长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体在摄食和代谢方面的比较
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摘要
为探究长牡蛎壳黑选育品系优良性状的生理学基础,采用实验生态学方法比较研究了长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体在不同温度和盐度下的摄食和代谢差异。结果显示,在16～32°C范围内,温度对长牡蛎滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响。随温度升高,两群体滤水率先增加后降低。野生群体滤水率在24°C达到最大值,壳黑品系在28°C达到最大值。两群体耗氧率和排氨率均随温度升高呈增加趋势,并未发现显著性转折点。长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体间滤水率和排氨率差异显著,壳黑品系滤水率均高于野生群体,耗氧率均低于野生群体,且在32°C壳黑品系排氨率显著低于野生群体。在盐度15～35范围内,盐度对长牡蛎滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响。随盐度升高,两群体的滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率总体均呈先增加后降低的趋势。长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体间滤水率差异显著,壳黑品系滤水率均高于野生群体,且在盐度15～25条件下壳黑品系排氨率均低于野生群体。两群体O∶N值均在16°C和盐度35组最大,温度升高或盐度降低均会致使两群体O∶N值下降。温度实验中,在32°C时,野生群体O∶N最低值为7.57,壳黑品系O∶N值变化范围为10.52～29.31。盐度实验中,在盐度20时,野生群体O∶N最低值为9.10,壳黑品系O∶N值变化范围为11.51～22.98。研究表明,相较于野生群体,长牡蛎壳黑选育品系更能适应高温和低盐环境,而较高的摄食率和较低的代谢率可为其提供更多的能量用于生长。
In order to clarify the physiological basis of fast growth traits of an excellent black-shell strain of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas), feeding and metabolism between the black-shell strain and wild population of C. gigas were compared. Results indicated that at the test temperature(16-32 °C), temperature had significant effects on clearance rate(CR), oxygen consumption rate(OCR) and ammonia excretion rate(AER) of C. gigas.With the increasing of temperature, the CR of the black shell strain of C. gigas began to rise, reached the maximum at 28 °C and then declined, while the CR of the wild population of C. gigas reached the maximum at 24 °C. The OCR and AER of black shell strain and wild population increased with temperature, no significant turning point was found. There were significant differences in CR and AER between black shell strain and wild population of C.gigas. The black shell strain had higher CR and lower OCR than wild population, and had significantly lower AER than wild population at 32 °C. At the test salinities of 15 to 35, salinity had significant effects on CR, OCR and AER of C. gigas. CR, OCR and AER of C. gigas increased firstly and then decreased with increasing salinity.There were significant differences in CR between the black shell strain and wild population of C. gigas. The black shell strain had higher CR than wild population, and its AER was lower than that of wild population in range of salinity 15 to 25. The O∶N ratio of C. gigas reached the maximum at 16 °C and salinity 35, increase in temperature or decrease in salinity reduced O∶N ratio. In the temperature experiment, the O∶N ratio of the black shell strain ranged from 10.52-29.31. In the salinity experiment, the O∶N ratio of the black shell strain ranged from 11.51-22.98. The present results demonstrated that the black shell strain of C. gigas could adapt to high temperature and low salinity environment, and selective breeding of black shell strain of C. gigas could produce oysters that have higher intake of energy and lower metabolic costs.
