微生物介导反刍动物瘤胃氨生成及其对瘤胃功能的影响
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摘要
反刍动物瘤胃中栖息着丰富多样的微生物,其在瘤胃内氨生成过程中发挥了重要的作用。微生物介导的氨基酸脱氨基作用和非蛋白氮水解作用是瘤胃内氨生成的主要途径。微生物介导了瘤胃内氨的生成,同时瘤胃内产生的氨也会反馈影响微生物菌群结构及瘤胃上皮功能,进而影响瘤胃发酵及宿主健康。本文主要综述了瘤胃微生物在介导氨生成中的作用和氨对瘤胃消化及瘤胃上皮功能的影响,以期对后续研究有所启发。
The rumen is inhabited by a multitude of microorganisms that play an important role in the production of ammonia. Microbe-mediated amino acid deamination and non-protein nitrogen hydrolysis are the main pathways for ruminal ammonia production. Ammonia produced by rumen microorganisms acts in a feedback loop to affect the structure of microbial flora and the function of ruminal epithelium, thus affecting the ruminal fermentation and host health. This review summarizes the production of ammonia and the influence of ammonia on digestion and epithelial function in rumen, aiming to provide a reference to the follow-up related research.
The rumen is inhabited by a multitude of microorganisms that play an important role in the production of ammonia. Microbe-mediated amino acid deamination and non-protein nitrogen hydrolysis are the main pathways for ruminal ammonia production. Ammonia produced by rumen microorganisms acts in a feedback loop to affect the structure of microbial flora and the function of ruminal epithelium, thus affecting the ruminal fermentation and host health. This review summarizes the production of ammonia and the influence of ammonia on digestion and epithelial function in rumen, aiming to provide a reference to the follow-up related research.
引文
[1]Patra AK,Aschenbach JR.Ureases in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminant and monogastric animals and their implication in urea-N/ammonia metabolism:a review.Journal of Advanced Research,2018,13:39-50,doi:10.1016/j.jare.2018.02.005.
[2]Jin D,Zhao SG,Zheng N,Beckers Y,Wang JQ.Urea metabolism and regulation by rumen bacterial urease in ruminants-a review.Annals of Animal Science,2017,18(2):303-318,doi:10.1515/aoas-2017-0028.
[3]Ceconi I,Ruiz-Moreno MJ,Dilorenzo N,Di Costanzo A,Crawford GI.Effect of urea inclusion in diets containing corn dried distillers grains on feedlot cattle performance,carcass characteristics,ruminal fermentation,total tract digestibility,and purine derivatives-to-creatinine index.Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(1):357-369.
[4]de Vladar HP.Amino acid fermentation at the origin of the genetic code.Biology Direct,2012,7(1):6,doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-6.
[5]Shen JS,Mao SY,Zhu WY.Ruminal hyper ammonia producing bacteria in ruminants:community structure,function and its manipulation.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(8):2323-2327.(in Chinese)申军士,毛胜勇,朱伟云.反刍动物瘤胃高效产氨菌菌群结构、功能及其调控.动物营养学报,2015,27(8):2323-2327.
[6]Russell JB,Strobel HJ,Chen GJ.Enrichment and isolation of a ruminal bacterium with a very high specific activity of ammonia production.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1988,54(4):872-877.
[7]Paster BJ,Russell JB,Yang CMJ,Chow JM,Woese CR,Tanner R.Phylogeny of the ammonia-producing ruminal bacteria Peptostreptococcus anaerobius,Clostridium sticklandii,and Clostridium aminophilum sp.nov..International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology,1993,43(1):107-110.
[8]Attwood GT,Klieve AV,Ouwerkerk D,Patel BKC.Ammonia-hyperproducing bacteria from New Zealand ruminants.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1998,64(5):1796-1804.
[9]Mc Sweeney CS,Palmer B,Bunch R,Krause DO.Isolation and characterization of proteolytic ruminal bacteria from sheep and goats fed the tannin-containing shrub legume Calliandra calothyrsus.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(7):3075-3083.
