辽东山溪河岸林群落特征对降雨再分配及其养分特征的影响
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摘要
为明确不同物种组成和群落结构的河岸林对降雨再分配及其养分特征的影响,于2014年5—10月对辽东山地典型河岸林群落(落叶松林、蒙古栎林和槭树林)大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流过程及其水质特征进行研究。结果表明:落叶松林、蒙古栎林和槭树林穿透雨量分别占大气降雨量的81.9%,77.9%,73.1%,树干茎流量分别占大气降雨量的1.2%,4.4%,4.3%。与大气降雨相比,穿透雨和树干茎流中铵态氮、氯离子、硝态氮和总磷的浓度较高,不同林型铵态氮、氯离子、硝态氮和总磷的浓度和输入量差异显著。不同物种组成和群落结构的河岸林通过树木的形态特征及群落的结构特征对降雨进行再分配,通过林冠表层的物理特征、化学特征和生理特性等改变降雨理化性质,加之雨量、雨强的影响共同作用使铵态氮、氯离子、硝态氮和总磷的浓度和输入量发生改变。
To make clear the influence of species composition and community structure on redistribution of rainfall and nutrient, three typical riparian forest, Larix kaempferi forest, Quercus mongolica forest, Acer ukurunduense forest were selected as objects of study in the mountain regions of eastern Liaoning Province from May to October 2014. The rainfall process and nutrients characteristics in atmospheric rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were analyzed. The results showed that during the research period, the total precipitation was 278.6 mm, and the throughfalls of Larix kaempferi forest, Quercus mongolica forest, Acer ukurunduense forest were 81.9%, 77.9% and 73.1% of total rainfall, respectively, and stemflow were 1.2%, 4.4% and 4.3%, respectively. The concentrations of NH_4~+-N, Cl~-, NO_3~--N and total phosphorus(TP) in throughfall and stemflow were higher than those of atmospheric rainfall, and the concentrations and inputs of NH_4~+-N, Cl~-, NO_3~--N and TP in different forest types were different significantly. The riparian forest with different species composition and community structure influenced rainfall distribution through the morphological and structure characteristics of community, and changed water physical and chemical properties through the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of forest canopy gaps, resulting in the changes of the concentrations and inputs of NH_4~+-N, Cl~-, NO_3~--N and TP variously combined with rainfall amount and intensity.
To make clear the influence of species composition and community structure on redistribution of rainfall and nutrient, three typical riparian forest, Larix kaempferi forest, Quercus mongolica forest, Acer ukurunduense forest were selected as objects of study in the mountain regions of eastern Liaoning Province from May to October 2014. The rainfall process and nutrients characteristics in atmospheric rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were analyzed. The results showed that during the research period, the total precipitation was 278.6 mm, and the throughfalls of Larix kaempferi forest, Quercus mongolica forest, Acer ukurunduense forest were 81.9%, 77.9% and 73.1% of total rainfall, respectively, and stemflow were 1.2%, 4.4% and 4.3%, respectively. The concentrations of NH_4~+-N, Cl~-, NO_3~--N and total phosphorus(TP) in throughfall and stemflow were higher than those of atmospheric rainfall, and the concentrations and inputs of NH_4~+-N, Cl~-, NO_3~--N and TP in different forest types were different significantly. The riparian forest with different species composition and community structure influenced rainfall distribution through the morphological and structure characteristics of community, and changed water physical and chemical properties through the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of forest canopy gaps, resulting in the changes of the concentrations and inputs of NH_4~+-N, Cl~-, NO_3~--N and TP variously combined with rainfall amount and intensity.
引文
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[2] Barzegar R,Moghaddam A A,Tziritis E,et al.Identification of hydrogeochemical processes and pollution sources of groundwater resources in the Marand plain,northwest of Iran [J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2017,76 (7):e297.
[3] 高伟,严长安,李金城,等.基于水量-水质耦合过程的流域水生态承载力优化方法与例证[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(2):755-762.
[4] 杨永辉,任丹丹,杨艳敏,等.海河流域水资源演变与驱动机制[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(10):1443-1453.
[5] 杨丽标,雷坤,乔飞,等.铁岭市河流氮素时空分布及源解析[J].环境科学,2018,39(2):711-719.
