全球多机场区域空间格局与类型划分
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摘要
基于2016年的全球官方航空指南(Official Aviation Guide,简称OAG)计划航班数据,本文重点分析了全球多机场区域的空间格局和主要类型。研究发现:除美国和欧洲的英、法、德、意等国外,中国、日本、泰国和巴西等国的多机场区域数量占有绝对优势。南欧、澳大利亚和新西兰、西亚等地的多机场区域内的机场等级呈现两端极化,缺少中间层级的辅助机场。以车程时间作为衡量,英、美两国多机场区域内机场布局更为紧凑,特别是英国其他主要机场或辅助机场到达核心机场的时间相对中国减少了约0.5～1 h。根据各多机场区域赫芬达尔—赫希曼指数(HHI指数)和可售座位数对比结果,多机场区域可分为9个类型,对照多机场区域不同的演化阶段,目前共有22个多机场区域发展较成熟。未来在保证多机场区域整体发展的前提下,中国应注重其他重要机场向中间层级的辅助机场的转化进程,提高区域内地面交通水平,以减少机场间的到达时间,引导区域内机场维持高水平竞争。
This article employs the OAG(Official Airline Guide) flight schedule data of 2016 to analyze the spatial pattern and classification of multi-airport regions. The results indicate that: besides European countries and the United States, China, Japan, Thailand, and Brazil occupies important positions in the construction of multi-airport regions in the world. Multi-airport regions in Southern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and West Asia are polarized and lack of secondary airports. The layout of airports in the multi-airport regions of the UK and the United States are more compacted, and people can spend 0.5～1 hour less when driving from the British other primary or secondary airports to the core airport compared with China. Multi-airport regions can be divided into nine categories according to available seats and the Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes(HHI),corresponding to different evolution stages of multi-airport regions. Globally, 22 multi-airport regions have developed into a relatively mature stage. In the future, under the premise of ensuring the overall development of multi-airport regions, China should pay attention to the transformation process of other important airports to secondary airports, improve the ground traffic level in the regions to reduce the access time between airports,and guide a high level competition between airports.
This article employs the OAG(Official Airline Guide) flight schedule data of 2016 to analyze the spatial pattern and classification of multi-airport regions. The results indicate that: besides European countries and the United States, China, Japan, Thailand, and Brazil occupies important positions in the construction of multi-airport regions in the world. Multi-airport regions in Southern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and West Asia are polarized and lack of secondary airports. The layout of airports in the multi-airport regions of the UK and the United States are more compacted, and people can spend 0.5～1 hour less when driving from the British other primary or secondary airports to the core airport compared with China. Multi-airport regions can be divided into nine categories according to available seats and the Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes(HHI),corresponding to different evolution stages of multi-airport regions. Globally, 22 multi-airport regions have developed into a relatively mature stage. In the future, under the premise of ensuring the overall development of multi-airport regions, China should pay attention to the transformation process of other important airports to secondary airports, improve the ground traffic level in the regions to reduce the access time between airports,and guide a high level competition between airports.
引文
曹学明,王喜富.2010.区域多机场系统机场选址模型研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,10(1):117-121.[Cao XM,Wang X F.2010.Bi-level programming model for airport location in the Multi-Airport region[J].Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology,10(1):117-121.]
陈团生.2008.多机场系统运营特征及发展策略分析[J].中国民用航空,(7):59-61.[Chen T S.2008.Analysis of multi-airport operation characteristics and developmen strategies[J].Civil Aviation of China,(7):59-61.]
陈兆鹏.2012.我国区域多机场发展的现状及对策分析[J]中国民用航空,(9):22-24.[Chen Z P.2012.Multi-airpor development status in China's regions and the countermeasures[J].China Civil Aviation,(9):22-24.]
胡一竑,朱道立.2011.基于复杂网络和乘客选择理论的长三角机场群研究[J].上海管理科学,33(3):106-110.[Hu Y H,Zhu D L.2011.Study on airport cluster in Yangtze River Delta based on complex networks theory and customer choice theory[J].Shanghai Management Science,33(3):106-110.]
