土壤耕作技术对小麦出苗质量、根系功能及粒重的影响
|
摘要
【目的】针对黄淮平原农作区一年两熟条件下玉米秸秆还田严重影响麦苗质量的突出问题,探索适宜的土壤耕作技术以提高小麦幼苗质量,最终提高产量。【方法】2016—2018年连续2年,在河南省新郑市辛店镇黄岗村开展田间试验。采用随机区组设计,将翻耕、耙、镇压3个因素组合配套实施8个处理,分别为深翻耕+旋耕(DT+RT;DT:30 cm,RT:15 cm)、深翻耕+耙(DT+H)、深翻耕+旋耕+镇压(DT+RT+C)、深翻耕+耙+镇压(DT+H+C)、旋耕(RT)、旋耕+耙(RT+H)、旋耕+镇压(RT+C)、旋耕+耙+镇压(RT+H+C)。对小麦出苗率及幼苗质量进行调查,并在越冬期、返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期、蜡熟期对根系进行调查分析,分别在灌浆期对小麦籽粒性状、收获后对小麦产量及其构成因素进行调查分析。【结果】小麦播种后20 d,不同土壤耕作处理间幼苗质量差异显著。旋耕后出苗整齐度高于深翻耕,而深翻耕后出苗率、基本苗数和株高高于旋耕。相同耕、镇压因素处理下,耙后出苗率增幅为1.0%—5.7%,相同耕、耙因素处理下,镇压后出苗率增幅为0.06%—8.3%;同时深翻耕后,极少出现缺苗、断垄,RT处理缺苗、断垄的累计长度最高,两年平均为55cm。从越冬期到蜡熟期,不同土壤耕作处理的根系活力均呈现"高-低-高-低"的变化趋势,DT+H+C处理最高;在越冬期和拔节期,镇压和耙处理后,与无镇压、耙处理相比,根系活力均提高。单株次生根数目在抽穗期达到最大,DT+H+C处理最高,两年最高值分别为45.2条与40.2条;与无耙处理相比,耙处理后,单株次生根数目最高增加14.8%,与无镇压处理相比,镇压处理后,单株次生根数目最高增加12.2%。花后5—10 d,DT+H+C和RT+H+C处理的籽粒灌浆速率增长幅度显著高于其他处理,开花后20 d达到峰值,其中DT+H+C处理籽粒灌浆速率比其他处理高1.0%—19.4%,达显著水平。灌浆期籽粒千粒重,在花后0—15 d,DT+H+C处理增长最快,DT+RT处理增长最慢,花后25—30 d,DT+H+C处理千粒重最高,较RT处理提高20.8%。从不同土壤耕作技术对籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响来看,DT+H+C处理的籽粒产量最高;耙和镇压处理的单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的变化并不规律,籽粒产量均有明显提升,幅度为1.4%—12.2%。经济效益方面,与当地以往耕作方式RT相比,RT+H、RT+H+C、RT+C、DT+H+C、DT+H处理所得效益均高于RT处理,其中DT+H+C处理产生经济效益最高,两年平均比RT处理高12.3%。【结论】黄淮平原农作区当前一年两熟制条件下,不同土壤耕作技术影响幼苗质量,旋耕有利于出苗的整齐度提高,而深翻耕则有利于出苗率及幼苗均匀度提高,株高增高,为冬前形成壮苗奠定基础;深翻耕将耕层加深,利于根系下扎,促进次生根数目的增加以及耕层根系活力的提高,间接影响籽粒产量。综合考虑植株根系生长发育、生育后期籽粒灌浆速率、粒重形成和产量表现等,研究认为黄淮农作区DT+H+C处理土壤耕作技术是当前的最佳选择。
【Objective】 In view of the prominent problem that corn straw to the field seriously affects the quality of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings under the condition of double cropping per year of Huang-Huai Plain, appropriate soil tillage techniques were explored to improve quality of wheat seedlings and ultimately to increase wheat yield. 【Method】The experiment was carried out at Huanggang village, Xindian town, Xinzheng city, Henan province for 2 consecutive years(from 2016 to 2018).By using a randomized block design, 8 treatments were carried out by combining three factors of plowing, harrow and compacting:deep depth tillage + rotary tillage(DT + RT; DT: 30 cm, RT: 15 cm), deep tillage + harrow(DT + H), deep depth tillage + rotary tillage + compacting(DT + RT + C), rotary tillage(RT), rotary tillage + harrow(RT + H), rotary tillage + compacting(RT + C), and rotary tillage + harrow +compacting(RT + H + C). Emergence rate and seedling quality of wheat were investigated, root characteristics were investigated during wintering stage, re-growing stage, jointing stage, heading stage, grain filling stage, dough stage, and grain characters, yield and its components were analyzed during the filling period, respectively. 【Result】20 days sowing,quality of seedlings in different soil tillage treatments was significantly different. In rotary tillage treatments, emergence uniformity was higher than that in deep tillage treatments, while in deep tillage method, seedling emergence rate, basic seedlings and plant height were higher than those in rotary tillage method. Under the same plowing and compacting, emergence rate in harrow treatment emergence was 1.0%-5.7%; Under the same plowing and harrow, emergence rate in compacting treatment emergence was0.06%-8.3%. At the same time, after