抚育采伐对针阔混交林林分结构及物种多样性的影响
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摘要
【目的】本研究以吉林蛟河天然次生针阔混交林为研究对象,研究抚育采伐对林分生长的影响,以期为吉林蛟河针阔混交林的可持续经营提供理论依据。【方法】研究采用了蓄积量和生物量分别作为生产力的指标,通过相关关系分析从3个物种多样性和5个林分结构指标中筛选出与生产力显著相关的变量,进而应用结构方程模型分析采伐对林分结构、物种多样性、生产力的影响以及林分结构、物种多样性和生产力之间的因果关系。【结果】在蓄积生产力的结构方程模型中,采伐对林分密度和林分结构有负影响,路径系数分别为-0.661、-0.216;采伐通过林分密度和林分结构间接作用于生产力,通过林分密度间接作用于物种丰富度。林分密度对物种丰富度、林分结构、生产力有正影响,路径系数分别为0.330、0.599、0.473。林分结构对生产力有正影响,路径系数为0.310。物种丰富度对林分结构有正影响,路径系数为0.414。物种丰富度影响林分结构间接作用于生产力。在生物量生产力的结构方程模型中,除林分结构对生产力无影响外,其他变量间的作用方式和蓄积生产力的模型相同。【结论】研究认为抚育采伐能直接或间接改变林分结构、物种多样性及生产力,而林分结构对生产力的作用比物种多样性大,因此森林经营管理中,在保护物种多样性的前提下,应注重对林分结构的优化和调整。
[Objective] In this study, the natural secondary coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests of Jiaohe in Jilin Province, northeastern China were used as research objects to study the effects of tending and cutting on the growth of stand, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of Jiaohe mixed forest of coniferous and broadleaved forests in Jilin Province. [Method] The study used volume and biomass as the indicators of productivity respectively, through the correlation analysis, the variables related to productivity were selected from the three species diversity and the five forest structure indexes, and then the structural equation model was used to analyze the harvesting for stand structure,species diversity, productivity impacts, and causal relationships between forest structure, species diversity,and productivity. [Result] In the structural equation model of accumulation productivity, harvesting has a negative impact on stand density and stand structure, with path coefficients of-0.661 and-0.216,respectively; harvesting indirectly affected productivity through stand density and stand structure, and indirectly affected species richness through stand density. The stand density had a positive impact on species richness, stand structure and productivity, and the path coefficients were 0.330, 0.599 and 0.473,respectively. The stand structure had a positive impact on productivity with a path coefficient of 0.310.Species richness had a positive impact on the stand structure, with a path coefficient of 0.414. Species richness affected stand structure and indirectly affected productivity. In the structural equation model of biomass productivity, except for the stand structure had no effect on productivity, the mode of action between other variables was the same as the model of accumulation productivity. [Conclusion] The study suggests that tending can directly or indirectly change the stand structure, species diversity and productivity,while the stand structure has a greater impact on productivity than species diversity. Therefore, in forest management, under the premise of protecting species diversity, attention should be paid to the optimization and adjustment of the stand structure.
[Objective] In this study, the natural secondary coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests of Jiaohe in Jilin Province, northeastern China were used as research objects to study the effects of tending and cutting on the growth of stand, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of Jiaohe mixed forest of coniferous and broadleaved forests in Jilin Province. [Method] The study used volume and biomass as the indicators of productivity respectively, through the correlation analysis, the variables related to productivity were selected from the three species diversity and the five forest structure indexes, and then the structural equation model was used to analyze the harvesting for stand structure,species diversity, productivity impacts, and causal relationships between forest structure, species diversity,and productivity. [Result] In the structural equation model of accumulation productivity, harvesting has a negative impact on stand density and stand structure, with path coefficients of-0.661 and-0.216,respectively; harvesting indirectly affected productivity through stand density and stand structure, and indirectly affected species richness through stand density. The stand density had a positive impact on species richness, stand structure and productivity, and the path coefficients were 0.330, 0.599 and 0.473,respectively. The stand structure had a positive impact on productivity with a path coefficient of 0.310.Species richness had a positive impact on the stand structure, with a path coefficient of 0.414. Species richness affected stand structure and indirectly affected productivity. In the structural equation model of biomass productivity, except for the stand structure had no effect on productivity, the mode of action between other variables was the same as the model of accumulation productivity. [Conclusion] The study suggests that tending can directly or indirectly change the stand structure, species diversity and productivity,while the stand structure has a greater impact on productivity than species diversity. Therefore, in forest management, under the premise of protecting species diversity, attention should be paid to the optimization and adjustment of the stand structure.