In order to clarify the physiological basis of fast growth traits of an excellent black-shell strain of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas), feeding and metabolism between the black-shell strain and wild population of C. gigas were compared. Results indicated that at the test temperature(16-32 °C), temperature had significant effects on clearance rate(CR), oxygen consumption rate(OCR) and ammonia excretion rate(AER) of C. gigas.With the increasing of temperature, the CR of the black shell strain of C. gigas began to rise, reached the maximum at 28 °C and then declined, while the CR of the wild population of C. gigas reached the maximum at 24 °C. The OCR and AER of black shell strain and wild population increased with temperature, no significant turning point was found. There were significant differences in CR and AER between black shell strain and wild population of C.gigas. The black shell strain had higher CR and lower OCR than wild population, and had significantly lower AER than wild population at 32 °C. At the test salinities of 15 to 35, salinity had significant effects on CR, OCR and AER of C. gigas. CR, OCR and AER of C. gigas increased firstly and then decreased with increasing salinity.There were significant differences in CR between the black shell strain and wild population of C. gigas. The black shell strain had higher CR than wild population, and its AER was lower than that of wild population in range of salinity 15 to 25. The O∶N ratio of C. gigas reached the maximum at 16 °C and salinity 35, increase in temperature or decrease in salinity reduced O∶N ratio. In the temperature experiment, the O∶N ratio of the black shell strain ranged from 10.52-29.31. In the salinity experiment, the O∶N ratio of the black shell strain ranged from 11.51-22.98. The present results demonstrated that the black shell strain of C. gigas could adapt to high temperature and low salinity environment, and selective breeding of black shell strain of C. gigas could produce oysters that have higher intake of energy and lower metabolic costs.
引文
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[3]Li Q,Wang Q Z,Liu S K,et al.Selection response and realized heritability for growth in three stocks of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J].Fisheries Science,2011,77(4):643-648.
[4]Langdon C,Evans F,Jacobson D,et al.Yields of cultured Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg improved after one generation of selection[J].Aquaculture,2003,220(1-4):227-244.
[5]Kang J H,Kang H S,Lee J M,et al.Characterizations of shell and mantle edge pigmentation of a Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,in Korean Peninsula[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2013,26(12):1659-1664.
[6]Batista F M,Ben-Hamadou R,Fonseca V G,et al.Comparative study of shell shape and muscle scar pigmentation in the closely related cupped oysters Crassostrea angulata,C.gigas and their reciprocal hybrids[J].Aquatic Living Resources,2008,21(1):31-38.
[7]Xu L,Li Q,Yu H,et al.Estimates of heritability for growth and shell color traits and their genetic correlations in the black shell strain of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J].Marine Biotechnology,2017,19(5):421-429.
[8]王芳,董双林,张硕,等.海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎的食物选择性及滤除率的实验研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2000,31(2):139-144.Wang F,Dong S L,Zhang S,et al.Experimental studies on feeding selectivity and the filter-feeding rate of Argopecten irradians and Crassostrea gigas[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2000,31(2):139-144(in Chinese).
[9]Guzmán-Agüero J E,Nieves-Soto M,Hurtado Má,et al.Feeding physiology and scope for growth of the oyster Crassostrea corteziensis(Hertlein,1951)acclimated to different conditions of temperature and salinity[J].Aquaculture International,2013,21(2):283-297.
[10]包杰,姜宏波,董双林,等.红刺参和青刺参耗氧率与排氨率的比较研究[J].水产学报,2013,37(11):1689-1696.Bao J,Jiang H B,Dong S L,et al.Comparison of oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate between green type and red type Apostichopus japonicus[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2013,37(11):1689-1696(in Chinese).
[11]Mao Y Z,Zhou Y,Yang H S,et al.Seasonal variation in metabolism of cultured Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,in Sanggou Bay,China[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1-4):322-333.
[12]Meyer E,Manahan D T.Gene expression profiling of genetically determined growth variation in bivalve larvae(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2010,213(5):749-758.
[13]Deng Y W,Yu Z N,Du X D,et al.Growth performance and physiological parameters of the second generation selected and control groups of Pinctada martensii[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011,30(2):120-125.
[14]Bayne B L.Physiological components of growth differences between individual oysters(Crassostrea gigas)and a comparison with Saccostrea commercialis[J].Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,1999,72(6):705-713.
[15]Tamayo D,Ibarrola I,Urrutia M B,et al.The physiological basis for inter-individual growth variability in the spat of clams(Ruditapes philippinarum)[J].Aquaculture,2011,321(1-2):113-120.
[16]Pace D A,Marsh A G,Leong P K,et al.Physiological bases of genetically determined variation in growth of marine invertebrate larvae:a study of growth heterosis in the bivalve Crassostrea gigas[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2006,335(2):188-209.
[17]Tamayo D,Ibarrola I,Urrutxurtu I,et al.Physiological basis of extreme growth rate differences in the spat of oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Marine Biology,2014,161(7):1627-1637.