[10]Richardson AJ,Mc Kain N,Wallace RJ.Ammonia production by human faecal bacteria,and the enumeration,isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of growth on peptides and amino acids.BMC Microbiology,2013,13(1):6.
[11]Bento CBP,de Azevedo AC,Detmann E,Mantovani HC.Biochemical and genetic diversity of carbohydrate-fermenting and obligate amino acid-fermenting hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria from Nellore steers fed tropical forages and supplemented with casein.BMC Microbiology,2015,15(1):28.
[12]Shen JS,Yu ZT,Zhu WY.Insights into the populations of proteolytic and amino acid-fermenting bacteria from microbiota analysis using in vitro enrichment cultures.Current Microbiology,2018,75(11):1543-1550,doi:10.1007/s00284-018-1558-1.
[13]Prakadan SM,Shalek AK,Weitz DA.Scaling by shrinking:empowering single-cell‘omics’with microfluidic devices.Nature Reviews Genetics,2017,18(6):345-361.
[14]Newbold CJ,de la Fuente G,Belanche A,Ramos-Morales E,Mc Ewan NR.The role of ciliate protozoa in the rumen.Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:1313.
[15]Belanche A,de la Fuente G,Moorby JM,Newbold CJ.Bacterial protein degradation by different rumen protozoal groups.Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(12):4495-4504.
[16]Belanche A,de la Fuente G,Newbold CJ.Effect of progressive inoculation of fauna-free sheep with holotrich protozoa and total-fauna on rumen fermentation,microbial diversity and methane emissions.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2015,91(3):fiu026.
[17]Qin YJ,Cabral JMS.Review properties and applications of urease.Biocatalysis and Biotransformation,2002,20(1):1-14,https://doi.org/10.1080/10242420210154.
[18]Kakimoto S,Okazaki K,Sakane T,Imai K,Sumino Y,Akiyama SI,Nakao Y.Isolation and taxonomic characterization of urease-producing bacteria.Agricultural and Biological Chemistry,1989,53(4):1111-1117.
[19]Jin D,Zhao SG,Wang PP,Zheng N,Bu DP,Beckers Y,Wang JQ.Insights into abundant rumen ureolytic bacterial community using rumen simulation system.Frontiers in Microbiology,2016,7:1006,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01006.
[20]Jin D,Zhao SG,Zheng N,Bu DP,Beckers Y,Denman SE,Mc Sweeney CS,Wang JQ.Differences in ureolytic bacterial composition between the rumen digesta and rumen wall based on ure C gene classification.Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:385.
[21]Zhao SG,Wang JQ,Zheng N,Bu DP,Sun P,Yu ZT.Reducing microbial ureolytic activity in the rumen by immunization against urease therein.BMC Veterinary Research,2015,11(1):94,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0409-6.
[22]Wallace RJ,Cheng KJ,Dinsdale D,?rskov ER.An independent microbial flora of the epithelium and its role in the ecomicrobiology of the rumen.Nature,1979,279(5712):424-426.
[23]Wanapat M,Phesatcha K,Kang S.Rumen adaptation of swamp buffaloes(Bubalus bubalis)by high level of urea supplementation when fed on rice straw-based diet.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2016,48(6):1135-1140.
[24]Ampapon T,Wanapat M,Kang S.Rumen metabolism of swamp buffaloes fed rice straw supplemented with cassava hay and urea.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2016,48(4):779-784.
[25]Polyorach S,Wanapat M.Improving the quality of rice straw by urea and calcium hydroxide on rumen ecology,microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle.Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2015,99(3):449-456.
[26]Patra AK.Urea/Ammonia metabolism in the rumen and toxicity in ruminants//Puniya AK,Singh R,Kamra DN.Rumen Microbiology:From Evolution to Revolution.New Delhi:Springer,2015:329-341.
