煤矸石粒径结构对充填复垦重构土壤理化性质及农作物生理生态性质的影响
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摘要
为了研究自然煤矸石充填复垦地和不同覆土厚度条件下不同颗粒级配煤矸石充填复垦地重构土壤理化性质及在其之上生长的玉米(Zea mays L.)的生理生态特性,以淮南创大"煤矸石充填复垦示范基地"为研究区域,通过分区分层采集实验区范围内土壤样品,检测并分析其主要营养元素及重金属含量,监测实验区内玉米各生理生态指标变化情况及其植株各部分的重金属含量,探究以不同颗粒级配煤矸石作为填充基质对其充填区域农作物的影响。实验结果表明:经过分选后的煤矸石作为填充基质比自然状态下的煤矸石填充基质具有较好的保水保肥性和透气性,尤其以70%~100%粒径为<80 cm的煤矸石作为填充基质的重构土壤培育的玉米,其各项生理生态指标均表现良好,说明该复垦方案更有利于玉米的生长。但两种以煤矸石作为主要填充基质的复垦方案都面临土壤中部分重金属含量超标和向植物体迁移的问题。如何降低重构土壤中重金属含量,减少土壤中重金属向植物体内的迁移将成为今后研究的重点。
For studying the reconstruction soil and the eco-physiological characteristics on two kinds of filling reclamation that one is filling reclamation land with natural coal gangue and covered soil in different depths and the other one is filling reclamation land with the coal gangue in different particle size distribution and the top-soil of most suitable depth, this article treated the "Coal Gangue Filling Reclamation Demonstration Base" as the research area, used ways or ideas such as partition hierarchy collecting the soil samples within the experimental field, checking and analyzing main nutrition and heavy metal content as well as monitoring experimental eco-physiological indexes of maize in the region and its heavy metal content in various parts of the plant to explore the influence of using different particle size distribution of coal gangue as fill substrates on the crops in filling areas. The results shows that it is much better to use the coal gangue after filtering as fill substrate than the natural coal gangue because the former has better property of keeping water and nutrient and air permeability. What's more, the land which has used 70%~100% of coal gangue in size of < 80 cm as fill substrate can get the maize with good performance of eco-physiological characteristics, which shows that this reclamation plan can be more suitable for maize growth. However, both reclamation plans have to meet the problems that some heavy metals content in soil are beyond the standards and move into plants. Therefore, how to cut down heavy metal content and the movement from soil to plants should be the important point of further study.
For studying the reconstruction soil and the eco-physiological characteristics on two kinds of filling reclamation that one is filling reclamation land with natural coal gangue and covered soil in different depths and the other one is filling reclamation land with the coal gangue in different particle size distribution and the top-soil of most suitable depth, this article treated the "Coal Gangue Filling Reclamation Demonstration Base" as the research area, used ways or ideas such as partition hierarchy collecting the soil samples within the experimental field, checking and analyzing main nutrition and heavy metal content as well as monitoring experimental eco-physiological indexes of maize in the region and its heavy metal content in various parts of the plant to explore the influence of using different particle size distribution of coal gangue as fill substrates on the crops in filling areas. The results shows that it is much better to use the coal gangue after filtering as fill substrate than the natural coal gangue because the former has better property of keeping water and nutrient and air permeability. What's more, the land which has used 70%~100% of coal gangue in size of < 80 cm as fill substrate can get the maize with good performance of eco-physiological characteristics, which shows that this reclamation plan can be more suitable for maize growth. However, both reclamation plans have to meet the problems that some heavy metals content in soil are beyond the standards and move into plants. Therefore, how to cut down heavy metal content and the movement from soil to plants should be the important point of further study.
引文
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徐良骥,黄璨,章茹芹,等.2014a.煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征[J].农业工程学报,30(5):211-218.
徐良骥,严家平,高永梅,等.2007.煤矿塌陷区覆土造地综合研究——以新庄孜为例[J].采矿与安全工程学报,35(1):56-59.
杨晓勇,孙立广,张兆峰,等.1997.淮南市土壤元素背景值与土壤环境质量评估[J].土壤学报,34(3):344-347.
张甘霖,龚子同.2012.土壤调查试验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社.
赵仁鑫.2013.丛枝菌根真菌对玉米在三种类型煤矸石上生长的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学.
中华人民共和国农业部.2004.粮食(含谷物、豆类、薯类)及制品中铅、铬、镉、汞、硒、砷、铜、锌等八种元素限量NY861—2004.[S].
周振民.2010.土壤重金属污染作物体内分布特征和富集能力研究[J].华北水利水电学院学报,31(4):2-5.
安徽省环境监测中心站.1992.安徽省土壤环境背景值调查研究报告[R].
陈永春,李守勤,周春财.2011.淮南矿区煤研石的物质组成特征及资源化评价[J].中国煤炭地质,23(11):20-23.
陈雨海.2011.灌溉和种植方式对小麦-玉米两熟农田作物耗水特性和产量形成的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学.
董霁红,于敏,程伟,等.2010.矿区复垦土壤种植小麦的重金属安全性[J].农业工程学报,26(12):280-285.
董霁红,于敏,赵银娣,等.2012.矿区复垦土壤重金属含量分布与光谱特征研究——以徐州市柳新矿区为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,41(5):827-832.
环境保护部.1995.土壤环境质量标准GB15618-1995[S].
孟磊,丁维新,何秋香.2008.长期施肥对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作下土壤呼吸及其组分的影响[J].土壤,40(5):725-731.
秦俊梅,白中科.2013.安太堡露天矿不同复垦基质和植物中重金属含量及污染评价[J].水土保持学报,27(1):176-181.
邵明安,王全九,黄明斌.2006.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
王金满,杨睿璇.白中科.2012.草原区露天排土场复垦土壤质量演替规律与模型[J].农业工程学报,28(14):229-235.
王兴明,董众兵,刘桂建,等.2012.Zn,Pb,Cd,Cu在淮南新庄孜煤矿矸石山附近土壤和作物中分布特征[J].中国科学技术大学学报,42(1):17-25.
王宇,李业东,曹国军.2008.长春地区土壤中重金属含量及其在玉米籽粒中的积累规律[J].玉米科学,16(2):80-82,87.
徐良骥,黄璨,章如芹,等.2014b.充填与非充填开采条件下煤矿沉陷区耕地土壤质量空间分布规律研究[J].中国生态农业学报,22(6):635-641.
徐良骥,黄璨,章茹芹,等.2014a.煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征[J].农业工程学报,30(5):211-218.
徐良骥,严家平,高永梅,等.2007.煤矿塌陷区覆土造地综合研究——以新庄孜为例[J].采矿与安全工程学报,35(1):56-59.
杨晓勇,孙立广,张兆峰,等.1997.淮南市土壤元素背景值与土壤环境质量评估[J].土壤学报,34(3):344-347.
张甘霖,龚子同.2012.土壤调查试验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社.
赵仁鑫.2013.丛枝菌根真菌对玉米在三种类型煤矸石上生长的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学.
中华人民共和国农业部.2004.粮食(含谷物、豆类、薯类)及制品中铅、铬、镉、汞、硒、砷、铜、锌等八种元素限量NY861—2004.[S].
周振民.2010.土壤重金属污染作物体内分布特征和富集能力研究[J].华北水利水电学院学报,31(4):2-5.