改革开放40年来政府劳动关系治理研究述评
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摘要
本文梳理并评价了改革开放40年以来有关中国政府劳动关系治理研究的理论视角和基本问题,目的在于通过反思中、西方劳动关系领域对于政府的性质、政府的劳动关系治理模式以及政府在劳动关系治理中的角色的阐释,使研究者和政策制定者更好地理解和把握中国劳动关系治理的现状和未来前进的方向。本文首先从生产政体理论、统合主义理论、发展型国家理论和转型理论四个理论流派出发,厘清了政府的性质同劳动关系治理模式之间的关系,并回顾了各理论是如何从不同视角定义中国政府的性质从而解读其劳动关系治理逻辑的。除了理论研究,研究者还关注政府在劳动关系治理中的具体角色,比如作为立法者的政府、"三方关系"中的政府,以及地方政府在区域劳动关系治理中的作用,并积累了大量的实证研究。文章第二部分评述了这些领域的研究。文章的结论部分提出并讨论了三点现有研究的不足以及未来可行的研究方向。
This paper reviews theoretical perspectives and researches regarding the Chinese government's industrial relations governance during the past four decades ever since the economic reform and opening-up. The aim is to encourage better understanding of the industrial relations regimes in China through elucidating the nature of the Chinese government, and its strategies and roles in governing labor relationships. The paper first clarifies the linkage between the nature of a government and the labor relations governance model it adopts from four most-cited theoretical perspectives, i.e. the regimes of production theory, the corporatism theory, the developmental state theory, and the transformation theory, as well as the underlying rationales each of these theories provides. The second part of the paper reviews empirical studies that focus on the Chinese (central and local) governments' roles in governing industrial relations as a legislator, as a party in the "tripartite" mechanisms, and as local regulators. The paper concludes by discussing three major research gaps and corresponding suggestions for future research.
This paper reviews theoretical perspectives and researches regarding the Chinese government's industrial relations governance during the past four decades ever since the economic reform and opening-up. The aim is to encourage better understanding of the industrial relations regimes in China through elucidating the nature of the Chinese government, and its strategies and roles in governing labor relationships. The paper first clarifies the linkage between the nature of a government and the labor relations governance model it adopts from four most-cited theoretical perspectives, i.e. the regimes of production theory, the corporatism theory, the developmental state theory, and the transformation theory, as well as the underlying rationales each of these theories provides. The second part of the paper reviews empirical studies that focus on the Chinese (central and local) governments' roles in governing industrial relations as a legislator, as a party in the "tripartite" mechanisms, and as local regulators. The paper concludes by discussing three major research gaps and corresponding suggestions for future research.
引文
1.常凯.(2013).劳动关系的集体化转型与政府劳工政策的完善.中国社会科学,(6),91-108.
2.丁守海.(2010).最低工资管制的就业效应分析--兼论《劳动合同法》的交互影响.中国社会科学,(1),85-102.
3.杜鹏程,徐舒,吴明琴.(2018).劳动保护与农民工福利改善--基于新《劳动合同法》的视角.经济研究,(3),64-78.
4.范丽娜.(2014).基层工会改革路径研究--珠三角基层工会改革的启示.中国人力资源开发,(15),102-107.
5.廖冠民,陈燕.(2014).劳动保护、劳动密集度与经营弹性:基于2008年《劳动合同法》的实证检验.经济科学,(2),91-103.
6.刘媛媛,刘斌.(2014).劳动保护、成本粘性与企业应对.经济研究,(5),63-76.
7.孟泉.(2013).谈判游戏中的“说和人”--以DLDA区工会为例.清华社会学评论,206-222.
8.孟泉.(2014).塑造基于“平衡逻辑”的“缓冲地带”--沿海地区地方政府治理劳资冲突模式分析.东岳论丛,35(5),47-54.
9.潘红波,陈世来.(2017).《劳动合同法》、企业投资与经济增长.经济研究,(4),92-105.
