hansen AC,Butterfield CP.Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines.Annu.Rev.Fluid Mech,1993,25:115-149
6 Paker AG,Bicknell J.Some measurements on dynamic stall.J Aircraft,1974,11(2):371-374
7 Bjorck A.Dynamic stall and three-dimensional effects:Final report for the EC DGXII Joule II Project JOU2-CT93-0345.Bromma:Flygteksnika?rs?ks-anstalten,1995
8 Walker JM,Helin HE,Strickland JH.An experimental investigation of an airfoil undergoing large-amplitude pitching motions.AIAAJournal,1985,23(8):1141-1142
9 Favier D,Belledue J,Maresca C.Influence of coupling incidence and velocity variations on the airfoil dynamic stall//Presented at the AHS 48th Annual Forum,Washington D C,June 1992
10 Babbitt AL,Strike JA,Mertes CE,et al.Dynamic characterization of a wind turbine blade section.AIAA Paper 2011-350,2011
11 Ramsay R,Hoffman M.Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S809 airfoil.NREL/TP-442-7817,1995.12
12汤瑞源,赵明亮,吴永健等.测力法在翼型动态失速试验研究中的应用.气动实验与测量控制,1995,9(2):16-20(Tang Ruiyuan Zhao Mingliang,Wu Yongjian,et at.The application of the force measurement method on experimental study of airfoil dynamic stall Aerodynamic Experiment and Measurement&Control,1995,9(2)16-20(in Chinese))
13 Ma J,Xu J,Guo R,et al.PIV experimental study of a 2-D wind turbine airfoil.AIAA 2010-6513,2010
14周瑞兴,上官云信,解亚军等.两种厚度翼型动态失速特性的研究.西北工业大学学报,1999,17(3):475-479(Zhou Ruixing Shangguan Yunxin,Xie Yajun et al.Dynamic stall characteristics of two different rotor-blade airfoils.Journal of Northwestern Poly Technical University,1999,17(3):475-479(in Chinese))
15惠增宏,王龙,徐倩.风力机翼型动态测压试验技术研究.实验流体力学,2012,26(4):6-10(Hui Zenghong,Wang Long,Xu Qian,e at.Dynamic pressure measurement techniques on wind turbine airfoil.Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,2012,26(4):6-10(in Chinese))
16林永峰,黄建萍,黄水林等.直升机旋翼翼型动态失速特性试验研究.航空科学技术,2012,4:25-28(Lin Yongfeng,Huang Jianping,Huang Shuilin,et al.Experimental investigation of rotor airfoil dynamic stall characteristics.Aeronautical Science&Technology,2012,4:25-28(in Chinese))
17王清,招启军,赵国庆.旋翼翼型动态失速流场特性PIV试验研究及L-B模型修正.力学学报,2014,46(4):631-634(Wang Qing,Zhao Qijun,Zhao Guoqing.PIV experiments on flowfield characteristics of rotor airfoil dynamic stall and modifications of L-B model.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics2014,46(4):631-634(in Chinese))
18史志伟,耿存杰.旋翼翼型俯仰沉浮运动非定常气动特性实验研究.实验流体力学,2007,21(3):19-23(Shi Zhiwei,Geng Cunjie.Experimental investigation on unsteady aerodynamics of rotorblade airfoil.Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,200721(3):19-23(in Chinese))
19王清,招启军,赵国庆.变来流速度下旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析.航空动力学报,2017,32(2):364-372(Wang Qing,Zhao Qijun,Zhao Guoqing.Unsteady aerodynamic characteristic analysis of rotor airfoil under variational free stream velocity condition Journal of Aerospace Power,2017,32(2):364-372(in Chinese))
20史志伟,明晓,王同光.非定常自由来流对二维翼型气动特性的影响研究.空气动力学报,2008,26(4):493-497(Shi Zhiwei Ming Xiao,Wang Tongguang.The effects of unsteady free stream on the static and pitching airfoils.Acta Aerodynamica Sinica,200826(4):493-497(in Chinese))