引文
[1]李俊清,牛树奎,刘艳红,等.森林生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010.Li J Q,Niu S K,Liu Y H,et al.Forest ecology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2010.
[2]Dagley C M,Berrill J P,Leonard L P,et al.Restoration thinning enhances growth and diversity in mixed redwood/Douglas-fir stands in northern California,U.S.A[J].Restoration Ecology,2018,26(6):1170-1179.
[3]常伟.秦岭主要天然次生林抚育经营效果评价[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.Chang W.Assessment of thinning effects on natural secondary forests in the Qinling Mountains[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2015.
[4]孙宇瑞,张文娟,李云成,等.抚育改造是森林生态系统经营的关键性措施[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1):121-124.Sun Y R,Zhang W J,Li Y C,et al.Tending thinning improvement of stands is a crucial measure in forest ecosystem management[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(1):121-124.
[5]冉然,张文辉,周建云,等.间伐强度对秦岭南坡栓皮栎林结实数量和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(1):85-91.Ran R,Zhang W H,Zhou J Y,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on fruiting quantity and quality of Quercus variabilis forest on the south slope of Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity(Nat Sci Ed),2015,43(1):85-91.
[6]李建,彭鹏,何怀江,等.采伐对吉林蛟河针阔混交林空间结构的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):48-57.Li J,Peng P,He H J,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on spatial structure of multi-species temperate forest at Jiaohe in Jilin Province,northeastern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):48-57.
[7]郝珉辉,李晓宇,夏梦洁,等.抚育采伐对蛟河次生针阔混交林功能结构和谱系结构的影响[J].林业科学,2018,54(5):1-9.Hao M H,Li X Y,Xia M J,et al.Effects of tending felling on functional and phylogenetic structures in a multi-species temperate secondary forest at Jiaohe in Jilin Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2018,54(5):1-9.
[8]惠刚盈,赵中华,张弓乔.基于林分状态的天然林经营措施优先性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(1):1-10.Hui G Y,Zhao Z H,Zhang G Q.Priority of management measures for natural forests based on the stand state[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(1):1-10.
[9]马志远,石玲,吴相菊,等.长白山次生针阔混交林乔木多样性维持机制研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(6):93-98.Ma Z Y,Shi L,Wu X J,et al.Maintaining mechanism of tree diversity in a secondary conifer and broadleaf mixed forest in Changbai Mountains[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(6):93-98.
[10]D?nescu A,Albrecht A T,Bauhus J.Structural diversity promotes productivity of mixed,uneven-aged forests in southwestern Germany[J].Oecologia,2016,182(2):1-15.
[11]雷相东.东北过伐林区几种典型森林类型的物种和林分结构多样性及采伐的影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2000.Lei X D.Studies on plant species diversity and stand structural diversity of typical forest types and cutting effects on them in over-logged forests in northeastern China[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2000.
[12]何列艳,亢新刚,赵俊卉,等.长白山云冷杉针阔混交林径阶多样性指数对比[J].浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(3):432-438.He L Y,Kang X G,Zhao J H,et al.Diameter class diversity indices for spruce-fir conifer and broadleaf mixed stands in the Changbai Mountains[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2011,28(3):432-438.
[13]Fox J,Monette G.Generalized collinearity diagnostics[J].Publications of the American Statistical Association,1992,87:178-183.
[14]Fox J.Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models[M].London:SAGE Publications,2017.
[15]谭凌照,范春雨,范秀华.吉林蛟河阔叶红松林木本植物物种多样性及群落结构与生产力的关系[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(11):1149-1156.Tan L Z,Fan C Y,Fan X H.Relationships between species diversity or community structure and productivity of woodyplants in a broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Jiaohe,Jilin,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2017,41(11):1149-1156.
[16]Fahey R T,Fotis A T,Woods K D.Quantifying canopy complexity and effects on productivity and resilience in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests[J].Ecological Applications,2015,25(3):834-847.
[17]管惠文,董希斌.间伐强度对落叶松次生林冠层结构和林内光环境的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(10):13-23.Guan H W,Dong X B.Influence of thinning intensity on canopy structure and light environment inside Larix gmelinii secondary forest[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(10):13-23.