10.乔健.(2017).工会改革:中国特色工会道路的“提质增效”--2016年上海群团改革的经验探析.中国劳动关系学院学报,(2),72-83.
11.石晓天.(2018).基于劳动关系治理的广东工会改革经验及比较.中国劳动关系学院学报,(5),47-55.
12.王绍光.(2008).大转型:1980年代以来中国的双向运动.中国社会科学,(1),129-148.
13.汪建华.(2017).包揽式政商关系、本地化用工与内地中小城市的劳工抗争.社会学研究,(2),51-75.
14.汪建华,范璐璐,张书琬.(2018).工业化模式与农民工问题的区域差异--基于珠三角与长三角地区的比较研究.社会学研究,(4),109-136.
15.闻效仪.(2014).工会直选:广东实践的经验与教训.开放时代,(5),54-65.
16.吴清军.(2012).集体协商与“国家主导”下的劳动关系治理--指标管理的策略与实践.社会学研究,(3),66-89.
17.吴清军,刘宇.(2013).劳动关系市场化与劳工权益保护--中国劳动关系政策的发展路径与策略.中国人民大学学报,(1),80-88.
18.郑广怀.(2010).劳工权益与安抚型国家--以珠江三角洲农民工为例.开放时代,(5),27-38.
19.庄文嘉.(2013).“调解优先”能缓解集体性劳动争议吗?--基于1999-2011年省际面板数据的实证检验.社会学研究,(5),145-171.
20.Abolafia,M.(1996).Making Markets:Opportunism and Restraint on Wall Street.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
21.Blecher,M.,&Shue,V.(2001).Into Leather:State-Led Development and the Private Sector in Xinji.The China Quarterly,166,368-93.
22.Block,F.(2003).Karl Polanyi and the Writing of the Great Transformation.Theory and Society,32(3),275-306.
23.Burawoy,M.(1985).The Politics of Production:Factory Regime under Capitalism and Socialism.London:Verso.
24.Chan,A.,&Norlund,I.(1998).Vietnamese and Chinese Labour Regimes:On the Road to Divergence.The China Journal,40,173-197.
25.Chen,F.(2007).Individual Rights and Collective Rights:Labor's Predicament in China.Communist and Post-Communist Studies,40(1),59-79.
26.Chen,F.(2009).Union Power in China:Source,Operation,and Constraints.Modern China,35(6),662-89.
27.Chen,F.(2010).Trade Unions and the Quadripartite Interactions in Strike Settlement in China.The China Quarterly,201,104-24.
28.Chung,S.(2015).Explaining Compliance:A Multi-Actor Framework for Understanding Labour Law Compliance in China.Human Relations,68(2),237-60.
29.Collier,R.,B.,&Collier,D.(1979).Inducements versus Constraints:Disaggregating"Corporatism."American Political Science Review,73(4),967-86.
30.Cooney,S.,Biddulph,S.,Li,K.,&Zhu,Y.(2007).China's New Labour Contract Law:Responding to the Growing Complexity of Labour Relations in the PRC.University of New South Wales Law Journal,30(3),788-803.
31.Duckett,J.(1998).The Entrepreneurial State in China.Real Estate and Commerce Departments in Reform Era Tianjin.London,UK:Routledge.
32.Dunlop,J.,T.(1958).Industrial Relations Systems.New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston.
33.Friedman,E.,D.(2014a).Insurgency Trap:Labor Policics in Postsocialist China.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press.
34.Friedman,E.,D.(2014b).Economic Development and Sectoral Unions in China.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,67(2),481-503.
35.Friedman,E.,&Kurivilla,S.(2015).Experimentation and Decentralization in China's Labor Relations.Human Relations,68(2),181-95.
36.Gallagher,M.,(2005).Contagious Capitalism:Globalization and the Politics of Labor in China.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
37.Gallagher,M.,(2006).Mobilizing the Law in China:"Informed Disenchantment"and the Development of Legal Consciousness.Law&Society Review,40(4),783-816.