蒋永雷,杨忠振,王璐,等.2013.区域机场同质化发展特征分析:以长三角地区机场群为例[J].经济地理,33(2)122-127.[Jiang Y L,Yang Z Z,Wang L,et al.2013.Homogenization analysis of airports in China Yangtze River Delta region[J].Economic Geography,33(2):122-127.]
屈云茜.2014.我国多机场系统的内涵、分类与特性[J].厦门理工学院学报,22(4):51-56.[Qu Y Q.2014.Connotation,classification and characteristics of multi-airport systems in China[J].Journal of Xiamen University of Technology,22(4):51-56.]
王姣娥,莫辉辉,金凤君.2008.世界机场空间格局及对中国的启示[J].世界地理研究,17(3):8-18.[Wang J E,Mo HH,Jin F J.2008.Spatial pattern of the worldwide airports and its enlightenment[J].World Regional Studies,17(3):8-18.]
王姣娥,王涵,焦敬娟.2015.“一带一路”与中国对外航空运输联系[J].地理科学进展,34(5):554-562.[Wang J E,Wang H,Jiao J J.2015.China's international aviation transport to the Belt and Road Initiative area[J].Progress in Geography,34(5):554-562.]
夏洪山.2012.现代航空运输管理[M].北京:科学出版社.[Xia H S.2012.Modern air transportation management[M].Beijing,China:The Science Press.]
徐涛,王黎明,张大泉.2008.中国民用航空机场的可达性研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,24(4):88-91.[Xu T,Wang LM,Zhang D Q.2008.Empirical study on accessibility of Chinese civil aviation airports[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,24(4):88-91.]
张莉,高超,胡华清.2015.我国三大机场群与城市群协调发展比较与建议[J].综合运输,(9):4-10.[Zhang L,Gao C,Hu H Q.2015.Comparison and suggestions on the coordinated development of three biggest airport groups and city groups of China[J].Comprehensive Transportation,(9):4-10.]
张宁.2007.基于交通资源优化配置的机场群整合问题[J].综合运输,(6):16-20.[Zhang N.2007.Jiyu jiaotong ziyuan youhua peizhi de jichangqun zhenghe wenti[J].Comprehensive Transportation,(6):16-20.]
张越,胡华清,赵闯.2007.世界主要区域多机场系统发展现状及存在的问题[J].中国民用航空,(7):48-50.[Zhang Y,Hu H Q,Zhao C.2007.Development and problems of world major Multi Airport systems[J].Civil Aviation of China,(7):48-50.]
赵闯.2012.区域多机场系统规划模型与方法研究[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,(3):38-43.[Zhao C.2012.Research on the model and method of regional multi-airport system planning[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering and Information,(3):38-43.]
赵民合.2013.我国城市多机场体系规划及发展模式分析[J].综合运输,(8):25-28.[Zhao M H.2013.Woguo chengshi duojichang tixi guihua ji fazhan moshi fenxi[J].Comprehensive Transportation,(8):25-28.]
周慧艳,石丽娜,张旭,等.2011.我国区域多机场复合系统协调发展研究[J].南京航空航天大学学报:社会科学版13(2):48-52.[Zhou H Y,Shi L N,Zhang X,et al.2011On coordinated development of China's regional multi-airport compound system[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics:Social Science,13(2):48-52.]
朱英明.2003.中国城市密集区航空运输联系研究[J].人文地理,18(5):22-25.[Zhu Y M.2003.The study of air transportation links among urban compact district of Huninghang[J].Human Geography,18(5):22-25.]
Bonnefoy P A,Hansman R J.2008.Scalability of the air transportation system and development of multi-airport systems:A worldwide perspective[R].Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Brueckner J K,Lee D,Singer E.2014.City-pairs versus airport-pairs:A market-definition methodology for the airline industry[J].Review of Industrial Organization,44(1):1-25.
de Neufville R.1984.Planning for multiple airports in a metropolitan region[J].Built Environment(special issue),10(3):159-167.
de Neufville R.1995.Management of multi-airport systems:Adevelopment strategy[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,2(2):99-110.
Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission,2007.FAAregional air service demand study.Task B:Forecast of passengers,operations and other activities[R].The Federal Aviation Administration.
Dresner M,Lin J S C,Windle R.1996.The impact of low-cost carriers on airport and route competition[J].Journal of Transport Economics and Policy,30(3):309-328.
Elwakil O S,Windle R J,Dresner M E.2013.Transborder demand leakage and the US-Canadian air passenger market[J].Transportation Research Part E:Logistics&Transportation Review,57(9):45-57.
European Commission.2013.Case No COMP/M.6663-Ryanair/Aer Lingus III[R/OL].2013-02-27[2018-05-03]http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code=2_M_6663.
Fuellhart K,O'Connor K,Woltemade C.2013.Route-level passenger variation within three multi-airport regions in the USA[J].Journal of Transport Geography,31(7):171-180.
Hansen M,Weidner T.1995.Multiple airport systems in the United States:Current status and future prospects[C]//Transportation Research Record.Washington,D C:Transportation Research Board:8-17.
Hess S,Polak J W.2005.Mixed logit modelling of airport choice in multi-airport regions[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,11(2):59-68.
Hess S,Polak J W.2006a.Airport airline and access mode choice in the San Francisco Bay area[J].Papers in Regional Science,85(4):543-567.
Hess S,Polak J W.2006b.Exploring the potential for crossnesting structures in airport-choice analysis:A case study of the Greater London area[J].Transportation Research Part E:Logistics&Transportation Review,42(2):63-81.
Lancaster J L,Narayana S,Wenzel D et al.2004.Emergence and impact of secondary airports in the United States[J].Secondary Airports Air Traffic Managemant Air Transportation,22(4):329-40.
Lieshout R,Malighetti P,Redondi R,et al.2016.The competitive landscape of air transport in Europe[J].Journal of Transport Geography,50:68-82.
Matisziw T C,Grubesic T H.2010.Evaluating locational accessibility to the US air transportation system[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy&Practice,44(9):710-722.
Mun S,Teraji Y.2012.The organisation of multiple airports in a metropolitan area[J].Journal of Transport Economics&Policy,46(2):221-237.
O'Connor K,Fuellhart K.2016.Airports and regional air transport markets:A new perspective[J].Journal of Transport Geography,53:78-82.
Paliska D,Drobne S,Borruso G,et al.2016.Passengers'airport choice and airports'catchment area analysis in crossborder Upper Adriatic multi-airport region[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,57:143-154.
Pels E,Nijkamp P,Rietveld P.2001.Airport and airline choice in a multiple airport region:An empirical analysis for the San Francisco Bay Area[J].Regional Studies,35(1):1-9.
Pels E,Nijkamp P,Rietveld P.2003.Access to and competition between airports:A case study for the San Francisco Bay area[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy&Practice,37(1):71-83.
Redondi R,Malighetti P,Paleari S.2013.European connectivity:The role played by small airports[J].Journal of Transport Geography,29(2):86-94.
Sun X,Wandelt S,Hansen M,et al.2017.Multiple airport regions based on inter-airport temporal distances[J].Transportation Research Part E:Logistics&Transportation Review,101:84-98.
Takebayashi M.2012.Managing the multiple airport system by coordinating short/long-haul flights[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,22(4):16-20.
Vowles T M.2001.The"Southwest Effect"in multi-airport regions[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,7(4):251-258.
Zietsman D,Vanderschuren M.2014.Analytic hierarchy process assessment for potential multi-airport systems:The case of Cape Town[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,36(4):41-49.
陈团生.2008.多机场系统运营特征及发展策略分析[J].中国民用航空,(7):59-61.[Chen T S.2008.Analysis of multi-airport operation characteristics and developmen strategies[J].Civil Aviation of China,(7):59-61.]
陈兆鹏.2012.我国区域多机场发展的现状及对策分析[J]中国民用航空,(9):22-24.[Chen Z P.2012.Multi-airpor development status in China's regions and the countermeasures[J].China Civil Aviation,(9):22-24.]