21 Leishman JG.Modeling sweep of leading edge thrust phenomena Journal of Aircraft,1980,17(12):890-897.
22 LEISS.Unsteady sweep-A key to simulation of three dimensional rotor blade airloads//11th European Rotorcraft Forum,London1985
23刘峥.动态失速对直升机空中共振的影响分析.[硕士论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2013(Liu Zheng.Investigation of the influence of dynamic stall on helicopter air resonance stability.[Master Thesis].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2013(in Chinese))
24宋辰瑶,徐国华.旋翼翼型非定常动态失速响应的计算.空气动力学学报,2007,25(4):461-467(Song Chenyao,Xu Guohua Computations of unsteady dynamic stall responses on rotor airfoils.Acta Aerodynamica Sinica,2007,25(4):461-467(in Chinese))
25崔伟伟,项效镕,杜建一等.掠效应对高负荷跨音转子性能的影响.工程热物理学报,2012,33(5):753-756(Cui Weiwei,Xiang Xiaorong,Du Jianyi,et al.Effects of sweep on the performance of highly loaded transonic rotors.Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2012,33(5):753-756(in Chinese))
26 Yang J,Ganesh B,Komerath N.Radial flow measurements downstream of forced dynamic separation on a rotor blade//36th AIAAFluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit,California,2006
27 Henkner J,Ranke H.Unsteady boundary layer separation on swept and unswept wings in sinusoidal dynamic stall motion//New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics,Vieweg+Teubner Verlag,1997
28 Salari K,Roache P.The influence of sweep on dynamic stall produced by a rapidly pitching wing//Aerospace Sciences Meeting,2013
29 Lorber PF.Dynamic stall of sinusoidally oscillating three-dimensional swept and unswept wings in compressible flow//Annual Forum Proceedings-American Helicopter Society,Washington,1992
30陆夕云,庄礼贤,尹协远等.大迎角水平振动翼型绕流的数值模拟.航空学报,1993,14(11):632-635(Lu Xiyun,Zhuang Lixian,Yin Xieyuan,et al.Numerical simulation of flows past a longitudinally oscillating airfoil at high incidences.Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,1993,14(11):632-635(in Chinese))
31 Butterfield CP,Musial WP,Simms DA.Combined experiment phase I final report.NREL/TP-257-4655,Golden,Colorado:NREL,1992
32夏玉顺,郗忠祥,周瑞兴等.NACA0012翼型动态失速特性和测压方法的研究.航空学报,1996,17(7):26-31(Xia Yushun,Xi Zhongxiang,Zhou Ruixing,et al.Dynamic stall characters of NACA0012 airfoil and investigations of dynamic pressure measure methods.Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,1996,17(7):26-31(in Chinese))
33刘强,刘周,白鹏等.低雷诺数翼型蒙皮主动振动气动特性及流场结构数值研究.力学学报,2016,48(2):269-277(Liu Qiang,Liu Zhou,Bai Peng,et al.Numerical study about aerodynamic characteristics and flow field structures for a skin of airfoil with active oscillation at low Reynolds number.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(2):269-277(in Chinese))
34张卫国,武杰,兰波等.旋翼翼型低速风洞静、动态试验技术研究//中国力学大会-2015论文摘要集,上海,2015(Zhang Weiguo,Wu Jie,Lan Bo,et al.Static and dynamic test technology for rotor airfoil low speed wind tunnel//Summary of the 2015 China mechanics Conference,Shanghai,2015(in Chinese))
35白井艳,张磊,李星星等.风洞洞壁对风力机翼型气动特性测量的影响分析.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2015,46(12):124707
36 Cheng J,Wang XM,Lowenberg M,et al.Wind tunnel wall interference effects on an oscillating aerofoil in the stall regime.AIAA2015-2717,2015
37 Duraisamy K,Mc Croskey WJ,Baeder JD.Analysis of wind tunnel wall interference effects on subsonic unsteady airfoil flows.Journal of Aircraft,2007,44(5):1683-1690
38吕超,王同光.三维动态失速模型研究.应用数学和力学,2011,32(4):375-382
2胡海岩,赵永辉,黄锐.飞机结构气动弹性分析与控制研究.力学学报,2016,48(1):1-27(Hu Haiyan,Zhao Yonghui,Huang Rui.S-tudies on aeroelastic analysis and control of aircraft structures.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(1):1-27(in Chinese))
