地方记忆:空间感知基点影响地方依恋的关键因素
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摘要
本文研究了空间感知基点的改变影响地方依恋持续性的关键因素。研究表明:①一个地方进行空间要素的形式改建、位置移动或色彩变换会导致空间感知基点的变化,进而引发地方依恋的减弱或中断,因变化后的空间物质要素和人们的地方记忆不符,从而引起地方的不认同。②当环境感知基点的改变迎合了人们的心理或某些功能需求后,地方记忆对地方依恋的支配地位便受到影响,因而依恋不会显著降低且可能增强。③地方记忆包括童年记忆,校园记忆和成年记忆,且内容一般与休闲活动相关,其中前两类最不容受侵犯。
There is a phenomenon used to be observed that when some particular space was changed in physical form will significantly affect people's place attachment,like park landscape reconstruction,historical district rebuild,or even a river functionally changed.This paper is trying to explain what's the magic behind this,and how does it work.As we all know,place attachment is composed of place dependence and place identity,which the former is functional attachment and the latter is emotional attachment.This paper is try to study when place attachment is left only as emotional attachment,how will the attached place physically changed affect the consistence of place attachment.50 people with different ages and professions in Shenzhen were selected as the research samples,which all share the same situation that they all have an attached place somewhere.The results show that:① space base points' alterations like formation reconstruction,position displacement,color changes will cause the changes of space perception,and then the place attachment will be weakened or interrupted.In late phase of place attachment when functional attachment is gone,place identity as emotional attachment is left and supported by place memory;② in other way,place memory and place development is a paradox.Sometimes place memory refuse the place to be developed as mentioned above,and sometimes when the development of place carters to people's needs,such as the urge to change poor living situation or to have a new subject,they will turn to accept the physical changes of this exact place and move on;③ place memory is indentified as childhood memory,campus memory and adult memory,and usually related to recreation activities.In this paper,we also found that the place attached is over 80%related to recreation activities,no matter it is nature form or artificially made.Other 20% of the group is attached to his/her hometown or the first institution they were employed.
There is a phenomenon used to be observed that when some particular space was changed in physical form will significantly affect people's place attachment,like park landscape reconstruction,historical district rebuild,or even a river functionally changed.This paper is trying to explain what's the magic behind this,and how does it work.As we all know,place attachment is composed of place dependence and place identity,which the former is functional attachment and the latter is emotional attachment.This paper is try to study when place attachment is left only as emotional attachment,how will the attached place physically changed affect the consistence of place attachment.50 people with different ages and professions in Shenzhen were selected as the research samples,which all share the same situation that they all have an attached place somewhere.The results show that:① space base points' alterations like formation reconstruction,position displacement,color changes will cause the changes of space perception,and then the place attachment will be weakened or interrupted.In late phase of place attachment when functional attachment is gone,place identity as emotional attachment is left and supported by place memory;② in other way,place memory and place development is a paradox.Sometimes place memory refuse the place to be developed as mentioned above,and sometimes when the development of place carters to people's needs,such as the urge to change poor living situation or to have a new subject,they will turn to accept the physical changes of this exact place and move on;③ place memory is indentified as childhood memory,campus memory and adult memory,and usually related to recreation activities.In this paper,we also found that the place attached is over 80%related to recreation activities,no matter it is nature form or artificially made.Other 20% of the group is attached to his/her hometown or the first institution they were employed.
引文
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[22]李玥.怀旧心理研究综述[J].河南科技,2012(1):24-25.
[23]薛婧,黄希庭.怀旧心理研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2011(5):608-616.
[24]Wildschut T,Sedikides C,Arndt Routledge.Nostalgia:content,triggers,functions[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2006,91(5):975-993.
[25]郭湛.关注城市化过程中城镇建筑环境新旧关系的研究[J].城市发展研究,1999(3):19-22.
[2]Kyle G.Bricker K.An examination of recreationists'relationships with activities and settings[J].Leisure Sciences,2004(26):123-142.
[3]董军.杭州灵隐景区的空间解析[D].杭州:浙江农林大学城市规划与设计研究所,2010.
[4]Stokowski,P A.Languages of place and discourses of power:constructing new senses of place[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2002(4):368-382.
[5]Stedman R,Beckley T,Wallace S.A picture and 1000 words:using resident-employed photography to understand attachment to high amenity places[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2004(4):580-606.
[6]Kerstetter D.Level of specialization and place attachment:an exploratory study of whitewater recreationists[J].Leisure Sciences,2000(22):233-257.
[7]Bricker K,Kerstetter D.An interpretation of special place meanings whitewater recreationists attach to the South Fork of the American River[J].Tourism Geographies,2002,4(4):396-425.
[8]Gustafson P.Place,place attachment and mobility:three sociological studies[D].Gothenburg:University of Gothenburg,2002.
[9]Lee C C.Predicting tourist attachment to destinations[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2001(1):229-232.
[10]Kyle G.An examination of relationship between leisure activity involvement and place attachment among hikers along the Appalachian Trail[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2003(3):249-273.
[11]Lewicka M.Place attachment,place identity and place memory:restoring the forgotten city past[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2008,28:209-231.
[12]Brown B,Perkins D D,Brown G.Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood:individual and block levels of analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23:259-271.
[13]Knez I.Autobiographical memories for places[J].Memory,2006(14):359-377.
[14]Milligan,M J.Displacement and identity discontinuity:the role of nostalgia in establishing new identity categories[J].Symbolic Interaction,2003(26):381-403
[15]Taylor,S A.Place identification and positive realities of aging[J].Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology,2001(16):5-20.
[16]Brunson M W,Shelby B.Recreation substitutability:a research agenda[J].Leisure Sciences,1993(15):67-74.
[17]Hagen J.Historic preservation in Nazi Germany:place,memory,and nationalism[J].Journal of Historical Geography,2009(1):690-715.
[18]袁逸倩.寻找城市的记忆[J].城市建筑,2011(8):6-10.
[19]何依.城市空间的记忆现象[J].城市建筑,2011(8):6-10.
[20]何依,邓巍,周浪浪.功能结束之日,记忆开始之时——宁波老外滩整治规划[J].城市建筑,2011(2):54-56.
[21]高翔,徐千里.消逝中的城市记忆与情感——谈当前重庆旧城改造与更新[J].城市建筑,2011(8):43-44.
[22]李玥.怀旧心理研究综述[J].河南科技,2012(1):24-25.
[23]薛婧,黄希庭.怀旧心理研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2011(5):608-616.
[24]Wildschut T,Sedikides C,Arndt Routledge.Nostalgia:content,triggers,functions[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2006,91(5):975-993.
[25]郭湛.关注城市化过程中城镇建筑环境新旧关系的研究[J].城市发展研究,1999(3):19-22.