[6] 赖正清,李硕,李呈罡,等.SWAT模型在黑河中上游流域的改进与应用[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(8):1404-1413.
[7] Caldwell P V,Miniat C F,Elliott K J,et al.Declining water yield from forested mountain watersheds in response to climate change and forest mesophication [J].Global Change Biology,2016,22(9):2997-3012.
[8] 丁永建,张世强.西北内陆河山区流域内循环过程与机理研究:现状与挑战[J].地球科学进展,2018,33(7):719-727.
[9] Siegert C M,Levia D F,Hudson S A,et al.Small-scale topographic variability influences tree species distribution and canopy throughfall partitioning in a temperate deciduous forest [J].Forest Ecology & Management,2016,359(1):109-117.
[10] 章迅,孙忠林,张全智,等.温带两种林型对氮沉降的再分配及其生长季动态与影响因子[J].生态学报,2017,37(10):3344-3354.
[11] He Z B,Zhao W Z,Liu H,et al.Effect of forest on annual water yield in the mountains of an arid inland river basin:A case study in the Pailugou catchment on northwestern China’s Qilian Mountains [J].Hydrological Processes,2012,26(4):613-621.
[12] 何志斌,杜军,陈龙飞,等.干旱区山地森林生态水文研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(10):1078-1089.
[13] 宋文龙,杨胜天,温志群,等.贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的酸雨淋溶特征及缓冲作用[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(1):15-23.
[14] 孙素琪,王玉杰,王云琦,等.缙云山3种典型森林降雨过程及其氮素输入[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1081-1090.
[15] 赵海蓉,帅伟,李静,等.华西雨屏区典型人工林对降雨过程中NH4+-N和NO3--N的过滤作用[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3710-3718.
[16] 邹志谨,陈步峰.广州市帽峰山两种主要林型的暴雨水文特征[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(5):770-777.
[17] 张娜,刘兴诏,李坤,等.南亚热带3种主要森林降雨及其再分配过程中的养分差异规律[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(2):193-200.
[18] Macinnis-Ng C M O,Flores E E,Müller H,et al.Rainfall partitioning into throughfall and stemflow and associated nutrient fluxes:Land use impacts in a lower montane tropical region of Panama [J].Biogeochemistry,2012,111:661-676.
[19] Ponette-González A G,Weathers K C,Curran L M.Water inputs across a tropical montane landscape in Veracruz,Mexico:Synergistic effects of land cover,rain and fog seasonality,and interannual precipitation variability [J].Global Change Biology,2010,16:946-963.
[20] Xiao Q F,Mc Pherson E G.Rainfall interception of three trees in Oakland,California [J].Urban Ecosystem,2011,14:755-769.
[21] Hofhansl F,Wanek W,Huber W,et al.Topography strongly affects atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in different types of wet lowland rainforest,Southwest Costa Rica [J].Biogeochemistry,2011,106:371-396.
[22] 王琼,荣湘民,李法云,等.太子河源头水源涵养林不同植被类型矿质态氮流失特征及其对环境因子的响应[J].水土保持学报,2016,31(3):216-223.
[23] Wang Q,Li F Y,Rong X M,et al.Plant-soil properties associated with nitrogen mineralization:Effect of conversion of natural secondary forests to larch plantations in a headwater catchment in northeast China [J].Forests,2018,9(7):e386.
[24] 郝卓,高扬,张进忠,等.南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1630-1638.
[25] 国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[26] 董玲玲,康峰峰,韩海荣,等.辽河源3种林分降雨再分配特征及其影响因素[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(4):145-150.
[27] 黄承标,梁宏温.广西亚热带主要林型的树干茎流[J].植物资源与环境,1994,3(4):10-17.
[28] Kopácek J,Turek J,Hejzlar J,et al.Bulk deposition and throughfall fluxes of elements in the Bohemian Forest (central Europe) from 1998 to 2009 [J].Boreal Environment Research,2011,16(6):495-508.
[29] Zimmermann A,Germer S,Neill C,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns of throughfall and soluted eposition in an opentropical rainforest [J].Journal Hydrology,2008,360(1):87-102.
[30] 樊建凌,胡正义,周静,等.林地大气氮沉降通量观测对比研究[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(5):786-792.