[18]Newkirk G F.Review of the genetics and the potential for selective breeding of commercially important bivalves[J].Aquaculture,1980,19(3):209-228.
[19]Evans S,Langdon C.Direct and indirect responses to selection on individual body weight in the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Aquaculture,2006,261(2):546-555.
[20]刘旭佳,沈夏霜,黄国强,等.盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫耗氧率及排氨率的影响[J].水产学报,2017,41(1):64-69.Liu X J,Shen X S,Huang G Q,et al.Effects of salinity and body weight on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Sipunculus nudus[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2017,41(1):64-69(in Chinese).
[21]刘建业,喻达辉,李金碧.盐度和pH对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)耗氧率和排氨率的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(4):603-607.Liu J Y,Yu D H,Li J B.Effects of salinity and pH on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates in pinctada fucata[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2011,42(4):603-607(in Chinese).
[22]邓传敏,李琪,孔令锋,等.长牡蛎壳金选育系F4与普通养殖群体摄食和呼吸的比较研究[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(4):855-863.Deng C M,Li Q,Kong L F,et al.Comparison of feeding and respiration of the forth golden shell color line and normal culture groups of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(4):855-863(in Chinese).
[23]J?rgensen C B,Larsen P S,Riisg?rd H U.Effect of temperature on the mussel pump[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1990,64(1-2):89-97.
[24]Resgalla Jr C,de Souza Brasil E,Salom?o L C.The effect of temperature and salinity on the physiological rates of the mussel Perna perna(Linnaeus 1758)[J].Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,2007,50(3):543-556.
[25]Smaal A C,Widdows J.The scope for growth of bivalves as an integrated response parameter in biological monitoring[M].Kramer K J M.Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries.Boca Raton:CRC Press,1994:247-268.
[26]聂鸿涛,霍忠明,侯晓琳,等.温度和盐度突变对菲律宾蛤仔斑马蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响[J].水生生物学报,2017,41(1):121-126.Nie H T,Huo Z M,Hou X L,et al.Comparison study on the effect of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in zebra strain and wild Ruditapes philippinarum[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2017,41(1):121-126(in Chinese).
[27]Bougrier S,Geairon P,Deslous-Paoli J M,et al.Allometric relationships and effects of temperature on clearance and oxygen consumption rates of Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg)[J].Aquaculture,1995,134(1-2):143-154.
[28]Berger V J,Kharazova A D.Mechanisms of salinity adaptations in marine molluscs[J].Hydrobiologia,1997,355(1-3):115-126.
[29]栗志民,刘志刚,邓海东.温度和盐度对企鹅珍珠贝清滤率、滤食率、吸收率的影响[J].水产学报,2011,35(1):96-103.Li Z M,Liu Z G,Deng H D.Effects of temperature and salinity on clearance rate,filtration rate and absorption efficiency of Pteria penguin[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(1):96-103(in Chinese).
[30]Nie H T,Chen P,Huo Z M,et al.Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in different colour strains of the Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum[J].Aquaculture Research,2017,48(6):2778-2786.
[31]Bayne B L.Physiological changes in Mytilus edulis L.induced by temperature and nutritive stress[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1973,53(1):39-58.
[32]Mayzaud P.Respiration and nitrogen excretion of zooplankton.IV.The influence of starvation on the metabolism and the biochemical composition of some species[J].Marine Biology,1976,37(1):47-58.
[33]焦海峰,郑丹,严巧娜,等.温度、盐度及交互作用对僧帽牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)呼吸排泄的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(2):692-699.Jiao H F,Zheng D,Yan Q N,et al.Effects of water temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Saccostrea cucullata[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):692-699(in Chinese).
[34]Ikeda T.Nutritional ecology of marine zooplankton[J].Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University,1974,22(1):1-97.
[35]Samain J F,Dégremont L,Soletchnik P,et al.Genetically based resistance to summer mortality in the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)and its relationship with physiological,immunological characteristics and infection processes[J].Aquaculture,2007,268(1-4):227-243.