deep depth tillage, seedling deficiency and wedging were rarely seen. Cumulative length of seedling deficiency and wedging under RT treatment was the highest, and the average length of the two years was 55 cm. From the wintering to dough stage, root activity in different soil tillage treatments showed a "high-low-high-low" trend, and it was the highest in treatment "DT + H + C". In wintering and at jointing stage, root activity was increased after treated with compacting and harrow compared with that in treatments with neither compacting nor harrow. Secondary roots per plant reached the maximum in DT + H + C treatment at heading stage with the highest values were 45.2 and 40.2 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. After treated with harrow, secondary roots per plant were increased by 14.8% compared with those in treatments without harrow. After compacted treatment, secondary roots per plant were increased by 12.2% compared with those in treatments without compacting.Grain filling rate in DT + H + C treatment was significantly higher than that under other treatments during 5-10 days after anthesis,and reached its peak at 20 days after anthesis. Grain filling rate of DT + H + C treatment was higher than that under other treatments, while grain filling rate in DT + H + C treatment was higher than that under other treatments, and grain filling rate under DT + H + C treatment was 19.4% higher than that under other treatments(α=0.05). During grain filling stage, 1000-grain weight increased the most at 0-15 days after anthesis; Under DT + H + C treatments, it was increased the most; Under DT + RT treatments,it was increased the least; under DT + H + C treatments, it increased the most at 25-30 days after anthesis, which was 20.8% higher than that when treated by RT. According to the effects of different tillage techniques on grain yield and its components, the highest grain yield was obtained under DT + H + C treatment. Ears per unit area, kernels per ear and 1000-grain weight were not regular under harrow milling and repressing treatment, and grain yield increased obviously, with a range of 1.4%—12.2%. Economic benefits, in RT + H, RT + H + C, RT + C, DT + H + C, or DT + H treatment were all higher than those in RT treatment compared with the previous farming methods in the local area. Among them, the highest economic benefits was produced under DT + H + C treatment, and the two-year average was 12.3% higher than that under RT treatment【Conclusion】Under the current condition of two cropping systems in the Huang-Huai plain, different soil tillage techniques affected seedling quality, rotation tillage was beneficial to uniformity of seedling emergence, while deep tillage was beneficial to increasing seedling emergence rate, seedling evenness and plant height, laying a foundation for the formation of strong seedlings before wintering. The deep tillage deepened soil surface layer, which was beneficial to rooting, increased secondary roots and root activity in soil surface layer, and indirectly affected grain yield. Considering root system growth, grain filling rate, grain weight formation and yield performance, it was concluded that DT + H + C soil tillage technique was the best choice in Huang-Huai area.