胡一竑,朱道立.2011.基于复杂网络和乘客选择理论的长三角机场群研究[J].上海管理科学,33(3):106-110.[Hu Y H,Zhu D L.2011.Study on airport cluster in Yangtze River Delta based on complex networks theory and customer choice theory[J].Shanghai Management Science,33(3):106-110.]
蒋永雷,杨忠振,王璐,等.2013.区域机场同质化发展特征分析:以长三角地区机场群为例[J].经济地理,33(2)122-127.[Jiang Y L,Yang Z Z,Wang L,et al.2013.Homogenization analysis of airports in China Yangtze River Delta region[J].Economic Geography,33(2):122-127.]
屈云茜.2014.我国多机场系统的内涵、分类与特性[J].厦门理工学院学报,22(4):51-56.[Qu Y Q.2014.Connotation,classification and characteristics of multi-airport systems in China[J].Journal of Xiamen University of Technology,22(4):51-56.]
王姣娥,莫辉辉,金凤君.2008.世界机场空间格局及对中国的启示[J].世界地理研究,17(3):8-18.[Wang J E,Mo HH,Jin F J.2008.Spatial pattern of the worldwide airports and its enlightenment[J].World Regional Studies,17(3):8-18.]
王姣娥,王涵,焦敬娟.2015.“一带一路”与中国对外航空运输联系[J].地理科学进展,34(5):554-562.[Wang J E,Wang H,Jiao J J.2015.China's international aviation transport to the Belt and Road Initiative area[J].Progress in Geography,34(5):554-562.]
夏洪山.2012.现代航空运输管理[M].北京:科学出版社.[Xia H S.2012.Modern air transportation management[M].Beijing,China:The Science Press.]
徐涛,王黎明,张大泉.2008.中国民用航空机场的可达性研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,24(4):88-91.[Xu T,Wang LM,Zhang D Q.2008.Empirical study on accessibility of Chinese civil aviation airports[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,24(4):88-91.]
张莉,高超,胡华清.2015.我国三大机场群与城市群协调发展比较与建议[J].综合运输,(9):4-10.[Zhang L,Gao C,Hu H Q.2015.Comparison and suggestions on the coordinated development of three biggest airport groups and city groups of China[J].Comprehensive Transportation,(9):4-10.]
张宁.2007.基于交通资源优化配置的机场群整合问题[J].综合运输,(6):16-20.[Zhang N.2007.Jiyu jiaotong ziyuan youhua peizhi de jichangqun zhenghe wenti[J].Comprehensive Transportation,(6):16-20.]
张越,胡华清,赵闯.2007.世界主要区域多机场系统发展现状及存在的问题[J].中国民用航空,(7):48-50.[Zhang Y,Hu H Q,Zhao C.2007.Development and problems of world major Multi Airport systems[J].Civil Aviation of China,(7):48-50.]
赵闯.2012.区域多机场系统规划模型与方法研究[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,(3):38-43.[Zhao C.2012.Research on the model and method of regional multi-airport system planning[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering and Information,(3):38-43.]
赵民合.2013.我国城市多机场体系规划及发展模式分析[J].综合运输,(8):25-28.[Zhao M H.2013.Woguo chengshi duojichang tixi guihua ji fazhan moshi fenxi[J].Comprehensive Transportation,(8):25-28.]
周慧艳,石丽娜,张旭,等.2011.我国区域多机场复合系统协调发展研究[J].南京航空航天大学学报:社会科学版13(2):48-52.[Zhou H Y,Shi L N,Zhang X,et al.2011On coordinated development of China's regional multi-airport compound system[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics:Social Science,13(2):48-52.]
朱英明.2003.中国城市密集区航空运输联系研究[J].人文地理,18(5):22-25.[Zhu Y M.2003.The study of air transportation links among urban compact district of Huninghang[J].Human Geography,18(5):22-25.]