3王珑,王同光.风力机设计及其空气动力学问题.中国科学,2013,43(12):1579-1588(Wang Long,Wang Tongguang.Wind turbine design and its aerodynamic issues.Scientia Sinica,2013,43(12):1579-1588(in Chinese))
4刘雄,梁湿.风力机翼型在复合运动下的动态失速数值分析.工程力学,2016,33(12):248-256(Liu Xiong,Liang Shi.Numerical investigation on dynamic stall of wind turbine airfoil undergoing complex motion.Engineering Mechanics,2016,33(12):248-256(in Chinese))
5 Hansen AC,Butterfield CP.Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines.Annu.Rev.Fluid Mech,1993,25:115-149
6 Paker AG,Bicknell J.Some measurements on dynamic stall.J Aircraft,1974,11(2):371-374
7 Bjorck A.Dynamic stall and three-dimensional effects:Final report for the EC DGXII Joule II Project JOU2-CT93-0345.Bromma:Flygteksnika?rs?ks-anstalten,1995
8 Walker JM,Helin HE,Strickland JH.An experimental investigation of an airfoil undergoing large-amplitude pitching motions.AIAAJournal,1985,23(8):1141-1142
9 Favier D,Belledue J,Maresca C.Influence of coupling incidence and velocity variations on the airfoil dynamic stall//Presented at the AHS 48th Annual Forum,Washington D C,June 1992
10 Babbitt AL,Strike JA,Mertes CE,et al.Dynamic characterization of a wind turbine blade section.AIAA Paper 2011-350,2011
11 Ramsay R,Hoffman M.Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S809 airfoil.NREL/TP-442-7817,1995.12
12汤瑞源,赵明亮,吴永健等.测力法在翼型动态失速试验研究中的应用.气动实验与测量控制,1995,9(2):16-20(Tang Ruiyuan Zhao Mingliang,Wu Yongjian,et at.The application of the force measurement method on experimental study of airfoil dynamic stall Aerodynamic Experiment and Measurement&Control,1995,9(2)16-20(in Chinese))
13 Ma J,Xu J,Guo R,et al.PIV experimental study of a 2-D wind turbine airfoil.AIAA 2010-6513,2010
14周瑞兴,上官云信,解亚军等.两种厚度翼型动态失速特性的研究.西北工业大学学报,1999,17(3):475-479(Zhou Ruixing Shangguan Yunxin,Xie Yajun et al.Dynamic stall characteristics of two different rotor-blade airfoils.Journal of Northwestern Poly Technical University,1999,17(3):475-479(in Chinese))
15惠增宏,王龙,徐倩.风力机翼型动态测压试验技术研究.实验流体力学,2012,26(4):6-10(Hui Zenghong,Wang Long,Xu Qian,e at.Dynamic pressure measurement techniques on wind turbine airfoil.Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,2012,26(4):6-10(in Chinese))
16林永峰,黄建萍,黄水林等.直升机旋翼翼型动态失速特性试验研究.航空科学技术,2012,4:25-28(Lin Yongfeng,Huang Jianping,Huang Shuilin,et al.Experimental investigation of rotor airfoil dynamic stall characteristics.Aeronautical Science&Technology,2012,4:25-28(in Chinese))
17王清,招启军,赵国庆.旋翼翼型动态失速流场特性PIV试验研究及L-B模型修正.力学学报,2014,46(4):631-634(Wang Qing,Zhao Qijun,Zhao Guoqing.PIV experiments on flowfield characteristics of rotor airfoil dynamic stall and modifications of L-B model.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics2014,46(4):631-634(in Chinese))
18史志伟,耿存杰.旋翼翼型俯仰沉浮运动非定常气动特性实验研究.实验流体力学,2007,21(3):19-23(Shi Zhiwei,Geng Cunjie.Experimental investigation on unsteady aerodynamics of rotorblade airfoil.Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,200721(3):19-23(in Chinese))
19王清,招启军,赵国庆.变来流速度下旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析.航空动力学报,2017,32(2):364-372(Wang Qing,Zhao Qijun,Zhao Guoqing.Unsteady aerodynamic characteristic analysis of rotor airfoil under variational free stream velocity condition Journal of Aerospace Power,2017,32(2):364-372(in Chinese))
20史志伟,明晓,王同光.非定常自由来流对二维翼型气动特性的影响研究.空气动力学报,2008,26(4):493-497(Shi Zhiwei Ming Xiao,Wang Tongguang.The effects of unsteady free stream on the static and pitching airfoils.Acta Aerodynamica Sinica,200826(4):493-497(in Chinese))