【Objective】 In view of the prominent problem that corn straw to the field seriously affects the quality of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings under the condition of double cropping per year of Huang-Huai Plain, appropriate soil tillage techniques were explored to improve quality of wheat seedlings and ultimately to increase wheat yield. 【Method】The experiment was carried out at Huanggang village, Xindian town, Xinzheng city, Henan province for 2 consecutive years(from 2016 to 2018).By using a randomized block design, 8 treatments were carried out by combining three factors of plowing, harrow and compacting:deep depth tillage + rotary tillage(DT + RT; DT: 30 cm, RT: 15 cm), deep tillage + harrow(DT + H), deep depth tillage + rotary tillage + compacting(DT + RT + C), rotary tillage(RT), rotary tillage + harrow(RT + H), rotary tillage + compacting(RT + C), and rotary tillage + harrow +compacting(RT + H + C). Emergence rate and seedling quality of wheat were investigated, root characteristics were investigated during wintering stage, re-growing stage, jointing stage, heading stage, grain filling stage, dough stage, and grain characters, yield and its components were analyzed during the filling period, respectively. 【Result】20 days sowing,quality of seedlings in different soil tillage treatments was significantly different. In rotary tillage treatments, emergence uniformity was higher than that in deep tillage treatments, while in deep tillage method, seedling emergence rate, basic seedlings and plant height were higher than those in rotary tillage method. Under the same plowing and compacting, emergence rate in harrow treatment emergence was 1.0%-5.7%; Under the same plowing and harrow, emergence rate in compacting treatment emergence was0.06%-8.3%. At the same time, after deep depth tillage, seedling deficiency and wedging were rarely seen. Cumulative length of seedling deficiency and wedging under RT treatment was the highest, and the average length of the two years was 55 cm. From the wintering to dough stage, root activity in different soil tillage treatments showed a "high-low-high-low" trend, and it was the highest in treatment "DT + H + C". In wintering and at jointing stage, root activity was increased after treated with compacting and harrow compared with that in treatments with neither compacting nor harrow. Secondary roots per plant reached the maximum in DT + H + C treatment at heading stage with the highest values were 45.2 and 40.2 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. After treated with harrow, secondary roots per plant were increased by 14.8% compared with those in treatments without harrow. After compacted treatment, secondary roots per plant were increased by 12.2% compared with those in treatments without compacting.Grain filling rate in DT + H + C treatment was significantly higher than that under other treatments during 5-10 days after anthesis,and reached its peak at 20 days after anthesis. Grain filling rate of DT + H + C treatment was higher than that under other treatments, while grain filling rate in DT + H + C treatment was higher than that under other treatments, and grain filling rate under DT + H + C treatment was 19.4% higher than that under other treatments(α=0.05). During grain filling stage, 1000-grain weight increased the most at 0-15 days after anthesis; Under DT + H + C treatments, it was increased the most; Under DT + RT treatments,it was increased the least; under DT + H + C treatments, it increased the most at 25-30 days after anthesis, which was 20.8% higher than that when treated by RT. According to the effects of different tillage techniques on grain yield and its components, the highest grain yield was obtained under DT + H + C treatment. Ears per unit area, kernels per ear and 1000-grain weight were not regular under harrow milling and repressing treatment, and grain yield increased obviously, with a range of 1.4%—12.2%. Economic benefits, in RT + H, RT + H + C, RT + C, DT + H + C, or DT + H treatment were all higher than those in RT treatment compared with the previous farming methods in the local area. Among them, the highest economic benefits was produced under DT + H + C treatment, and the two-year average was 12.3% higher than that under RT treatment【Conclusion】Under the current condition of two cropping systems in the Huang-Huai plain, different soil tillage techniques affected seedling quality, rotation tillage was beneficial to uniformity of seedling emergence, while deep tillage was beneficial to increasing seedling emergence rate, seedling evenness and plant height, laying a foundation for the formation of strong seedlings before wintering. The deep tillage deepened soil surface layer, which was beneficial to rooting, increased secondary roots and root activity in soil surface layer, and indirectly affected grain yield. Considering root system growth, grain filling rate, grain weight formation and yield performance, it was concluded that DT + H + C soil tillage technique was the best choice in Huang-Huai area.
引文
[1]王红光,于振文,张永丽,石玉,王东.耕作方式对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响.作物学报,2012,38(4):675-682.WANG H G,YU Z W,ZHANG Y L,SHI Y,WANG D.Effects of tillage regimes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation in dryland wheat.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2012,38(4):675-682.(in Chinese)
[2]陈宇.保护性耕作对小麦玉米周年水分利用及生长发育的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.CHEN Y.Effects of conservation tillage on growth and water use of wheat-maize rotation[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.(in Chinese)
[3]王绍中,田云峰,郭天财,王志和.河南小麦栽培学.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2009:188-189.WANG S Z,TIAN Y F,GUO T C,WANG Z H.Wheat Cultivation in Henan Province.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2009:188-189.(in Chinese)
[4]SISTI C P J,DOS SANTOS H P,KOHHANN R,ALVES B J R,URQUIAGE S,BODDEY R M.Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil.Soil&Tillage Research,2004,76(1):39-58.