[27]Klevenhusen F,Petri RM,Kleefisch MT,Khiaosa-ard R,Metzler-Zebeli BU,Zebeli Q.Changes in fibre-adherent and fluid-associated microbial communities and fermentation profiles in the rumen of cattle fed diets differing in hay quality and concentrate amount.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2017,93(9):fix100,doi:10.1093/femsec/fix100.
[28]Wang PP,Zhao SG,Nan XM,Jin D,Wang JQ.Influence of hydrolysis rate of urea on ruminal bacterial diversity level and cellulolytic bacteria abundance in vitro.Peer J,2018,6:e5475,doi:10.7717/peerj.5475.
[29]Zhou ZM,Meng QX,Li SL,Jiang L,Wu H.Effect of urea-supplemented diets on the ruminal bacterial and archaeal community composition of finishing bulls.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,101(15):6205-6216.
[30]Yan XT,Yan BY,Ren QM,Dou JJ,Wang WW,Zhang JJ,Zhou JW,Long RJ,Ding LM,Han J,Li ZP,Qiu Q.Effect of slow-release urea on the composition of ruminal bacteria and fungi communities in yak.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2018,244:18-27.
[31]Andriamihaja M,Davila AM,Eklou-Lawson M,Petit N,Delpal S,Allek F,Blais A,Delteil C,ToméD,Blachier F.Colon luminal content and epithelial cell morphology are markedly modified in rats fed with a high-protein diet.American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2010,299(5):G1030-G1037.
[32]Blachier F,Mariotti F,Huneau JF,ToméD.Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences.Amino Acids,2007,33(4):547-562.
[33]Lin HC,Visek WJ.Colon mucosal cell damage by ammonia in rats.The Journal of Nutrition,1991,121(6):887-893.
[34]Mu CL,Yang YX,Luo Z,Guan LL,Zhu WY.The colonic microbiome and epithelial transcriptome are altered in rats fed a high-protein diet compared with a normal-protein diet.The Journal of Nutrition,2016,146(3):474-483.
[35]Hughes R,Kurth MJ,Mc Gilligan V,Mc Glynn H,Rowland I.Effect of colonic bacterial metabolites on Caco-2 cell paracellular permeability in vitro.Nutrition and Cancer,2008,60(2):259-266.
[36]Tsujii M,Kawano S,Tsuji S,Fusamoto H,Kamada T,Sato N.Mechanism of gastric mucosal damage induced by ammonia.Gastroenterology,1992,102(6):1881-1888.
[37]Abdoun K,Stumpff F,Rabbani I,Martens H.Modulation of urea transport across sheep rumen epithelium in vitro by SCFA and CO2.American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory,Integrative and Comparative Physiology,2010,298(2):G190-G202.
[38]Lu ZY,Gui HB,Yao L,Yan L,Martens H,Aschenbach JR,Shen ZM.Short-chain fatty acids and acidic p H upregulate UT-B,GPR41,and GPR4 in rumen epithelial cells of goats.American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory,Integrative and Comparative Physiology,2015,308(4):R283-R293.
[39]Abdoun K,Wolf K,Arndt G,Martens H.Effect of ammonia on Na+transport across isolated rumen epithelium of sheep is diet dependent.British Journal of Nutrition,2003,90(4):751-758.
[40]Muscher AS,Schr?der B,Breves G,Huber K.Dietary nitrogen reduction enhances urea transport across goat rumen epithelium.Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(10):3390-3398.
[41]Stewart GS,Smith CP.Urea nitrogen salvage mechanisms and their relevance to ruminants,non-ruminants and man.Nutrition Research Reviews,2005,18(1):49-62.
[2]Jin D,Zhao SG,Zheng N,Beckers Y,Wang JQ.Urea metabolism and regulation by rumen bacterial urease in ruminants-a review.Annals of Animal Science,2017,18(2):303-318,doi:10.1515/aoas-2017-0028.