38.Gallagher,M.,(2015).Tranformation without Transition:China's Maoist Legacies in Comparative Perspective.In T.L.Caraway,M.L.Cook,&Stephen Crowley(Eds.),Working Through the Past:Labor and Authoritarian Legacies in Comparative Perspective.Ithaca&London:Cornell University Press.
39.Gallagher,M.,(2017).Authoritarian Legality in China:Law,Workers,and the State.Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press.
40.Gallagher,M.,&Dong,B.(2011).Legislating Harmony:Labor Law Reform in Contemporary China.In S.Kuruvilla,C.K.Lee,&M.E.Gallagher(Eds.),From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization.Ithaca&London:Cornell University Press.
41.Gallagher,M.,Giles,J.,Park,A.,&Wang,M.(2015).China's 2008 Labor Contract Law:Implementation and Implications for China's Workers.Human Relations,68(2),197-235.
42.Gramsci,A.(2005).Selections from the Prison Notebooks.London:Lawrence and Wishart.
43.Howell,J.(2006).Reflections on the Chinese State.Development and Change,37(2),273-97.
44.Hui,E.,S.(2017).Hegemonic Transformation:The State,Laws,and Labour Relations in Post-Socialist China.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
45.Johnson,C.(1982).MITI and the Japanese Miracle:The Growth of Industrial Policy:1925-1975.Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press.
46.Katz,H.,C.,&Owen,R.,D.(2000).Converging Divergences:Worldwide Changes in Employment Systems.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press.
47.Kochan,T.,A.,Katz,H.,C.,&McKersie,R.,B.(1986).The Transformation of American Industrial Relations.New York:Basic Books.
48.Lee,C.,K.(1999).From Organized Dependence to Disorganized Despotism:Changing Labour Regimes in Chinese Factories.The China Quarterly,157,44-71.
49.Lee,C.,K.(2007).Against the Law:Labor Protests in China's Rustbelt and Sunbelt.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
50.Lee,C.,K.,&Zhang,Y.(2013).The Power of Instability:Unraveling the Microfoundations of Bargained Authoritarianism in China.American Journal of Sociology,118(6),1475-1508.
51.Li,X.,&Freeman,R.,B.(2015).How Does China's New Labour Contract Law Affect Floating Workers?British Journal of Industrial Relations,53(4),711-35.
52.Liu,X.(2015).How Institutional and Organizational Characteristics Explain the Growth of Contingent Work in China.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,68(2),372-97.
53.Locke,R.,M.(1992).The Demise of the National Union in Italy:Lessons for Comparative Industrial Relations Theory.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,45(2),229-249.
54.Lüthje,B.,Luo,S.,&Zhang,H.(2013).Beyond the Iron Rice Bowl:Regimes of Production and Industrial Relations in China.Frankfurt and New York:Campus Verlag.
55.Ming,X.(2000).The Dual Developmental State:Development Strategy and Institutional Arrangements.Brookfield,VT:Ashgate.
56.Oi,J.,C.(1992).Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China.World Politics,45(1),99-126.
57.Oi,J.,C.(1995).The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy.The China Quarterly,144,1132-49.
58.Polanyi,K.(1944).The Great Transformation:The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.Boston:Beacon Press.
59.Pringle,T.,&Clarke,S.(2011).The Challenge of Transition:Trade Unions in Russia,China and Vietnam.Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.
60.Schmitter,P.,C.(1974).Still the Century of Corporatism?Review of Politics,36(1),85-131.
61.Segal,A.,&Thun,E.(2001).Thinking Globally,Acting Locally:Local Governments,Industrial Sectors,and Development in China.Politics&Society,29(4),557-88.
62.Silver,B.,J.,&Arrighi,G.(2003).Polanyi's"Double Movement":The Belle Epoques of British and U.S.Hegemony Compared.Politics&Society,31(2),325-55.
63.Unger,J.,&Chan,A.(1995).China,Corporatism,and the East Asian Model.The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33,29-53.
