环境样品中氨基糖分析检测方法的研究进展
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摘要
氨基糖作为环境中重要的生源有机质,其含量和组成信息能够反映有机质来源和微生物对有机质的贡献。国内外针对环境中氨基糖的分析测定开展了大量的研究,但系统地评述其分析方法及最新进展的工作仍然较少。从前处理方法和检测技术等方面,系统归纳了气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法和红外光谱法3类常用的氨基糖分析方法的优缺点和适用条件。在前处理方面,气相色谱法前处理过程较为繁琐且需衍生化处理,而高效液相色谱法前处理相对简单且更易实现自动化;在仪器检测方面,气相色谱法能同时检测环境中4种主要的氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、氨基甘露糖和胞壁酸),并且比高效液相色谱法稳定,而红外光谱法虽具有结构定性方面的优势,但其灵敏度较低。总之,尚未有一种分析方法既能保证氨基糖的灵敏分析又能兼顾实验效率,因此在分析环境样品中氨基糖时应根据样品形态和检测要求合理选择分析方法。在检测分析方面,今后可以在分析方法的经济性、兼容互补性以及在线自动化等方面着力开展工作,为更深入地开展环境中氨基糖生物地球化学过程的研究提供技术支持。
As a kind of important biogenic organic matter,amino sugars can effectively provide insights for the source of organic matters and the contribution of bacterial organic matters based on their concentrations and compositions in the environment. A large number of studies on the analysis of amino sugars have been conducted for environmental samples throughout the world. However,comprehensive and systematic reviews of new progress on the analytical method are still rare. From the aspects of pretreatment methods and detection techniques,the advantages and disadvantages and applicable conditions of three common methods(eg. gas chromatography,high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy) were systematically summarized. In terms of pretreatment,the process of the gas chromatography is cumbersome and requires derivatization,while the pretreatment of high performance liquid chromatography is relatively simple and easier to automate. In respect of instrument detection, the gas chromatography can detect four amino sugars(glucosamine,galactosamine,mannosamine and muramic acid)simultaneously and is more stable than the high performance liquid chromatography. In addition,the infrared spectroscopy method has the advantages of structural qualitative,however,its sensitivity is lower. There is no analytical method that can guarantee both sensitive analysis of amino sugars and experimental efficiency. Therefore,the analytical method should be reasonably selected according to the form of the sample and the requirements in the analysis of amino sugars.Further work should focus on economy,compatibility and online automation of analytical methods,so as to provide technical support for the research on biogeochemical processes of amino sugars in the environment.
As a kind of important biogenic organic matter,amino sugars can effectively provide insights for the source of organic matters and the contribution of bacterial organic matters based on their concentrations and compositions in the environment. A large number of studies on the analysis of amino sugars have been conducted for environmental samples throughout the world. However,comprehensive and systematic reviews of new progress on the analytical method are still rare. From the aspects of pretreatment methods and detection techniques,the advantages and disadvantages and applicable conditions of three common methods(eg. gas chromatography,high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy) were systematically summarized. In terms of pretreatment,the process of the gas chromatography is cumbersome and requires derivatization,while the pretreatment of high performance liquid chromatography is relatively simple and easier to automate. In respect of instrument detection, the gas chromatography can detect four amino sugars(glucosamine,galactosamine,mannosamine and muramic acid)simultaneously and is more stable than the high performance liquid chromatography. In addition,the infrared spectroscopy method has the advantages of structural qualitative,however,its sensitivity is lower. There is no analytical method that can guarantee both sensitive analysis of amino sugars and experimental efficiency. Therefore,the analytical method should be reasonably selected according to the form of the sample and the requirements in the analysis of amino sugars.Further work should focus on economy,compatibility and online automation of analytical methods,so as to provide technical support for the research on biogeochemical processes of amino sugars in the environment.
引文
[1]Benner R,Kaiser K.Abundance of amino sugars and peptidoglycan in marine particulate and dissolved organic matter[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(1):118-128.
[2]Carstens D,K?llner K E,Bürgmann H,et al.Contribution of bacterial cells to lacustrine organic matter based on amino sugars and D-amino acids[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,89:159-172.
[3]He Hongbo,Zhang Wei,Xie Hongtu,et al.A GC/MS method to assess N ratios in soil amino sugars and amino acid enantiomers[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(2):289-298.[何红波,张威,解宏图,等.测定土壤氨基糖和氨基酸手性异构体中氮同位素比值的气相色谱/质谱方法[J].土壤学报,2009,46(2):289-298.]
