网室内外紫花苜蓿开花散粉及不同近交方式结实性的研究
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摘要
【目的】以新牧4号紫花苜蓿为材料,在新疆干旱区绿洲田间试验条件下,对网室内、外开花动态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、散粉特性,以及不同近交方式结实性等进行研究,旨在揭示开花散粉规律与不同近交方式种子结实之间的关系,为苜蓿育种技术提供依据。【方法】网室内进行人工去雄控制授粉,品种内近亲交配的方式分别为同株同花、同株异花、异株异花。【结果】①新疆干旱区绿洲农田苜蓿花期网室内平均温度低于网室外,相对湿度高于网室外。②网室内苜蓿单花在早上9:00开放,网室外在早上8:30开放,单花开放高峰期网室内是12:00-16:00,网室外是12:00-15:30;单花开放后持续时间网室内为2～5 d,网室外为2～6 h。③网室内、外单花均在Ⅳ时期开始散粉,此时网室内、外的花粉活力分别是96. 33%和93. 22%;在Ⅴ时期雌蕊开裂,此时网室内、外柱头均具有较强的可授性。④品种内异株异花的结荚率为32. 14%±0. 01%、单荚种子数为(3. 57±0. 20)粒,单荚螺旋数为(3. 16±0. 10)个、种子千粒重为(2. 49±0. 02) g,比同株同花、同株异花高出1. 5～3. 0倍;网室内自然授粉的结荚率为11.67%±0. 00%、单荚种子数为(1. 63±0. 06)粒,单荚螺旋数为(1. 42±0. 06)个、种子千粒重为(1. 67±0. 12) g。【结论】在苜蓿单花发育至Ⅳ时期(旗瓣展开而翼瓣未伸出花萼)进行授粉的效率较高。在今后苜蓿纯合体系自交选育过程中,自交早世代(自交1～2代)的个体基因型杂合度高,采用同株异花交配较好;自交晚世代(3～5世代)个体基因型杂合度低,采用品种内异株异花交配较好。
【Objective】With'Medicago sativa L. cv. XinMu No. 4'as the sample,floral dynamics,pollen viability,stigma receptivity,pollen dispersal characteristics and fecundity with different inbreeding patterns interior and exterior the net room were studied under the field experimental condition of arid area oasis in Xinjiang to reveal the relationship between regular pattern of blossom and pollen dispersal and seed fecundity with different inbreeding patterns,and provide technical reference for alfalfa breeding. 【Method】Artificial emasculation and controlled pollination were conducted interior the net room,the inbreeding patterns within the species were hermaphroditic,geitonogamy,xenogamy. 【Result】( i) The average temperature interior the net room in arid area oasis in Xinjiang during the alfalfa flower season was lower than that exterior the net-house,while the interior relative humidity was higher than that exterior the net room.( ii) Solitary alfalfa came into bloom at 9: 00 am interior the net-house,8: 30 am exterior the net room,solitary alfalfa blossom peak appeared at 12: 00-16: 00 interior the net room and at 12: 00-15: 30 exterior the net room; the time of duration of the solitary alfalfa blossom was 2-5 days interior the net room and 2-6 hours exterior the net room.( iii) Pollen dispersal of the solitary flowers both interior and exterior the net room started at stage IV,and the pollen viability interior and exterior the net-house was 96. 33 % and 92. 33 % respectively during that stage; Pistils split at stage V and stigmas both interior and exterior the net-house had a relatively strong receptivity during that stage.( iv) Pod setting rate of xenogamy within the species was 32. 14 % ± 0. 01 %,number of single pods was( 3. 57 ± 0. 20),helix number of single pods was( 3.16 ± 0. 10),1000-seed weight was( 2. 49 ± 0. 02) g,which was 1. 5-3. 0 times higher than those of hermaphroditic,geitonogamy; Pod setting rate of open pollination was11. 67 % ± 0.00 %,number of single pods was 1. 63 ± 0. 06,helix number of single pods was 1. 42 ± 0. 06,1000-seed weight was( 1. 67 ± 0. 12) g.【Conclusion】Comprehensive analysis indicated that it was the most efficient to pollinate from solitary floral development to Stage IV of alfalfa( The vexillum is fully extended and the calyx but wing is not unfolded). In homozygosis system self-cross selective breeding processing of alfalfa,the individual genotype of early selfing generations( 1 st-2 nd selfing generations) had a higher heterozygosity,thus it was better to apply geitonogamy breeding; while the individual genotype of late selfing generations( 3 rd-5 th generations) had a lower heterozygosity,so it was better to apply xenogamy breeding.