64.Unger,J.,&Chan,A.(2008).Associations in a Bind:The Emergence of Political Corporatism.In J.Unger(Ed.),Associations and the Chinese State:Contested Spaces.New York:M.E.Sharpe.
65.Wade,R.(1988).State Intervention in'Outward-Looking'Development:Neoclassical Theory and Taiwanese Practice.In G.White(Ed.),Developmental States in East Asia.Basingstoke:Macmillan Press.
66.Walder,A.,G.(1988).Communist Neo-Traditionalism:Work and Authority in Chinese Industry.Berkeley,Los Angeles,and London:University of California Press.
67.Weber,M.(1978).Economy and Society.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
68.Wen,X.,&Kevin,L.(2015).Restructuring China's State Corporatist Industrial Relations System:The Wenling Experience.Journal of Contemporary China,24(94),665-83.
69.White,G.,&Wade,R.(1988).Developmental States and Markets in East Asia:An Introduction.In Developmental States in East Asia,Basingstoke:Macmillan Press,1-29.
70.Xu,F.(2008).The Emergence of Temporary Staffing Agencies in China.Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal,30(431),431-61.
1.也译为“文化领导权主义”政体。
2.关于中国政府“发展型”本质的研究,郝秋笛(Jude Howell)提供了一个很好的综述,但是她的结论是中国政府并非发展型政府(Howell,2006)。
2.丁守海.(2010).最低工资管制的就业效应分析--兼论《劳动合同法》的交互影响.中国社会科学,(1),85-102.
3.杜鹏程,徐舒,吴明琴.(2018).劳动保护与农民工福利改善--基于新《劳动合同法》的视角.经济研究,(3),64-78.
4.范丽娜.(2014).基层工会改革路径研究--珠三角基层工会改革的启示.中国人力资源开发,(15),102-107.
5.廖冠民,陈燕.(2014).劳动保护、劳动密集度与经营弹性:基于2008年《劳动合同法》的实证检验.经济科学,(2),91-103.
6.刘媛媛,刘斌.(2014).劳动保护、成本粘性与企业应对.经济研究,(5),63-76.
7.孟泉.(2013).谈判游戏中的“说和人”--以DLDA区工会为例.清华社会学评论,206-222.
8.孟泉.(2014).塑造基于“平衡逻辑”的“缓冲地带”--沿海地区地方政府治理劳资冲突模式分析.东岳论丛,35(5),47-54.
9.潘红波,陈世来.(2017).《劳动合同法》、企业投资与经济增长.经济研究,(4),92-105.
10.乔健.(2017).工会改革:中国特色工会道路的“提质增效”--2016年上海群团改革的经验探析.中国劳动关系学院学报,(2),72-83.
11.石晓天.(2018).基于劳动关系治理的广东工会改革经验及比较.中国劳动关系学院学报,(5),47-55.
12.王绍光.(2008).大转型:1980年代以来中国的双向运动.中国社会科学,(1),129-148.
13.汪建华.(2017).包揽式政商关系、本地化用工与内地中小城市的劳工抗争.社会学研究,(2),51-75.
14.汪建华,范璐璐,张书琬.(2018).工业化模式与农民工问题的区域差异--基于珠三角与长三角地区的比较研究.社会学研究,(4),109-136.
15.闻效仪.(2014).工会直选:广东实践的经验与教训.开放时代,(5),54-65.
16.吴清军.(2012).集体协商与“国家主导”下的劳动关系治理--指标管理的策略与实践.社会学研究,(3),66-89.
17.吴清军,刘宇.(2013).劳动关系市场化与劳工权益保护--中国劳动关系政策的发展路径与策略.中国人民大学学报,(1),80-88.
18.郑广怀.(2010).劳工权益与安抚型国家--以珠江三角洲农民工为例.开放时代,(5),27-38.
19.庄文嘉.(2013).“调解优先”能缓解集体性劳动争议吗?--基于1999-2011年省际面板数据的实证检验.社会学研究,(5),145-171.