[36]Le Moullac G,Quéau I,Le Souchu P,et al.Metabolic adjustments in the oyster Crassostrea gigas according to oxygen level and temperature[J].Marine Biology Research,2007,3(5):357-366.
[37]毛玉泽,周毅,杨红生,等.长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)代谢率的季节变化及其与夏季死亡关系的探讨[J].海洋与湖沼,2005,36(5):445-451.Mao Y Z,Zhou Y,Yang H S,et al.Seasonal variation in metabolic rate of pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas and its implication to summer mortality[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2005,36(5):445-451(in Chinese).
[2]Dégremont L,Bédier E,Boudry P.Summer mortality of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster spat(Crassostrea gigas).Ⅱ.Response to selection for survival and its influence on growth and yield[J].Aquaculture,2010,299(1-4):21-29.
[3]Li Q,Wang Q Z,Liu S K,et al.Selection response and realized heritability for growth in three stocks of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J].Fisheries Science,2011,77(4):643-648.
[4]Langdon C,Evans F,Jacobson D,et al.Yields of cultured Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg improved after one generation of selection[J].Aquaculture,2003,220(1-4):227-244.
[5]Kang J H,Kang H S,Lee J M,et al.Characterizations of shell and mantle edge pigmentation of a Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,in Korean Peninsula[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2013,26(12):1659-1664.
[6]Batista F M,Ben-Hamadou R,Fonseca V G,et al.Comparative study of shell shape and muscle scar pigmentation in the closely related cupped oysters Crassostrea angulata,C.gigas and their reciprocal hybrids[J].Aquatic Living Resources,2008,21(1):31-38.
[7]Xu L,Li Q,Yu H,et al.Estimates of heritability for growth and shell color traits and their genetic correlations in the black shell strain of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J].Marine Biotechnology,2017,19(5):421-429.
[8]王芳,董双林,张硕,等.海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎的食物选择性及滤除率的实验研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2000,31(2):139-144.Wang F,Dong S L,Zhang S,et al.Experimental studies on feeding selectivity and the filter-feeding rate of Argopecten irradians and Crassostrea gigas[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2000,31(2):139-144(in Chinese).
[9]Guzmán-Agüero J E,Nieves-Soto M,Hurtado Má,et al.Feeding physiology and scope for growth of the oyster Crassostrea corteziensis(Hertlein,1951)acclimated to different conditions of temperature and salinity[J].Aquaculture International,2013,21(2):283-297.
[10]包杰,姜宏波,董双林,等.红刺参和青刺参耗氧率与排氨率的比较研究[J].水产学报,2013,37(11):1689-1696.Bao J,Jiang H B,Dong S L,et al.Comparison of oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate between green type and red type Apostichopus japonicus[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2013,37(11):1689-1696(in Chinese).
[11]Mao Y Z,Zhou Y,Yang H S,et al.Seasonal variation in metabolism of cultured Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,in Sanggou Bay,China[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1-4):322-333.
[12]Meyer E,Manahan D T.Gene expression profiling of genetically determined growth variation in bivalve larvae(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2010,213(5):749-758.
[13]Deng Y W,Yu Z N,Du X D,et al.Growth performance and physiological parameters of the second generation selected and control groups of Pinctada martensii[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011,30(2):120-125.
[14]Bayne B L.Physiological components of growth differences between individual oysters(Crassostrea gigas)and a comparison with Saccostrea commercialis[J].Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,1999,72(6):705-713.
[15]Tamayo D,Ibarrola I,Urrutia M B,et al.The physiological basis for inter-individual growth variability in the spat of clams(Ruditapes philippinarum)[J].Aquaculture,2011,321(1-2):113-120.
[16]Pace D A,Marsh A G,Leong P K,et al.Physiological bases of genetically determined variation in growth of marine invertebrate larvae:a study of growth heterosis in the bivalve Crassostrea gigas[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2006,335(2):188-209.
[17]Tamayo D,Ibarrola I,Urrutxurtu I,et al.Physiological basis of extreme growth rate differences in the spat of oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Marine Biology,2014,161(7):1627-1637.
[18]Newkirk G F.Review of the genetics and the potential for selective breeding of commercially important bivalves[J].Aquaculture,1980,19(3):209-228.