【Objective】With'Medicago sativa L. cv. XinMu No. 4'as the sample,floral dynamics,pollen viability,stigma receptivity,pollen dispersal characteristics and fecundity with different inbreeding patterns interior and exterior the net room were studied under the field experimental condition of arid area oasis in Xinjiang to reveal the relationship between regular pattern of blossom and pollen dispersal and seed fecundity with different inbreeding patterns,and provide technical reference for alfalfa breeding. 【Method】Artificial emasculation and controlled pollination were conducted interior the net room,the inbreeding patterns within the species were hermaphroditic,geitonogamy,xenogamy. 【Result】( i) The average temperature interior the net room in arid area oasis in Xinjiang during the alfalfa flower season was lower than that exterior the net-house,while the interior relative humidity was higher than that exterior the net room.( ii) Solitary alfalfa came into bloom at 9: 00 am interior the net-house,8: 30 am exterior the net room,solitary alfalfa blossom peak appeared at 12: 00-16: 00 interior the net room and at 12: 00-15: 30 exterior the net room; the time of duration of the solitary alfalfa blossom was 2-5 days interior the net room and 2-6 hours exterior the net room.( iii) Pollen dispersal of the solitary flowers both interior and exterior the net room started at stage IV,and the pollen viability interior and exterior the net-house was 96. 33 % and 92. 33 % respectively during that stage; Pistils split at stage V and stigmas both interior and exterior the net-house had a relatively strong receptivity during that stage.( iv) Pod setting rate of xenogamy within the species was 32. 14 % ± 0. 01 %,number of single pods was( 3. 57 ± 0. 20),helix number of single pods was( 3.16 ± 0. 10),1000-seed weight was( 2. 49 ± 0. 02) g,which was 1. 5-3. 0 times higher than those of hermaphroditic,geitonogamy; Pod setting rate of open pollination was11. 67 % ± 0.00 %,number of single pods was 1. 63 ± 0. 06,helix number of single pods was 1. 42 ± 0. 06,1000-seed weight was( 1. 67 ± 0. 12) g.【Conclusion】Comprehensive analysis indicated that it was the most efficient to pollinate from solitary floral development to Stage IV of alfalfa( The vexillum is fully extended and the calyx but wing is not unfolded). In homozygosis system self-cross selective breeding processing of alfalfa,the individual genotype of early selfing generations( 1 st-2 nd selfing generations) had a higher heterozygosity,thus it was better to apply geitonogamy breeding; while the individual genotype of late selfing generations( 3 rd-5 th generations) had a lower heterozygosity,so it was better to apply xenogamy breeding.
引文
[1]杨青川,康俊梅,张铁军,等.苜蓿种质资源的分布、育种与利用[J].科学通报,2016,61(2):261-270.
[2]刘淑明.苜蓿的开花习性及其杂交技术的研究[J].中国草地,1996(2):7-10.
[3]耿华珠.中国苜蓿[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:29-35.
[4]杨惠文,胡跃高,王伟廉.关中、陕北苜蓿开花习性观察[J].畜牧兽医杂志,1998,17(4):4-6.
[5]张爱勤,朱进忠,谭敦炎.新牧1号杂花苜蓿开花习性及弹花现象与环境因子的研究[J].草业学报,2006,15(4):43-50.
[6]金西子.不同交配系统对新牧4号紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv. Xinmu No. 4)繁殖特性的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2016:9-10.
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[8]红雨,方海涛,那仁.濒危植物蒙古扁桃花粉活力和柱头可授性研究[J].广西植物,2006,26(6):589-591.
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[13]陈丽.紫花苜蓿雄性不育突变体的筛选及其细胞学观察[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010:8-14.
[14]张爱勤,谭敦炎,朱进忠.新牧1号杂花苜蓿异交机制与自花粉的生殖干扰[J].植物分类学报,2008,46(6):856-860.
[15]熊宇婷,徐敏,顾蔚华.华中五味子雌雄株花期叶片中内源激素的比较[J].植物生理学报,2012,48(2):156-160.
[16]Hu S Y. Development of plant embryology in China[J]. Acta Bo-tanica Sinica,2002,44(9):1022-1042.
[17]胡适宜.被子植物生殖生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:143-147.
[18]姬慧娟,尹林克,严成,等.多枝柽柳的开花动态及花粉活力和柱头可授性研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(5):114-118.
[19]XU W,JIAO Y,LI R,et al. Chinese Wildgrowing Vitis amurensisICE1 and ICE2 Encode MYC-Type Bhlh Transcription Activators thatRegulate Cold Tolerance in Arabidopsis[J]. Plos Plos One,2014(9):11-16.
[20]刘丹丹.低温处理对菜心花粉发育及相关基因表达的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学:53-55.
[21]Prasad P V V,Pisipati S R,Mutava R N,et al. Sensitivity of grainsorghum to high temperature stress during reproductive development[J]. Crop Science,2008(48):1911-1917.
[22]Radkova M,Vitamvas P,Sasaki K,et al. Development and cold-reg-ulated accumulation of cold shock domain proteins in wheat[J]. PlantPhysiology and Biochemistry,2014(77):44-48.
[23]MA K F,SONG Y P,HUANG Z,et al. The low fertility of Chinesewhite poplar:Dynamic changes in anatomical structure,endogenoushormone concentrations,and key gene expression in the reproductionof a naturally occurring hybrid[J]. Plant Cell Rep,2013,32(3):401-414.
[24]巴罗菊.细枝柃花器官发生及激素动态变化研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2017:5-10.