[5]罗珠珠,黄高宝,辛平,张国盛.陇中旱地不同保护性耕作方式表层土壤结构和有机碳含量比较分析.干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(4):53-58.LUO Z Z,HUANG G B,XIN P,ZHANG G S.Effects of tillage measures on soil structure and organic carbon of surface soil in semi-arid area of the western Loess Plateau.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2008,26(4):53-58.(in Chinese)
[6]赵洪利,李军,贾志宽,王学春,王蕾.不同耕作方式对黄土高原旱地麦田土壤物理性状的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(3):17-21.ZHAO H L,LI J,JIA Z K,WANG X C,WANG L.Effect of different tillages on soil physical properties of dryland wheat field in the Loess Plateau.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(3):17-21.(in Chinese)
[7]陈冬林.多熟复种稻田土壤耕作和秸秆还田的效应研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2009.CHEN D L.Studies on effect of soil tillage and straw returning to field in multi-cropping paddy field[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2009.(in Chinese)
[8]卫荣.基于经营主体视角下的粮食生产适度规模研究--以黄淮海地区为例[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.WEI R.Study on the moderate scale operation of grain production based on the agricultural management entities__Taking the Huang_huai_Hai Region as an Example[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2016.(in Chinese)
[9]李向东,郭天财,高旺盛,胡廷积.河南传统农业作物起源与耕作制度演变.中国农学通报,2006,22(8):574-579.LI X D,GUO T C,GAO W S,HU T J.The crop origin and farming system of traditional agriculture in Henan province.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(8):574-579.(in Chinese)
[10]胡艳.河南省小麦关键生产技术推广应用现状与对策分析[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2016.HU Y.Analysis on current situation of extension&application and countermeasures of key production techniques of wheat in Henan province[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[11]黄细喜.土壤紧实度及层次对小麦生长的影响.土壤学报,1988,25(1):59-65.HUANG X X.The wheat growth affected by the soil compaction and layers.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1988,25(1):59-65.(in Chinese)
[12]陈金.耕作模式与施氮量对土壤质量及冬小麦产量的调控效应[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.CHEN J.The regulation of tillage practice and nitrogen rate for improving soil quality and grain yield of winter wheat[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[13]张军.分层旋耕对稻茬麦生长与土壤物理的影响研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2015.ZHANG J.The effect of stratified rotary tillage on post-paddy wheat and soil physics[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese)
[14]冯宇鹏.耕作方式与施氮量对小麦玉米一年两熟农田土壤质量与生产力的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2014.FENG Y P.Effects of tillage and nitrogen rate on soil quality and crop productivity in wheat-cropping system[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
[15]杨永辉,武继承,张洁梅,潘晓莹,王越,何方.耕作方式对土壤水分入渗、有机碳含量及土壤结构的影响.中国生态农业学报,2017,25(2):258-266.YANG Y H,WU J C,ZHANG J M,PAN X Y,WANG Y,HE F.Effect of tillage method on soil water infiltration,organic carbon content and structure.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(2):258-266.(in Chinese)
[16]MRBET R.Differential response of wheat to tillage management systems in a semiarid area of Morocco.Field Crops Research,2000,66(2):165-174.
[17]董慧,仲延龙,齐龙昌,汪和廷,张玉琼,宋贺,董召荣.耕作方式对冬小麦内源激素含量及产量的影响.麦类作物学报,2015,35(4):542-547.DONG H,ZHONG Y L,QI L C,WANG H T,ZHANG Y Q,SONG H,DONG Z R.Effect of tillage methods on endogenous hormone content and yield of winter wheat.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(4):542-547.(in Chinese)