[4]Ren Chengzhe,Yuan Huamao,Song Jinming,et al.Amino sugars and their indicating role in the cycling of organic matter in marine environment[J].Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(9):959-971.[任成喆,袁华茂,宋金明,等.海洋环境中的氨基糖及其在有机质循环过程中的指示作用[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(9):959-971.]
[5]Hu Y,Zheng Q,Zhang S,et al.Significant release and microbial utilization of amino sugars and D-amino acid enantiomers from microbial cell wall decomposition in soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,123:115-125.
[6]Glaser B,Turrión M,Alef K.Amino sugars and muramic acid-Biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(3):399-407.
[7]Carstens D,Schubert C J.Amino acid and amino sugar transformation during sedimentation in lacustrine systems[J].Organic Geochemistry,2012,50:26-35.
[8]Benner R,Kaiser K.Abundance of amino sugars and peptidoglycan in marine particulate and dissolved organic matter[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(1):118-128.
[9]Davis J,Kaiser K,Benner R.Amino acid and amino sugar yields and compositions as indicators of dissolved organic matter diagenesis[J].Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(3):343-352.
[10]Prabhu S V,Baldwin R P.Electrocatalysis and detection of amino sugars,alditols,and acidic sugars at a copper-containing chemically modified electrode[J].Analytical Chemistry,1989,61(20):2 258-2 263.
[11]Reissig J L,Storminger J L,Leloir L F.A modified colorimetric method for the estimation of N-acetylamino sugars[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1955,217(2):959-966.
[12]Suzuki S,Shimotsu N,Honda S,et al.Rapid analysis of amino sugars by microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection[J].Electrophoresis,2001,22(18):4 023-4 031.
[13]Zhang X,Amelung W.Gas chromatographic determination of muramic acid,glucosamine,mannosamine,and galactosamine in soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1996,28(9):1 201-1 206.
[14]Indorf C,Dyckmans J,Khan K S,et al.Optimisation of amino sugar quantification by HPLC in soil and plant hydrolysates[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011,47(4):387-396.
[15]Kaiser K,Benner R.Determination of amino sugars in environmental samples with high salt content by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection[J].Analytical Chemistry,2000,72(11):2 566-2 572.
[16]Liang C,Read H W,Balser T C.GC-based detection of aldononitrile acetate derivatized glucosamine and muramic acid for microbial residue determination in soil[J/OL].Journal of Visualized Experiments,2012.[2018-09-30].http://www.jove.com/video/3 767.
[17]Benzing-purdie L.Glucosamine and galactosamine distribution in a soil as determined by gas liquid chromatography of soil hydrolysates:Effect of acid strength and cations[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,45:66-70.
[18]K?gel I,Bochter R.Amino sugar determination in organic soils by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector[J].Zeitschrift für Pflanzenern?hrung und Bodenkunde,1985,148(3):260-267.
[19]Zhang Wei,He Hongbo,Zhang Ming,et al.Analysis of soil hydrolyzed monosaccharides by gas chromatography as aldononitrile acetates derivatives[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(4):913-916.[张威,何红波,张明,等.糖腈乙酰酯衍生气相色谱法测定土壤水解性单糖[J].土壤通报,2008,39(4):913-916.]
[20]Liang C,Pedersen J A,Balser T C.Aminoglycoside antibiotics may interfere with microbial amino sugar analysis[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2009,1 216(27):5 296-5 301.
[21]Rinne K T,Saurer M,Streit K,et al.Evaluation of a liquid chromatography method for compound-specificδ13C analysis of plant carbohydrates in alkaline media[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2012,26(18):2 173-2 185.
[22]Zhu R,Lin Y S,Lipp J S,et al.Optimizing sample pretreatment for compound-specific stable carbon isotopic analysis of amino sugars in marine sediment[J].Biogeosciences,2014,11(17):4 869-4 880.
[23]Barrie A,Bricout J,Koziet J.Gas chromatography-Stable isotope ratio analysis at natural abundance levels[J].Biomedical Mass Spectrometry,1984,11(11):583-588.
[24]Glaser B,Gross S.Compound-specificδ13C analysis of individual amino sugars-A tool to quantify timing and amount of soil microbial residue stabilization[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2005,19(11):1 409-1 416.
[25]Wei Hailun,Cai Jingong,Wang Guoli,et al.The diversity of organic matter in marine sediments and the suspiciousness of source parameters:A review[J].Advances in Earth Science,2018,33(10):1 024-1 033.[韦海伦,蔡进功,王国力,等.海洋沉积物有机质赋存的多样性与物源指标的多疑性综述[J].地球科学进展,2018,33(10):1 024-1 033.]