[25]Rodriguez-Riano T,Dafni A. Pollen-stigma interference in two gyno-dioecious species of lamiaceae with intermediate individuals[J].Ann. Bot.,2007,100(2):423-431.
[26]姚志敏,刘艳华,戴培刚,等.野生烟草花粉活力与柱头可授性及繁育特性研究[J].西北植物学报,2015,35(3):614-621.
[27]王庆飞.提高苜蓿自交结实率方法及其传粉特性的研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2010:14-16.
[28]吕林有,魏臻武,赵艳,等.苜蓿自交亲和性、授粉方式及后代性状分离的研究[J].草业科学,2009,26(4):33-36.
[29]王秀领,闫旭东,徐玉鹏,等.影响苜蓿自交结实性的因素研究[J].河北农业科学,2009,13(5):13-14,21.
[2]刘淑明.苜蓿的开花习性及其杂交技术的研究[J].中国草地,1996(2):7-10.
[3]耿华珠.中国苜蓿[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:29-35.
[4]杨惠文,胡跃高,王伟廉.关中、陕北苜蓿开花习性观察[J].畜牧兽医杂志,1998,17(4):4-6.
[5]张爱勤,朱进忠,谭敦炎.新牧1号杂花苜蓿开花习性及弹花现象与环境因子的研究[J].草业学报,2006,15(4):43-50.
[6]金西子.不同交配系统对新牧4号紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv. Xinmu No. 4)繁殖特性的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2016:9-10.
[7]张爱勤,谭敦炎,朱进忠.苜蓿传粉特性及其制约种子产量形成的因素分析[J].草业科学,2005,22(11):40-45.
[8]红雨,方海涛,那仁.濒危植物蒙古扁桃花粉活力和柱头可授性研究[J].广西植物,2006,26(6):589-591.
[9]韩建国,李敏,李枫.牧草种子生产中的潜在种子产量与实际种子产量[J].草原与草坪,1996,72(1):7-11.
[10]石凤翎,吴永敷.不同环境条件下紫花苜蓿种子产量及质量性状的研究[J].中国草地,2000(3):34-38.
[11]Knowles R P. The role of insects,weather condition and plant char-acters in seed setting in alfalfa[J]. Agriculture Science,1943,24:29-50.
[12]孙奇.番木瓜性别分化与内源激素及多胺关系的研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2004:11-14.
[13]陈丽.紫花苜蓿雄性不育突变体的筛选及其细胞学观察[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010:8-14.
[14]张爱勤,谭敦炎,朱进忠.新牧1号杂花苜蓿异交机制与自花粉的生殖干扰[J].植物分类学报,2008,46(6):856-860.
[15]熊宇婷,徐敏,顾蔚华.华中五味子雌雄株花期叶片中内源激素的比较[J].植物生理学报,2012,48(2):156-160.
[16]Hu S Y. Development of plant embryology in China[J]. Acta Bo-tanica Sinica,2002,44(9):1022-1042.
[17]胡适宜.被子植物生殖生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:143-147.
[18]姬慧娟,尹林克,严成,等.多枝柽柳的开花动态及花粉活力和柱头可授性研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(5):114-118.
[19]XU W,JIAO Y,LI R,et al. Chinese Wildgrowing Vitis amurensisICE1 and ICE2 Encode MYC-Type Bhlh Transcription Activators thatRegulate Cold Tolerance in Arabidopsis[J]. Plos Plos One,2014(9):11-16.
[20]刘丹丹.低温处理对菜心花粉发育及相关基因表达的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学:53-55.
[21]Prasad P V V,Pisipati S R,Mutava R N,et al. Sensitivity of grainsorghum to high temperature stress during reproductive development[J]. Crop Science,2008(48):1911-1917.
[22]Radkova M,Vitamvas P,Sasaki K,et al. Development and cold-reg-ulated accumulation of cold shock domain proteins in wheat[J]. PlantPhysiology and Biochemistry,2014(77):44-48.
[23]MA K F,SONG Y P,HUANG Z,et al. The low fertility of Chinesewhite poplar:Dynamic changes in anatomical structure,endogenoushormone concentrations,and key gene expression in the reproductionof a naturally occurring hybrid[J]. Plant Cell Rep,2013,32(3):401-414.
[24]巴罗菊.细枝柃花器官发生及激素动态变化研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2017:5-10.
[25]Rodriguez-Riano T,Dafni A. Pollen-stigma interference in two gyno-dioecious species of lamiaceae with intermediate individuals[J].Ann. Bot.,2007,100(2):423-431.
[26]姚志敏,刘艳华,戴培刚,等.野生烟草花粉活力与柱头可授性及繁育特性研究[J].西北植物学报,2015,35(3):614-621.
[27]王庆飞.提高苜蓿自交结实率方法及其传粉特性的研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2010:14-16.
[28]吕林有,魏臻武,赵艳,等.苜蓿自交亲和性、授粉方式及后代性状分离的研究[J].草业科学,2009,26(4):33-36.
[29]王秀领,闫旭东,徐玉鹏,等.影响苜蓿自交结实性的因素研究[J].河北农业科学,2009,13(5):13-14,21.