[18]赵竹,乔玉强,李玮,陈欢,杜世州,张向前,曹承富.自然降水条件下耕作方式对小麦生长、产量及土壤水分的影响.麦类作物学报,2014,34(9):1253-1259.ZHAO Z,QIAO Y Q,LI W,CHEN H,DU S Z,ZHANG X Q,CAO CF.Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Growth,Yield of Wheat and Soil Moisture under Natural Rainfall Condition Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(9):1253-1259.(in Chinese)
[19]王玉玲,李军,柏炜霞.轮耕体系对黄土台塬麦玉轮作土壤生产性能的影响.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):107-116.WANG Y L,LI J,BAI W X.Effects of rotational tillage systems on soil production performance in wheat-maize rotation field in Loess Platform region of China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(1):107-116.(in Chinese)
[20]李少昆,王克如,冯聚凯,谢瑞芝,高世菊.玉米秸秆还田与不同耕作方式下影响小麦出苗的因素.作物学报,2006,32(3):463-465,478.LI S K,WANG K R,FENG J K,XIE R Z,GAO S J.Factors affecting seeding emergence in winter wheat under different tillage patterns with maize stalk mulching returned to the field.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2006,32(3):463-465,478.(in Chinese)
[21]贾春林,郭洪海,张勇,孟庆升,杨秋玲,隋学艳.玉米秸秆全量还田下不同播种方式对土壤结构及小麦苗期生长的影响.中国农学通报,2010,26(8):243-248.JIA C L,GUO H H,ZHANG Y,MENG Q S,YANG Q L,SUI X Y.Effects of different seeding manner on the soil structure and wheat seedling growth under maize stalk full returned to the field.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(8):243-248.(in Chinese)
[22]祝飞华,王益权,石宗琳,张润霞,冉艳玲,王亚城.轮耕对关中一年两熟区土壤物理性状和冬小麦根系生长的影响.生态学报,2015,35(22):7454-7463.ZHU F H,WANG Y Q,SHI Z L,ZHANG R X,RANG Y L,WANGY C.Effects of rotational tillage on soil physical properties and winter wheat root growth on annual double cropping area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(22):7454-7463.(in Chinese)
[23]赵亚丽,刘卫玲,程思贤,周亚男,周金龙,王秀玲,张谋彪,王群,李潮海.深松(耕)方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2018,51(13):2489-2503.ZHAO Y L,LIU W L,CHENG S X,ZHOU Y N,ZHOU J L,WANGX L,ZHANG M B,WANG Q,LI C H.Effects of pattern of deep tillage on topsoil features,yield and water use efficiency in lime concretion black soil.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(13):2489-2503.(in Chinese)
[24]蒋向,贺德先,任宏志.轮耕对麦田土壤容重和小麦根系发育的影响.麦类作物学报,2012,32(4):711-715.JIANG X,HE D X,REN H Z.Effects of different patterns of rotational tillage on soil bulk density in wheat field and wheat root development.Journal of Triticeac Crops,2012,32(4):711-715.(in Chinese)
[25]陈信信,丁启朔,李毅念,薛金林,何瑞银.南方稻麦轮作系统下小麦根系的三维分形特征.中国农业科学,2017,50(3):451-460.CHEN X X,DING Q S,LI Y N,XUE J L,HE R Y.Three dimensional fractal characteristics of wheat root system for rice-wheat rotation in southern China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(3):451-460.(in Chinese)
[26]王法宏,王旭清,任德昌,于振文,余松烈.土壤深松对小麦根系活性的垂直分布及旗叶衰老的影响.核农学报,2003,17(1):56-61.WANG F H,WANG X Q,REN D C,YU Z W,YU S L.Effect of soil deep tillage on root activity and vertical distribution.Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinica,2003,17(1):56-61.(in Chinese)
[27]迟仁立,左淑珍,夏平,刘宏,刘喜财.不同程度压实对土壤理化性状及作物生育产量的影响.农业工程学报,2001,17(6):39-43.CHI R L,ZUO S Z,XIA P,LIU H,LIU X C.Effects of different level compaction on the physicochemical characteristics of soil and crop growth.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(6):39-43.(in Chinese)
[28]何建宁,于振文,石玉,赵俊晔,张永丽.长期耕作方式对小麦光合特性和产量的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(4):1204-1210.HE J N,YU Z W,SHI Y,ZHAO J Y,ZHANG Y L.Effects of long-term tillage practices on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(4):1204-1210.(in Chinese)
[29]XIA L L,WANG S W,YAN X Y.Effects of long-term straw incorporation on the net global warming potential and the net economic benefit in a rice-wheat cropping system in China.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,197:118-127.