[26]Tian Qiuxiang,Zhang Wei,Yan Ying,et al.The application of stable isotope techniques in investigating cycling of soil organic components[J].Soils,2011,43(6):862-869.[田秋香,张威,闫颖,等.稳定性同位素技术在土壤重要有机组分循环转化研究中的应用[J].土壤,2011,43(6):862-869.]
[27]He H,Xie H,Zhang X,et al.A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method for tracing the microbial conversion of glucose into amino sugars in soil[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2005,19(14):1 993-1 998.
[28]He H,Xie H,Zhang X.A novel GC/MS technique to assess 15N and 13C incorporation into soil amino sugars[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(5):1 083-1 091.
[29]Fernandes L,D'Souza F,Matondkar S G P,et al.Amino sugars in suspended particulate matter from the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon of 2001[J].Journal of Earth System Science,2006,115(3):363-370.
[30]Niggemann J,Lomstein B A,Schubert C J.Diagenesis of amino compounds in water column and sediment of Lake Baikal[J].Organic Geochemistry,2018,115:67-77.
[31]Zelles L.The simultaneous determination of muramic acid and glucosamine in soil by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn fluorescence derivatization[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1988,6(2):125-130.
[32]Appuhn A,Joergensen R G,Raubuch M,et al.The automated determination of glucosamine,galactosamine,muramic acid,and mannosamine in soil and root hydrolysates by HPLC[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2004,167(1):17-21.
[33]Cataldi T R,Campa C,De Benedetto G E.Carbohydrate analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection:The potential is still growing[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2000,368(8):739-758.
[34]Cao L,Tian H,Wu M,et al.Determination of curdlan oligosaccharides with high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection[J].Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry,2018,DOI:10.1155/2018/3980814.
[35]Cheng X,Kaplan L A.Improved analysis of dissolved carbohydrates in stream water with HPLC-PAD[J].Analytical Chemistry,2001,73(3):458-461.
[36]Krummen M,Hilkert A W,Juchelka D,et al.A new concept for isotope ratio monitoring liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2004,18(19):2 260-2 266.
[37]Lorrain A,Graham B,Ménard F,et al.Nitrogen and carbon isotope values of individual amino acids:A tool to study foraging ecology of penguins in the Southern Ocean[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,391:293-306.
[38]Richter A,Wanek W,Werner R A,et al.Preparation of starch and soluble sugars of plant material for the analysis of carbon isotope composition:A comparison of methods[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2009,23(16):2 476-2 488.
[39]Hofstetter T B,Berg M.Assessing transformation processes of organic contaminants by compound-specific stable isotope analysis[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2011,30(4):618-627.
[40]BodéS,Denef K,Boeckx P.Development and evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry methodology forδ13C analyses of amino sugars in soil[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2009,23(16):2 519-2 526.
[41]Dippold M A,Boesel S,Gunina A,et al.Improvedδ13C analysis of amino sugars in soil by ion chromatography-oxidation-isotope ratio mass spectrometry[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2014,28(6):569-576.
[42]Theodoridis G,Gika H G,Wilson I D.Mass spectrometrybased holistic analytical approaches for metabolite profiling in systems biology studies[J].Mass Spectrometry Reviews,2011,30(5):884-906.
[43]Milne S B,Mathews T P,Myers D S,et al.Sum of the parts:Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics[J].Biochemistry,2013,52(22):3 829-3 840.
[44]Hu Y,Zheng Q,Wanek W.Flux analysis of free amino sugars and amino acids in soils by isotope tracing with a novel liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry platform[J].Analytical Chemistry,2017,89(17):9 192-9 200.
[45]Dick W A,Thavamani B,Conley S,et al.Prediction of β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase activities,soil organic C,and amino sugar N in a diverse population of soils using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,56:99-104.
[46]Zhang B,Yang X,Drury C F,et al.A mid-infrared spectroscopy method to determine the glucosamine,galactosamine,and muramic acid concentrations in soil hydrolysates[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,77(3):842.
[47]Zhang L,Yang X,Drury C,et al.Infrared spectroscopy estimation methods for water-dissolved carbon and amino sugars in diverse Canadian agricultural soils[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2018,98(3):484-499.
[2]Carstens D,K?llner K E,Bürgmann H,et al.Contribution of bacterial cells to lacustrine organic matter based on amino sugars and D-amino acids[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,89:159-172.