21 Leishman JG.Modeling sweep of leading edge thrust phenomena Journal of Aircraft,1980,17(12):890-897.
22 LEISS.Unsteady sweep-A key to simulation of three dimensional rotor blade airloads//11th European Rotorcraft Forum,London1985
23刘峥.动态失速对直升机空中共振的影响分析.[硕士论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2013(Liu Zheng.Investigation of the influence of dynamic stall on helicopter air resonance stability.[Master Thesis].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2013(in Chinese))
24宋辰瑶,徐国华.旋翼翼型非定常动态失速响应的计算.空气动力学学报,2007,25(4):461-467(Song Chenyao,Xu Guohua Computations of unsteady dynamic stall responses on rotor airfoils.Acta Aerodynamica Sinica,2007,25(4):461-467(in Chinese))
25崔伟伟,项效镕,杜建一等.掠效应对高负荷跨音转子性能的影响.工程热物理学报,2012,33(5):753-756(Cui Weiwei,Xiang Xiaorong,Du Jianyi,et al.Effects of sweep on the performance of highly loaded transonic rotors.Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2012,33(5):753-756(in Chinese))
26 Yang J,Ganesh B,Komerath N.Radial flow measurements downstream of forced dynamic separation on a rotor blade//36th AIAAFluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit,California,2006
27 Henkner J,Ranke H.Unsteady boundary layer separation on swept and unswept wings in sinusoidal dynamic stall motion//New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics,Vieweg+Teubner Verlag,1997
28 Salari K,Roache P.The influence of sweep on dynamic stall produced by a rapidly pitching wing//Aerospace Sciences Meeting,2013
29 Lorber PF.Dynamic stall of sinusoidally oscillating three-dimensional swept and unswept wings in compressible flow//Annual Forum Proceedings-American Helicopter Society,Washington,1992
30陆夕云,庄礼贤,尹协远等.大迎角水平振动翼型绕流的数值模拟.航空学报,1993,14(11):632-635(Lu Xiyun,Zhuang Lixian,Yin Xieyuan,et al.Numerical simulation of flows past a longitudinally oscillating airfoil at high incidences.Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,1993,14(11):632-635(in Chinese))
31 Butterfield CP,Musial WP,Simms DA.Combined experiment phase I final report.NREL/TP-257-4655,Golden,Colorado:NREL,1992
32夏玉顺,郗忠祥,周瑞兴等.NACA0012翼型动态失速特性和测压方法的研究.航空学报,1996,17(7):26-31(Xia Yushun,Xi Zhongxiang,Zhou Ruixing,et al.Dynamic stall characters of NACA0012 airfoil and investigations of dynamic pressure measure methods.Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,1996,17(7):26-31(in Chinese))
33刘强,刘周,白鹏等.低雷诺数翼型蒙皮主动振动气动特性及流场结构数值研究.力学学报,2016,48(2):269-277(Liu Qiang,Liu Zhou,Bai Peng,et al.Numerical study about aerodynamic characteristics and flow field structures for a skin of airfoil with active oscillation at low Reynolds number.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(2):269-277(in Chinese))
34张卫国,武杰,兰波等.旋翼翼型低速风洞静、动态试验技术研究//中国力学大会-2015论文摘要集,上海,2015(Zhang Weiguo,Wu Jie,Lan Bo,et al.Static and dynamic test technology for rotor airfoil low speed wind tunnel//Summary of the 2015 China mechanics Conference,Shanghai,2015(in Chinese))
35白井艳,张磊,李星星等.风洞洞壁对风力机翼型气动特性测量的影响分析.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2015,46(12):124707
36 Cheng J,Wang XM,Lowenberg M,et al.Wind tunnel wall interference effects on an oscillating aerofoil in the stall regime.AIAA2015-2717,2015
37 Duraisamy K,Mc Croskey WJ,Baeder JD.Analysis of wind tunnel wall interference effects on subsonic unsteady airfoil flows.Journal of Aircraft,2007,44(5):1683-1690
38吕超,王同光.三维动态失速模型研究.应用数学和力学,2011,32(4):375-382