[30]穆心愿.耕作方式与秸秆还田对黄淮潮土性质及小麦玉米生长的调控效应[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2016.MU X Y.Responses of soil properties,crop growth and yield to tillage and residue management in a wheat-maize cropping system on the North China Plain[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[31]靳海洋,谢迎新,李梦达,刘宇娟,贺德先,冯伟,王晨阳,郭天财.连续周年耕作对砂浆黑土农田蓄水保墒及作物产量的影响.中国农业科学,2016,49(16):3239-3250.JIN H Y,XIE Y X,LI M D,LIU Y J,HE D X,FENG W,WANGC Y,GUO T C.Effects of annual continuous tillage on soil water conservation and crop yield in lime concretion black soil farmland.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(16):3239-3250.(in Chinese)
[32]任爱霞,孙敏,王培如,薛玲珠,雷妙妙,薛建福,高志强.深松蓄水和施磷对旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2017,50(19):3678-3689.REN A X,SUN M,WANG P R,XUE L Z,LEI M M,XUE J F,GAOZ Q.Effects of sub-soiling in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency in dry-land wheat.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(19):3678-3689.(in Chinese)
[33]黄明,吴金芝,李友军,王贺正,付国占,陈明灿,李学来马俊利.耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响.草业学报,2018,27(9):34-44.HUANG M,WU J Z,LI Y J,WANG H Z,FU G Z,CHEN M C,LI X L,MA J L.Effects of tillage method and straw mulching on grain yield and protein content in wheat and soil nitrate residue under a winter wheat and summer soybean crop rotation in drylands.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(9):34-44.(in Chinese)
[34]翟云龙,魏燕华,张海林,陈阜.耕种方式对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(4):211-216.ZHAI Y L,WEI Y H,ZHANG H L,CHEN F.Effect of tillage and seeding methods on grain filling and yield of winter wheat.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(4):211-216.(in Chinese)
[35]ABU-HAMDEH N H,ISMAIL S M,AL-SOLAIMANI S G,HATAMLEH R I.Effect of tillage systems and polyacrylamide on soil physical properties and wheat grain yield in arid regions differing in fine soil particles.Archives of Agronomy And Soil Science,2019,65(2):182-196.
[36]张向前,赵秀玲,王钰乔,濮超,保尔江·马合木提,陈阜,张海林.耕作方式对冬小麦灌浆期光合性能日变化和籽粒产量的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(3):885-893.ZHANG X Q,ZHAO X L,WANG Y Q,PU C,BAOER JIANGM HM T,CHEN F,ZHANG H L.Effects of tillage practices on photosynthetic performance diurnal variation during filling stage and grain yield of winter wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(3):885-893.(in Chinese)
[2]陈宇.保护性耕作对小麦玉米周年水分利用及生长发育的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.CHEN Y.Effects of conservation tillage on growth and water use of wheat-maize rotation[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.(in Chinese)
[3]王绍中,田云峰,郭天财,王志和.河南小麦栽培学.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2009:188-189.WANG S Z,TIAN Y F,GUO T C,WANG Z H.Wheat Cultivation in Henan Province.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2009:188-189.(in Chinese)
[4]SISTI C P J,DOS SANTOS H P,KOHHANN R,ALVES B J R,URQUIAGE S,BODDEY R M.Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil.Soil&Tillage Research,2004,76(1):39-58.
[5]罗珠珠,黄高宝,辛平,张国盛.陇中旱地不同保护性耕作方式表层土壤结构和有机碳含量比较分析.干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(4):53-58.LUO Z Z,HUANG G B,XIN P,ZHANG G S.Effects of tillage measures on soil structure and organic carbon of surface soil in semi-arid area of the western Loess Plateau.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2008,26(4):53-58.(in Chinese)
[6]赵洪利,李军,贾志宽,王学春,王蕾.不同耕作方式对黄土高原旱地麦田土壤物理性状的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(3):17-21.ZHAO H L,LI J,JIA Z K,WANG X C,WANG L.Effect of different tillages on soil physical properties of dryland wheat field in the Loess Plateau.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(3):17-21.(in Chinese)
[7]陈冬林.多熟复种稻田土壤耕作和秸秆还田的效应研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2009.CHEN D L.Studies on effect of soil tillage and straw returning to field in multi-cropping paddy field[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2009.(in Chinese)
[8]卫荣.基于经营主体视角下的粮食生产适度规模研究--以黄淮海地区为例[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.WEI R.Study on the moderate scale operation of grain production based on the agricultural management entities__Taking the Huang_huai_Hai Region as an Example[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2016.(in Chinese)
[9]李向东,郭天财,高旺盛,胡廷积.河南传统农业作物起源与耕作制度演变.中国农学通报,2006,22(8):574-579.LI X D,GUO T C,GAO W S,HU T J.The crop origin and farming system of traditional agriculture in Henan province.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(8):574-579.(in Chinese)
[10]胡艳.河南省小麦关键生产技术推广应用现状与对策分析[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2016.HU Y.Analysis on current situation of extension&application and countermeasures of key production techniques of wheat in Henan province[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[11]黄细喜.土壤紧实度及层次对小麦生长的影响.土壤学报,1988,25(1):59-65.HUANG X X.The wheat growth affected by the soil compaction and layers.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1988,25(1):59-65.(in Chinese)
[12]陈金.耕作模式与施氮量对土壤质量及冬小麦产量的调控效应[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.CHEN J.The regulation of tillage practice and nitrogen rate for improving soil quality and grain yield of winter wheat[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[13]张军.分层旋耕对稻茬麦生长与土壤物理的影响研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2015.ZHANG J.The effect of stratified rotary tillage on post-paddy wheat and soil physics[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese)
[14]冯宇鹏.耕作方式与施氮量对小麦玉米一年两熟农田土壤质量与生产力的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2014.FENG Y P.Effects of tillage and nitrogen rate on soil quality and crop productivity in wheat-cropping system[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
[15]杨永辉,武继承,张洁梅,潘晓莹,王越,何方.耕作方式对土壤水分入渗、有机碳含量及土壤结构的影响.中国生态农业学报,2017,25(2):258-266.YANG Y H,WU J C,ZHANG J M,PAN X Y,WANG Y,HE F.Effect of tillage method on soil water infiltration,organic carbon content and structure.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(2):258-266.(in Chinese)
[16]MRBET R.Differential response of wheat to tillage management systems in a semiarid area of Morocco.Field Crops Research,2000,66(2):165-174.