[3]Ceconi I,Ruiz-Moreno MJ,Dilorenzo N,Di Costanzo A,Crawford GI.Effect of urea inclusion in diets containing corn dried distillers grains on feedlot cattle performance,carcass characteristics,ruminal fermentation,total tract digestibility,and purine derivatives-to-creatinine index.Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(1):357-369.
[4]de Vladar HP.Amino acid fermentation at the origin of the genetic code.Biology Direct,2012,7(1):6,doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-6.
[5]Shen JS,Mao SY,Zhu WY.Ruminal hyper ammonia producing bacteria in ruminants:community structure,function and its manipulation.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(8):2323-2327.(in Chinese)申军士,毛胜勇,朱伟云.反刍动物瘤胃高效产氨菌菌群结构、功能及其调控.动物营养学报,2015,27(8):2323-2327.
[6]Russell JB,Strobel HJ,Chen GJ.Enrichment and isolation of a ruminal bacterium with a very high specific activity of ammonia production.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1988,54(4):872-877.
[7]Paster BJ,Russell JB,Yang CMJ,Chow JM,Woese CR,Tanner R.Phylogeny of the ammonia-producing ruminal bacteria Peptostreptococcus anaerobius,Clostridium sticklandii,and Clostridium aminophilum sp.nov..International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology,1993,43(1):107-110.
[8]Attwood GT,Klieve AV,Ouwerkerk D,Patel BKC.Ammonia-hyperproducing bacteria from New Zealand ruminants.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1998,64(5):1796-1804.
[9]Mc Sweeney CS,Palmer B,Bunch R,Krause DO.Isolation and characterization of proteolytic ruminal bacteria from sheep and goats fed the tannin-containing shrub legume Calliandra calothyrsus.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(7):3075-3083.
[10]Richardson AJ,Mc Kain N,Wallace RJ.Ammonia production by human faecal bacteria,and the enumeration,isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of growth on peptides and amino acids.BMC Microbiology,2013,13(1):6.
[11]Bento CBP,de Azevedo AC,Detmann E,Mantovani HC.Biochemical and genetic diversity of carbohydrate-fermenting and obligate amino acid-fermenting hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria from Nellore steers fed tropical forages and supplemented with casein.BMC Microbiology,2015,15(1):28.
[12]Shen JS,Yu ZT,Zhu WY.Insights into the populations of proteolytic and amino acid-fermenting bacteria from microbiota analysis using in vitro enrichment cultures.Current Microbiology,2018,75(11):1543-1550,doi:10.1007/s00284-018-1558-1.
[13]Prakadan SM,Shalek AK,Weitz DA.Scaling by shrinking:empowering single-cell‘omics’with microfluidic devices.Nature Reviews Genetics,2017,18(6):345-361.
[14]Newbold CJ,de la Fuente G,Belanche A,Ramos-Morales E,Mc Ewan NR.The role of ciliate protozoa in the rumen.Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:1313.
[15]Belanche A,de la Fuente G,Moorby JM,Newbold CJ.Bacterial protein degradation by different rumen protozoal groups.Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(12):4495-4504.
[16]Belanche A,de la Fuente G,Newbold CJ.Effect of progressive inoculation of fauna-free sheep with holotrich protozoa and total-fauna on rumen fermentation,microbial diversity and methane emissions.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2015,91(3):fiu026.
[17]Qin YJ,Cabral JMS.Review properties and applications of urease.Biocatalysis and Biotransformation,2002,20(1):1-14,https://doi.org/10.1080/10242420210154.
[18]Kakimoto S,Okazaki K,Sakane T,Imai K,Sumino Y,Akiyama SI,Nakao Y.Isolation and taxonomic characterization of urease-producing bacteria.Agricultural and Biological Chemistry,1989,53(4):1111-1117.
[19]Jin D,Zhao SG,Wang PP,Zheng N,Bu DP,Beckers Y,Wang JQ.Insights into abundant rumen ureolytic bacterial community using rumen simulation system.Frontiers in Microbiology,2016,7:1006,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01006.