20.Abolafia,M.(1996).Making Markets:Opportunism and Restraint on Wall Street.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
21.Blecher,M.,&Shue,V.(2001).Into Leather:State-Led Development and the Private Sector in Xinji.The China Quarterly,166,368-93.
22.Block,F.(2003).Karl Polanyi and the Writing of the Great Transformation.Theory and Society,32(3),275-306.
23.Burawoy,M.(1985).The Politics of Production:Factory Regime under Capitalism and Socialism.London:Verso.
24.Chan,A.,&Norlund,I.(1998).Vietnamese and Chinese Labour Regimes:On the Road to Divergence.The China Journal,40,173-197.
25.Chen,F.(2007).Individual Rights and Collective Rights:Labor's Predicament in China.Communist and Post-Communist Studies,40(1),59-79.
26.Chen,F.(2009).Union Power in China:Source,Operation,and Constraints.Modern China,35(6),662-89.
27.Chen,F.(2010).Trade Unions and the Quadripartite Interactions in Strike Settlement in China.The China Quarterly,201,104-24.
28.Chung,S.(2015).Explaining Compliance:A Multi-Actor Framework for Understanding Labour Law Compliance in China.Human Relations,68(2),237-60.
29.Collier,R.,B.,&Collier,D.(1979).Inducements versus Constraints:Disaggregating"Corporatism."American Political Science Review,73(4),967-86.
30.Cooney,S.,Biddulph,S.,Li,K.,&Zhu,Y.(2007).China's New Labour Contract Law:Responding to the Growing Complexity of Labour Relations in the PRC.University of New South Wales Law Journal,30(3),788-803.
31.Duckett,J.(1998).The Entrepreneurial State in China.Real Estate and Commerce Departments in Reform Era Tianjin.London,UK:Routledge.
32.Dunlop,J.,T.(1958).Industrial Relations Systems.New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston.
33.Friedman,E.,D.(2014a).Insurgency Trap:Labor Policics in Postsocialist China.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press.
34.Friedman,E.,D.(2014b).Economic Development and Sectoral Unions in China.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,67(2),481-503.
35.Friedman,E.,&Kurivilla,S.(2015).Experimentation and Decentralization in China's Labor Relations.Human Relations,68(2),181-95.
36.Gallagher,M.,(2005).Contagious Capitalism:Globalization and the Politics of Labor in China.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
37.Gallagher,M.,(2006).Mobilizing the Law in China:"Informed Disenchantment"and the Development of Legal Consciousness.Law&Society Review,40(4),783-816.
38.Gallagher,M.,(2015).Tranformation without Transition:China's Maoist Legacies in Comparative Perspective.In T.L.Caraway,M.L.Cook,&Stephen Crowley(Eds.),Working Through the Past:Labor and Authoritarian Legacies in Comparative Perspective.Ithaca&London:Cornell University Press.
39.Gallagher,M.,(2017).Authoritarian Legality in China:Law,Workers,and the State.Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press.
40.Gallagher,M.,&Dong,B.(2011).Legislating Harmony:Labor Law Reform in Contemporary China.In S.Kuruvilla,C.K.Lee,&M.E.Gallagher(Eds.),From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization.Ithaca&London:Cornell University Press.
41.Gallagher,M.,Giles,J.,Park,A.,&Wang,M.(2015).China's 2008 Labor Contract Law:Implementation and Implications for China's Workers.Human Relations,68(2),197-235.
42.Gramsci,A.(2005).Selections from the Prison Notebooks.London:Lawrence and Wishart.
43.Howell,J.(2006).Reflections on the Chinese State.Development and Change,37(2),273-97.
44.Hui,E.,S.(2017).Hegemonic Transformation:The State,Laws,and Labour Relations in Post-Socialist China.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
45.Johnson,C.(1982).MITI and the Japanese Miracle:The Growth of Industrial Policy:1925-1975.Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press.