[17]董慧,仲延龙,齐龙昌,汪和廷,张玉琼,宋贺,董召荣.耕作方式对冬小麦内源激素含量及产量的影响.麦类作物学报,2015,35(4):542-547.DONG H,ZHONG Y L,QI L C,WANG H T,ZHANG Y Q,SONG H,DONG Z R.Effect of tillage methods on endogenous hormone content and yield of winter wheat.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(4):542-547.(in Chinese)
[18]赵竹,乔玉强,李玮,陈欢,杜世州,张向前,曹承富.自然降水条件下耕作方式对小麦生长、产量及土壤水分的影响.麦类作物学报,2014,34(9):1253-1259.ZHAO Z,QIAO Y Q,LI W,CHEN H,DU S Z,ZHANG X Q,CAO CF.Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Growth,Yield of Wheat and Soil Moisture under Natural Rainfall Condition Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(9):1253-1259.(in Chinese)
[19]王玉玲,李军,柏炜霞.轮耕体系对黄土台塬麦玉轮作土壤生产性能的影响.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):107-116.WANG Y L,LI J,BAI W X.Effects of rotational tillage systems on soil production performance in wheat-maize rotation field in Loess Platform region of China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(1):107-116.(in Chinese)
[20]李少昆,王克如,冯聚凯,谢瑞芝,高世菊.玉米秸秆还田与不同耕作方式下影响小麦出苗的因素.作物学报,2006,32(3):463-465,478.LI S K,WANG K R,FENG J K,XIE R Z,GAO S J.Factors affecting seeding emergence in winter wheat under different tillage patterns with maize stalk mulching returned to the field.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2006,32(3):463-465,478.(in Chinese)
[21]贾春林,郭洪海,张勇,孟庆升,杨秋玲,隋学艳.玉米秸秆全量还田下不同播种方式对土壤结构及小麦苗期生长的影响.中国农学通报,2010,26(8):243-248.JIA C L,GUO H H,ZHANG Y,MENG Q S,YANG Q L,SUI X Y.Effects of different seeding manner on the soil structure and wheat seedling growth under maize stalk full returned to the field.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(8):243-248.(in Chinese)
[22]祝飞华,王益权,石宗琳,张润霞,冉艳玲,王亚城.轮耕对关中一年两熟区土壤物理性状和冬小麦根系生长的影响.生态学报,2015,35(22):7454-7463.ZHU F H,WANG Y Q,SHI Z L,ZHANG R X,RANG Y L,WANGY C.Effects of rotational tillage on soil physical properties and winter wheat root growth on annual double cropping area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(22):7454-7463.(in Chinese)
[23]赵亚丽,刘卫玲,程思贤,周亚男,周金龙,王秀玲,张谋彪,王群,李潮海.深松(耕)方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2018,51(13):2489-2503.ZHAO Y L,LIU W L,CHENG S X,ZHOU Y N,ZHOU J L,WANGX L,ZHANG M B,WANG Q,LI C H.Effects of pattern of deep tillage on topsoil features,yield and water use efficiency in lime concretion black soil.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(13):2489-2503.(in Chinese)
[24]蒋向,贺德先,任宏志.轮耕对麦田土壤容重和小麦根系发育的影响.麦类作物学报,2012,32(4):711-715.JIANG X,HE D X,REN H Z.Effects of different patterns of rotational tillage on soil bulk density in wheat field and wheat root development.Journal of Triticeac Crops,2012,32(4):711-715.(in Chinese)
[25]陈信信,丁启朔,李毅念,薛金林,何瑞银.南方稻麦轮作系统下小麦根系的三维分形特征.中国农业科学,2017,50(3):451-460.CHEN X X,DING Q S,LI Y N,XUE J L,HE R Y.Three dimensional fractal characteristics of wheat root system for rice-wheat rotation in southern China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(3):451-460.(in Chinese)
[26]王法宏,王旭清,任德昌,于振文,余松烈.土壤深松对小麦根系活性的垂直分布及旗叶衰老的影响.核农学报,2003,17(1):56-61.WANG F H,WANG X Q,REN D C,YU Z W,YU S L.Effect of soil deep tillage on root activity and vertical distribution.Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinica,2003,17(1):56-61.(in Chinese)