[19]Evans S,Langdon C.Direct and indirect responses to selection on individual body weight in the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Aquaculture,2006,261(2):546-555.
[20]刘旭佳,沈夏霜,黄国强,等.盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫耗氧率及排氨率的影响[J].水产学报,2017,41(1):64-69.Liu X J,Shen X S,Huang G Q,et al.Effects of salinity and body weight on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Sipunculus nudus[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2017,41(1):64-69(in Chinese).
[21]刘建业,喻达辉,李金碧.盐度和pH对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)耗氧率和排氨率的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(4):603-607.Liu J Y,Yu D H,Li J B.Effects of salinity and pH on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates in pinctada fucata[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2011,42(4):603-607(in Chinese).
[22]邓传敏,李琪,孔令锋,等.长牡蛎壳金选育系F4与普通养殖群体摄食和呼吸的比较研究[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(4):855-863.Deng C M,Li Q,Kong L F,et al.Comparison of feeding and respiration of the forth golden shell color line and normal culture groups of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(4):855-863(in Chinese).
[23]J?rgensen C B,Larsen P S,Riisg?rd H U.Effect of temperature on the mussel pump[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1990,64(1-2):89-97.
[24]Resgalla Jr C,de Souza Brasil E,Salom?o L C.The effect of temperature and salinity on the physiological rates of the mussel Perna perna(Linnaeus 1758)[J].Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,2007,50(3):543-556.
[25]Smaal A C,Widdows J.The scope for growth of bivalves as an integrated response parameter in biological monitoring[M].Kramer K J M.Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries.Boca Raton:CRC Press,1994:247-268.
[26]聂鸿涛,霍忠明,侯晓琳,等.温度和盐度突变对菲律宾蛤仔斑马蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响[J].水生生物学报,2017,41(1):121-126.Nie H T,Huo Z M,Hou X L,et al.Comparison study on the effect of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in zebra strain and wild Ruditapes philippinarum[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2017,41(1):121-126(in Chinese).
[27]Bougrier S,Geairon P,Deslous-Paoli J M,et al.Allometric relationships and effects of temperature on clearance and oxygen consumption rates of Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg)[J].Aquaculture,1995,134(1-2):143-154.
[28]Berger V J,Kharazova A D.Mechanisms of salinity adaptations in marine molluscs[J].Hydrobiologia,1997,355(1-3):115-126.
[29]栗志民,刘志刚,邓海东.温度和盐度对企鹅珍珠贝清滤率、滤食率、吸收率的影响[J].水产学报,2011,35(1):96-103.Li Z M,Liu Z G,Deng H D.Effects of temperature and salinity on clearance rate,filtration rate and absorption efficiency of Pteria penguin[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(1):96-103(in Chinese).
[30]Nie H T,Chen P,Huo Z M,et al.Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in different colour strains of the Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum[J].Aquaculture Research,2017,48(6):2778-2786.
[31]Bayne B L.Physiological changes in Mytilus edulis L.induced by temperature and nutritive stress[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1973,53(1):39-58.
[32]Mayzaud P.Respiration and nitrogen excretion of zooplankton.IV.The influence of starvation on the metabolism and the biochemical composition of some species[J].Marine Biology,1976,37(1):47-58.
[33]焦海峰,郑丹,严巧娜,等.温度、盐度及交互作用对僧帽牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)呼吸排泄的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(2):692-699.Jiao H F,Zheng D,Yan Q N,et al.Effects of water temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Saccostrea cucullata[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):692-699(in Chinese).
[34]Ikeda T.Nutritional ecology of marine zooplankton[J].Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University,1974,22(1):1-97.
[35]Samain J F,Dégremont L,Soletchnik P,et al.Genetically based resistance to summer mortality in the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)and its relationship with physiological,immunological characteristics and infection processes[J].Aquaculture,2007,268(1-4):227-243.
[36]Le Moullac G,Quéau I,Le Souchu P,et al.Metabolic adjustments in the oyster Crassostrea gigas according to oxygen level and temperature[J].Marine Biology Research,2007,3(5):357-366.
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