46.Katz,H.,C.,&Owen,R.,D.(2000).Converging Divergences:Worldwide Changes in Employment Systems.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press.
47.Kochan,T.,A.,Katz,H.,C.,&McKersie,R.,B.(1986).The Transformation of American Industrial Relations.New York:Basic Books.
48.Lee,C.,K.(1999).From Organized Dependence to Disorganized Despotism:Changing Labour Regimes in Chinese Factories.The China Quarterly,157,44-71.
49.Lee,C.,K.(2007).Against the Law:Labor Protests in China's Rustbelt and Sunbelt.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
50.Lee,C.,K.,&Zhang,Y.(2013).The Power of Instability:Unraveling the Microfoundations of Bargained Authoritarianism in China.American Journal of Sociology,118(6),1475-1508.
51.Li,X.,&Freeman,R.,B.(2015).How Does China's New Labour Contract Law Affect Floating Workers?British Journal of Industrial Relations,53(4),711-35.
52.Liu,X.(2015).How Institutional and Organizational Characteristics Explain the Growth of Contingent Work in China.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,68(2),372-97.
53.Locke,R.,M.(1992).The Demise of the National Union in Italy:Lessons for Comparative Industrial Relations Theory.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,45(2),229-249.
54.Lüthje,B.,Luo,S.,&Zhang,H.(2013).Beyond the Iron Rice Bowl:Regimes of Production and Industrial Relations in China.Frankfurt and New York:Campus Verlag.
55.Ming,X.(2000).The Dual Developmental State:Development Strategy and Institutional Arrangements.Brookfield,VT:Ashgate.
56.Oi,J.,C.(1992).Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China.World Politics,45(1),99-126.
57.Oi,J.,C.(1995).The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy.The China Quarterly,144,1132-49.
58.Polanyi,K.(1944).The Great Transformation:The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.Boston:Beacon Press.
59.Pringle,T.,&Clarke,S.(2011).The Challenge of Transition:Trade Unions in Russia,China and Vietnam.Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.
60.Schmitter,P.,C.(1974).Still the Century of Corporatism?Review of Politics,36(1),85-131.
61.Segal,A.,&Thun,E.(2001).Thinking Globally,Acting Locally:Local Governments,Industrial Sectors,and Development in China.Politics&Society,29(4),557-88.
62.Silver,B.,J.,&Arrighi,G.(2003).Polanyi's"Double Movement":The Belle Epoques of British and U.S.Hegemony Compared.Politics&Society,31(2),325-55.
63.Unger,J.,&Chan,A.(1995).China,Corporatism,and the East Asian Model.The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33,29-53.
64.Unger,J.,&Chan,A.(2008).Associations in a Bind:The Emergence of Political Corporatism.In J.Unger(Ed.),Associations and the Chinese State:Contested Spaces.New York:M.E.Sharpe.
65.Wade,R.(1988).State Intervention in'Outward-Looking'Development:Neoclassical Theory and Taiwanese Practice.In G.White(Ed.),Developmental States in East Asia.Basingstoke:Macmillan Press.
66.Walder,A.,G.(1988).Communist Neo-Traditionalism:Work and Authority in Chinese Industry.Berkeley,Los Angeles,and London:University of California Press.
67.Weber,M.(1978).Economy and Society.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
68.Wen,X.,&Kevin,L.(2015).Restructuring China's State Corporatist Industrial Relations System:The Wenling Experience.Journal of Contemporary China,24(94),665-83.
69.White,G.,&Wade,R.(1988).Developmental States and Markets in East Asia:An Introduction.In Developmental States in East Asia,Basingstoke:Macmillan Press,1-29.
70.Xu,F.(2008).The Emergence of Temporary Staffing Agencies in China.Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal,30(431),431-61.
1.也译为“文化领导权主义”政体。
2.关于中国政府“发展型”本质的研究,郝秋笛(Jude Howell)提供了一个很好的综述,但是她的结论是中国政府并非发展型政府(Howell,2006)。