[27]迟仁立,左淑珍,夏平,刘宏,刘喜财.不同程度压实对土壤理化性状及作物生育产量的影响.农业工程学报,2001,17(6):39-43.CHI R L,ZUO S Z,XIA P,LIU H,LIU X C.Effects of different level compaction on the physicochemical characteristics of soil and crop growth.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(6):39-43.(in Chinese)
[28]何建宁,于振文,石玉,赵俊晔,张永丽.长期耕作方式对小麦光合特性和产量的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(4):1204-1210.HE J N,YU Z W,SHI Y,ZHAO J Y,ZHANG Y L.Effects of long-term tillage practices on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(4):1204-1210.(in Chinese)
[29]XIA L L,WANG S W,YAN X Y.Effects of long-term straw incorporation on the net global warming potential and the net economic benefit in a rice-wheat cropping system in China.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,197:118-127.
[30]穆心愿.耕作方式与秸秆还田对黄淮潮土性质及小麦玉米生长的调控效应[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2016.MU X Y.Responses of soil properties,crop growth and yield to tillage and residue management in a wheat-maize cropping system on the North China Plain[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[31]靳海洋,谢迎新,李梦达,刘宇娟,贺德先,冯伟,王晨阳,郭天财.连续周年耕作对砂浆黑土农田蓄水保墒及作物产量的影响.中国农业科学,2016,49(16):3239-3250.JIN H Y,XIE Y X,LI M D,LIU Y J,HE D X,FENG W,WANGC Y,GUO T C.Effects of annual continuous tillage on soil water conservation and crop yield in lime concretion black soil farmland.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(16):3239-3250.(in Chinese)
[32]任爱霞,孙敏,王培如,薛玲珠,雷妙妙,薛建福,高志强.深松蓄水和施磷对旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2017,50(19):3678-3689.REN A X,SUN M,WANG P R,XUE L Z,LEI M M,XUE J F,GAOZ Q.Effects of sub-soiling in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency in dry-land wheat.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(19):3678-3689.(in Chinese)
[33]黄明,吴金芝,李友军,王贺正,付国占,陈明灿,李学来马俊利.耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响.草业学报,2018,27(9):34-44.HUANG M,WU J Z,LI Y J,WANG H Z,FU G Z,CHEN M C,LI X L,MA J L.Effects of tillage method and straw mulching on grain yield and protein content in wheat and soil nitrate residue under a winter wheat and summer soybean crop rotation in drylands.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(9):34-44.(in Chinese)
[34]翟云龙,魏燕华,张海林,陈阜.耕种方式对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(4):211-216.ZHAI Y L,WEI Y H,ZHANG H L,CHEN F.Effect of tillage and seeding methods on grain filling and yield of winter wheat.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(4):211-216.(in Chinese)
[35]ABU-HAMDEH N H,ISMAIL S M,AL-SOLAIMANI S G,HATAMLEH R I.Effect of tillage systems and polyacrylamide on soil physical properties and wheat grain yield in arid regions differing in fine soil particles.Archives of Agronomy And Soil Science,2019,65(2):182-196.
[36]张向前,赵秀玲,王钰乔,濮超,保尔江·马合木提,陈阜,张海林.耕作方式对冬小麦灌浆期光合性能日变化和籽粒产量的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(3):885-893.ZHANG X Q,ZHAO X L,WANG Y Q,PU C,BAOER JIANGM HM T,CHEN F,ZHANG H L.Effects of tillage practices on photosynthetic performance diurnal variation during filling stage and grain yield of winter wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(3):885-893.(in Chinese)