[3]He Hongbo,Zhang Wei,Xie Hongtu,et al.A GC/MS method to assess N ratios in soil amino sugars and amino acid enantiomers[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(2):289-298.[何红波,张威,解宏图,等.测定土壤氨基糖和氨基酸手性异构体中氮同位素比值的气相色谱/质谱方法[J].土壤学报,2009,46(2):289-298.]
[4]Ren Chengzhe,Yuan Huamao,Song Jinming,et al.Amino sugars and their indicating role in the cycling of organic matter in marine environment[J].Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(9):959-971.[任成喆,袁华茂,宋金明,等.海洋环境中的氨基糖及其在有机质循环过程中的指示作用[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(9):959-971.]
[5]Hu Y,Zheng Q,Zhang S,et al.Significant release and microbial utilization of amino sugars and D-amino acid enantiomers from microbial cell wall decomposition in soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,123:115-125.
[6]Glaser B,Turrión M,Alef K.Amino sugars and muramic acid-Biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(3):399-407.
[7]Carstens D,Schubert C J.Amino acid and amino sugar transformation during sedimentation in lacustrine systems[J].Organic Geochemistry,2012,50:26-35.
[8]Benner R,Kaiser K.Abundance of amino sugars and peptidoglycan in marine particulate and dissolved organic matter[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(1):118-128.
[9]Davis J,Kaiser K,Benner R.Amino acid and amino sugar yields and compositions as indicators of dissolved organic matter diagenesis[J].Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(3):343-352.
[10]Prabhu S V,Baldwin R P.Electrocatalysis and detection of amino sugars,alditols,and acidic sugars at a copper-containing chemically modified electrode[J].Analytical Chemistry,1989,61(20):2 258-2 263.
[11]Reissig J L,Storminger J L,Leloir L F.A modified colorimetric method for the estimation of N-acetylamino sugars[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1955,217(2):959-966.
[12]Suzuki S,Shimotsu N,Honda S,et al.Rapid analysis of amino sugars by microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection[J].Electrophoresis,2001,22(18):4 023-4 031.
[13]Zhang X,Amelung W.Gas chromatographic determination of muramic acid,glucosamine,mannosamine,and galactosamine in soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1996,28(9):1 201-1 206.
[14]Indorf C,Dyckmans J,Khan K S,et al.Optimisation of amino sugar quantification by HPLC in soil and plant hydrolysates[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011,47(4):387-396.
[15]Kaiser K,Benner R.Determination of amino sugars in environmental samples with high salt content by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection[J].Analytical Chemistry,2000,72(11):2 566-2 572.
[16]Liang C,Read H W,Balser T C.GC-based detection of aldononitrile acetate derivatized glucosamine and muramic acid for microbial residue determination in soil[J/OL].Journal of Visualized Experiments,2012.[2018-09-30].http://www.jove.com/video/3 767.
[17]Benzing-purdie L.Glucosamine and galactosamine distribution in a soil as determined by gas liquid chromatography of soil hydrolysates:Effect of acid strength and cations[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,45:66-70.
[18]K?gel I,Bochter R.Amino sugar determination in organic soils by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector[J].Zeitschrift für Pflanzenern?hrung und Bodenkunde,1985,148(3):260-267.
[19]Zhang Wei,He Hongbo,Zhang Ming,et al.Analysis of soil hydrolyzed monosaccharides by gas chromatography as aldononitrile acetates derivatives[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(4):913-916.[张威,何红波,张明,等.糖腈乙酰酯衍生气相色谱法测定土壤水解性单糖[J].土壤通报,2008,39(4):913-916.]
[20]Liang C,Pedersen J A,Balser T C.Aminoglycoside antibiotics may interfere with microbial amino sugar analysis[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2009,1 216(27):5 296-5 301.
[21]Rinne K T,Saurer M,Streit K,et al.Evaluation of a liquid chromatography method for compound-specificδ13C analysis of plant carbohydrates in alkaline media[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2012,26(18):2 173-2 185.
[22]Zhu R,Lin Y S,Lipp J S,et al.Optimizing sample pretreatment for compound-specific stable carbon isotopic analysis of amino sugars in marine sediment[J].Biogeosciences,2014,11(17):4 869-4 880.
[23]Barrie A,Bricout J,Koziet J.Gas chromatography-Stable isotope ratio analysis at natural abundance levels[J].Biomedical Mass Spectrometry,1984,11(11):583-588.
[24]Glaser B,Gross S.Compound-specificδ13C analysis of individual amino sugars-A tool to quantify timing and amount of soil microbial residue stabilization[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2005,19(11):1 409-1 416.