[18]雷相东,陆元昌,张会儒,等.抚育间伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):78-85.Lei X D,Lu Y C,Zhang H R,et al.Effects of thinning on mixed stands of Larix olgensis,Abies nephrolepis and Picea jazoensis[J].Scinetia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(4):78-85.
[19]Parker G G,Davis M M,Chapotin S M.Canopy light transmittance in Douglas-fir-western hemlock stands[J].Tree Physiology,2002,22(2-3):147-157.
[20]Parker G G,Harmon M E,Lefsky M A,et al.Three-dimensional structure of an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga canopy and its implications for radiation balance,microclimate,and gas exchange[J].Ecosystems,2004,7(5):440-453.
[21]Gough C M,Vogel C S,Hardiman B,et al.Wood net primary production resilience in an unmanaged forest transitioning from early to middle succession[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010,260(1):36-41.
[22]胡胜华,袁怀文,颜绍馗,等.干扰对人工诱导的阔叶红松林群落结构及高等植物多样性的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(6):72-78.Hu S H,Yuan H W,Yan S K,et al.Effects of disturbance on community structure and higher plant diversity of artificially inducing broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forests[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2007,29(6):72-78.
[23]马履一,李春义,王希群,等.不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):1-9.Ma L Y,Li C Y,Wang X Q,et al.Effects of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Beijing mountainous areas[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2007,43(5):1-9.
[24]Dalerum F,Cameron E Z,Kunkel K,et al.Interactive effects of species richness and species traits on functional diversity and redundancy[J].Theoretical Ecology,2012,5(1):129-139.
[25]Yachi S,Loreau M.Does complementary resource use enhance ecosystem functioning:a model of light competition in plant communities[J].Ecology Letters,2007,10(1):54-62.
[26]林敦梅,庞梅,赖江山,等.亚热带常绿阔叶林不同林层物种多样性与地上生物量的多变量关系[J].科学通报,2017,62(17):1861-1868.Lin D M,Pang M,Lai J S,et al.Multivariate relationship between tree diversity and aboveground biomass across tree strata in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest[J].Chinese Science Bulletion,2017,62(17):1861-1868.
[27]Hao M,Zhang C,Zhao X,et al.Functional and phylogenetic diversity determine woody productivity in a temperate forest[J].Ecology and Evolution,2018,8(5):2395-2406.
[2]Dagley C M,Berrill J P,Leonard L P,et al.Restoration thinning enhances growth and diversity in mixed redwood/Douglas-fir stands in northern California,U.S.A[J].Restoration Ecology,2018,26(6):1170-1179.
[3]常伟.秦岭主要天然次生林抚育经营效果评价[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.Chang W.Assessment of thinning effects on natural secondary forests in the Qinling Mountains[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2015.
[4]孙宇瑞,张文娟,李云成,等.抚育改造是森林生态系统经营的关键性措施[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1):121-124.Sun Y R,Zhang W J,Li Y C,et al.Tending thinning improvement of stands is a crucial measure in forest ecosystem management[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(1):121-124.
[5]冉然,张文辉,周建云,等.间伐强度对秦岭南坡栓皮栎林结实数量和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(1):85-91.Ran R,Zhang W H,Zhou J Y,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on fruiting quantity and quality of Quercus variabilis forest on the south slope of Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity(Nat Sci Ed),2015,43(1):85-91.
[6]李建,彭鹏,何怀江,等.采伐对吉林蛟河针阔混交林空间结构的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):48-57.Li J,Peng P,He H J,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on spatial structure of multi-species temperate forest at Jiaohe in Jilin Province,northeastern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):48-57.
[7]郝珉辉,李晓宇,夏梦洁,等.抚育采伐对蛟河次生针阔混交林功能结构和谱系结构的影响[J].林业科学,2018,54(5):1-9.Hao M H,Li X Y,Xia M J,et al.Effects of tending felling on functional and phylogenetic structures in a multi-species temperate secondary forest at Jiaohe in Jilin Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2018,54(5):1-9.
[8]惠刚盈,赵中华,张弓乔.基于林分状态的天然林经营措施优先性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(1):1-10.Hui G Y,Zhao Z H,Zhang G Q.Priority of management measures for natural forests based on the stand state[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(1):1-10.