Bonnefoy P A,Hansman R J.2008.Scalability of the air transportation system and development of multi-airport systems:A worldwide perspective[R].Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Brueckner J K,Lee D,Singer E.2014.City-pairs versus airport-pairs:A market-definition methodology for the airline industry[J].Review of Industrial Organization,44(1):1-25.
de Neufville R.1984.Planning for multiple airports in a metropolitan region[J].Built Environment(special issue),10(3):159-167.
de Neufville R.1995.Management of multi-airport systems:Adevelopment strategy[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,2(2):99-110.
Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission,2007.FAAregional air service demand study.Task B:Forecast of passengers,operations and other activities[R].The Federal Aviation Administration.
Dresner M,Lin J S C,Windle R.1996.The impact of low-cost carriers on airport and route competition[J].Journal of Transport Economics and Policy,30(3):309-328.
Elwakil O S,Windle R J,Dresner M E.2013.Transborder demand leakage and the US-Canadian air passenger market[J].Transportation Research Part E:Logistics&Transportation Review,57(9):45-57.
European Commission.2013.Case No COMP/M.6663-Ryanair/Aer Lingus III[R/OL].2013-02-27[2018-05-03]http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code=2_M_6663.
Fuellhart K,O'Connor K,Woltemade C.2013.Route-level passenger variation within three multi-airport regions in the USA[J].Journal of Transport Geography,31(7):171-180.
Hansen M,Weidner T.1995.Multiple airport systems in the United States:Current status and future prospects[C]//Transportation Research Record.Washington,D C:Transportation Research Board:8-17.
Hess S,Polak J W.2005.Mixed logit modelling of airport choice in multi-airport regions[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,11(2):59-68.
Hess S,Polak J W.2006a.Airport airline and access mode choice in the San Francisco Bay area[J].Papers in Regional Science,85(4):543-567.
Hess S,Polak J W.2006b.Exploring the potential for crossnesting structures in airport-choice analysis:A case study of the Greater London area[J].Transportation Research Part E:Logistics&Transportation Review,42(2):63-81.
Lancaster J L,Narayana S,Wenzel D et al.2004.Emergence and impact of secondary airports in the United States[J].Secondary Airports Air Traffic Managemant Air Transportation,22(4):329-40.
Lieshout R,Malighetti P,Redondi R,et al.2016.The competitive landscape of air transport in Europe[J].Journal of Transport Geography,50:68-82.
Matisziw T C,Grubesic T H.2010.Evaluating locational accessibility to the US air transportation system[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy&Practice,44(9):710-722.
Mun S,Teraji Y.2012.The organisation of multiple airports in a metropolitan area[J].Journal of Transport Economics&Policy,46(2):221-237.
O'Connor K,Fuellhart K.2016.Airports and regional air transport markets:A new perspective[J].Journal of Transport Geography,53:78-82.
Paliska D,Drobne S,Borruso G,et al.2016.Passengers'airport choice and airports'catchment area analysis in crossborder Upper Adriatic multi-airport region[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,57:143-154.
Pels E,Nijkamp P,Rietveld P.2001.Airport and airline choice in a multiple airport region:An empirical analysis for the San Francisco Bay Area[J].Regional Studies,35(1):1-9.
Pels E,Nijkamp P,Rietveld P.2003.Access to and competition between airports:A case study for the San Francisco Bay area[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy&Practice,37(1):71-83.
Redondi R,Malighetti P,Paleari S.2013.European connectivity:The role played by small airports[J].Journal of Transport Geography,29(2):86-94.
Sun X,Wandelt S,Hansen M,et al.2017.Multiple airport regions based on inter-airport temporal distances[J].Transportation Research Part E:Logistics&Transportation Review,101:84-98.
Takebayashi M.2012.Managing the multiple airport system by coordinating short/long-haul flights[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,22(4):16-20.
Vowles T M.2001.The"Southwest Effect"in multi-airport regions[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,7(4):251-258.
Zietsman D,Vanderschuren M.2014.Analytic hierarchy process assessment for potential multi-airport systems:The case of Cape Town[J].Journal of Air Transport Management,36(4):41-49.