[25]Wei Hailun,Cai Jingong,Wang Guoli,et al.The diversity of organic matter in marine sediments and the suspiciousness of source parameters:A review[J].Advances in Earth Science,2018,33(10):1 024-1 033.[韦海伦,蔡进功,王国力,等.海洋沉积物有机质赋存的多样性与物源指标的多疑性综述[J].地球科学进展,2018,33(10):1 024-1 033.]
[26]Tian Qiuxiang,Zhang Wei,Yan Ying,et al.The application of stable isotope techniques in investigating cycling of soil organic components[J].Soils,2011,43(6):862-869.[田秋香,张威,闫颖,等.稳定性同位素技术在土壤重要有机组分循环转化研究中的应用[J].土壤,2011,43(6):862-869.]
[27]He H,Xie H,Zhang X,et al.A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method for tracing the microbial conversion of glucose into amino sugars in soil[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2005,19(14):1 993-1 998.
[28]He H,Xie H,Zhang X.A novel GC/MS technique to assess 15N and 13C incorporation into soil amino sugars[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(5):1 083-1 091.
[29]Fernandes L,D'Souza F,Matondkar S G P,et al.Amino sugars in suspended particulate matter from the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon of 2001[J].Journal of Earth System Science,2006,115(3):363-370.
[30]Niggemann J,Lomstein B A,Schubert C J.Diagenesis of amino compounds in water column and sediment of Lake Baikal[J].Organic Geochemistry,2018,115:67-77.
[31]Zelles L.The simultaneous determination of muramic acid and glucosamine in soil by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn fluorescence derivatization[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1988,6(2):125-130.
[32]Appuhn A,Joergensen R G,Raubuch M,et al.The automated determination of glucosamine,galactosamine,muramic acid,and mannosamine in soil and root hydrolysates by HPLC[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2004,167(1):17-21.
[33]Cataldi T R,Campa C,De Benedetto G E.Carbohydrate analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection:The potential is still growing[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2000,368(8):739-758.
[34]Cao L,Tian H,Wu M,et al.Determination of curdlan oligosaccharides with high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection[J].Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry,2018,DOI:10.1155/2018/3980814.
[35]Cheng X,Kaplan L A.Improved analysis of dissolved carbohydrates in stream water with HPLC-PAD[J].Analytical Chemistry,2001,73(3):458-461.
[36]Krummen M,Hilkert A W,Juchelka D,et al.A new concept for isotope ratio monitoring liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2004,18(19):2 260-2 266.
[37]Lorrain A,Graham B,Ménard F,et al.Nitrogen and carbon isotope values of individual amino acids:A tool to study foraging ecology of penguins in the Southern Ocean[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,391:293-306.
[38]Richter A,Wanek W,Werner R A,et al.Preparation of starch and soluble sugars of plant material for the analysis of carbon isotope composition:A comparison of methods[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2009,23(16):2 476-2 488.
[39]Hofstetter T B,Berg M.Assessing transformation processes of organic contaminants by compound-specific stable isotope analysis[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2011,30(4):618-627.
[40]BodéS,Denef K,Boeckx P.Development and evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry methodology forδ13C analyses of amino sugars in soil[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2009,23(16):2 519-2 526.
[41]Dippold M A,Boesel S,Gunina A,et al.Improvedδ13C analysis of amino sugars in soil by ion chromatography-oxidation-isotope ratio mass spectrometry[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2014,28(6):569-576.
[42]Theodoridis G,Gika H G,Wilson I D.Mass spectrometrybased holistic analytical approaches for metabolite profiling in systems biology studies[J].Mass Spectrometry Reviews,2011,30(5):884-906.
[43]Milne S B,Mathews T P,Myers D S,et al.Sum of the parts:Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics[J].Biochemistry,2013,52(22):3 829-3 840.
[44]Hu Y,Zheng Q,Wanek W.Flux analysis of free amino sugars and amino acids in soils by isotope tracing with a novel liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry platform[J].Analytical Chemistry,2017,89(17):9 192-9 200.
[45]Dick W A,Thavamani B,Conley S,et al.Prediction of β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase activities,soil organic C,and amino sugar N in a diverse population of soils using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,56:99-104.
[46]Zhang B,Yang X,Drury C F,et al.A mid-infrared spectroscopy method to determine the glucosamine,galactosamine,and muramic acid concentrations in soil hydrolysates[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,77(3):842.
[47]Zhang L,Yang X,Drury C,et al.Infrared spectroscopy estimation methods for water-dissolved carbon and amino sugars in diverse Canadian agricultural soils[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2018,98(3):484-499.