[9]马志远,石玲,吴相菊,等.长白山次生针阔混交林乔木多样性维持机制研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(6):93-98.Ma Z Y,Shi L,Wu X J,et al.Maintaining mechanism of tree diversity in a secondary conifer and broadleaf mixed forest in Changbai Mountains[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(6):93-98.
[10]D?nescu A,Albrecht A T,Bauhus J.Structural diversity promotes productivity of mixed,uneven-aged forests in southwestern Germany[J].Oecologia,2016,182(2):1-15.
[11]雷相东.东北过伐林区几种典型森林类型的物种和林分结构多样性及采伐的影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2000.Lei X D.Studies on plant species diversity and stand structural diversity of typical forest types and cutting effects on them in over-logged forests in northeastern China[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2000.
[12]何列艳,亢新刚,赵俊卉,等.长白山云冷杉针阔混交林径阶多样性指数对比[J].浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(3):432-438.He L Y,Kang X G,Zhao J H,et al.Diameter class diversity indices for spruce-fir conifer and broadleaf mixed stands in the Changbai Mountains[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2011,28(3):432-438.
[13]Fox J,Monette G.Generalized collinearity diagnostics[J].Publications of the American Statistical Association,1992,87:178-183.
[14]Fox J.Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models[M].London:SAGE Publications,2017.
[15]谭凌照,范春雨,范秀华.吉林蛟河阔叶红松林木本植物物种多样性及群落结构与生产力的关系[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(11):1149-1156.Tan L Z,Fan C Y,Fan X H.Relationships between species diversity or community structure and productivity of woodyplants in a broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Jiaohe,Jilin,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2017,41(11):1149-1156.
[16]Fahey R T,Fotis A T,Woods K D.Quantifying canopy complexity and effects on productivity and resilience in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests[J].Ecological Applications,2015,25(3):834-847.
[17]管惠文,董希斌.间伐强度对落叶松次生林冠层结构和林内光环境的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(10):13-23.Guan H W,Dong X B.Influence of thinning intensity on canopy structure and light environment inside Larix gmelinii secondary forest[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(10):13-23.
[18]雷相东,陆元昌,张会儒,等.抚育间伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):78-85.Lei X D,Lu Y C,Zhang H R,et al.Effects of thinning on mixed stands of Larix olgensis,Abies nephrolepis and Picea jazoensis[J].Scinetia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(4):78-85.
[19]Parker G G,Davis M M,Chapotin S M.Canopy light transmittance in Douglas-fir-western hemlock stands[J].Tree Physiology,2002,22(2-3):147-157.
[20]Parker G G,Harmon M E,Lefsky M A,et al.Three-dimensional structure of an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga canopy and its implications for radiation balance,microclimate,and gas exchange[J].Ecosystems,2004,7(5):440-453.
[21]Gough C M,Vogel C S,Hardiman B,et al.Wood net primary production resilience in an unmanaged forest transitioning from early to middle succession[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010,260(1):36-41.
[22]胡胜华,袁怀文,颜绍馗,等.干扰对人工诱导的阔叶红松林群落结构及高等植物多样性的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(6):72-78.Hu S H,Yuan H W,Yan S K,et al.Effects of disturbance on community structure and higher plant diversity of artificially inducing broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forests[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2007,29(6):72-78.
[23]马履一,李春义,王希群,等.不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):1-9.Ma L Y,Li C Y,Wang X Q,et al.Effects of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Beijing mountainous areas[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2007,43(5):1-9.
[24]Dalerum F,Cameron E Z,Kunkel K,et al.Interactive effects of species richness and species traits on functional diversity and redundancy[J].Theoretical Ecology,2012,5(1):129-139.
[25]Yachi S,Loreau M.Does complementary resource use enhance ecosystem functioning:a model of light competition in plant communities[J].Ecology Letters,2007,10(1):54-62.
[26]林敦梅,庞梅,赖江山,等.亚热带常绿阔叶林不同林层物种多样性与地上生物量的多变量关系[J].科学通报,2017,62(17):1861-1868.Lin D M,Pang M,Lai J S,et al.Multivariate relationship between tree diversity and aboveground biomass across tree strata in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest[J].Chinese Science Bulletion,2017,62(17):1861-1868.
[27]Hao M,Zhang C,Zhao X,et al.Functional and phylogenetic diversity determine woody productivity in a temperate forest[J].Ecology and Evolution,2018,8(5):2395-2406.