[20]Jin D,Zhao SG,Zheng N,Bu DP,Beckers Y,Denman SE,Mc Sweeney CS,Wang JQ.Differences in ureolytic bacterial composition between the rumen digesta and rumen wall based on ure C gene classification.Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:385.
[21]Zhao SG,Wang JQ,Zheng N,Bu DP,Sun P,Yu ZT.Reducing microbial ureolytic activity in the rumen by immunization against urease therein.BMC Veterinary Research,2015,11(1):94,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0409-6.
[22]Wallace RJ,Cheng KJ,Dinsdale D,?rskov ER.An independent microbial flora of the epithelium and its role in the ecomicrobiology of the rumen.Nature,1979,279(5712):424-426.
[23]Wanapat M,Phesatcha K,Kang S.Rumen adaptation of swamp buffaloes(Bubalus bubalis)by high level of urea supplementation when fed on rice straw-based diet.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2016,48(6):1135-1140.
[24]Ampapon T,Wanapat M,Kang S.Rumen metabolism of swamp buffaloes fed rice straw supplemented with cassava hay and urea.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2016,48(4):779-784.
[25]Polyorach S,Wanapat M.Improving the quality of rice straw by urea and calcium hydroxide on rumen ecology,microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle.Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2015,99(3):449-456.
[26]Patra AK.Urea/Ammonia metabolism in the rumen and toxicity in ruminants//Puniya AK,Singh R,Kamra DN.Rumen Microbiology:From Evolution to Revolution.New Delhi:Springer,2015:329-341.
[27]Klevenhusen F,Petri RM,Kleefisch MT,Khiaosa-ard R,Metzler-Zebeli BU,Zebeli Q.Changes in fibre-adherent and fluid-associated microbial communities and fermentation profiles in the rumen of cattle fed diets differing in hay quality and concentrate amount.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2017,93(9):fix100,doi:10.1093/femsec/fix100.
[28]Wang PP,Zhao SG,Nan XM,Jin D,Wang JQ.Influence of hydrolysis rate of urea on ruminal bacterial diversity level and cellulolytic bacteria abundance in vitro.Peer J,2018,6:e5475,doi:10.7717/peerj.5475.
[29]Zhou ZM,Meng QX,Li SL,Jiang L,Wu H.Effect of urea-supplemented diets on the ruminal bacterial and archaeal community composition of finishing bulls.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,101(15):6205-6216.
[30]Yan XT,Yan BY,Ren QM,Dou JJ,Wang WW,Zhang JJ,Zhou JW,Long RJ,Ding LM,Han J,Li ZP,Qiu Q.Effect of slow-release urea on the composition of ruminal bacteria and fungi communities in yak.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2018,244:18-27.
[31]Andriamihaja M,Davila AM,Eklou-Lawson M,Petit N,Delpal S,Allek F,Blais A,Delteil C,ToméD,Blachier F.Colon luminal content and epithelial cell morphology are markedly modified in rats fed with a high-protein diet.American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2010,299(5):G1030-G1037.
[32]Blachier F,Mariotti F,Huneau JF,ToméD.Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences.Amino Acids,2007,33(4):547-562.
[33]Lin HC,Visek WJ.Colon mucosal cell damage by ammonia in rats.The Journal of Nutrition,1991,121(6):887-893.
[34]Mu CL,Yang YX,Luo Z,Guan LL,Zhu WY.The colonic microbiome and epithelial transcriptome are altered in rats fed a high-protein diet compared with a normal-protein diet.The Journal of Nutrition,2016,146(3):474-483.
[35]Hughes R,Kurth MJ,Mc Gilligan V,Mc Glynn H,Rowland I.Effect of colonic bacterial metabolites on Caco-2 cell paracellular permeability in vitro.Nutrition and Cancer,2008,60(2):259-266.
[36]Tsujii M,Kawano S,Tsuji S,Fusamoto H,Kamada T,Sato N.Mechanism of gastric mucosal damage induced by ammonia.Gastroenterology,1992,102(6):1881-1888.
[37]Abdoun K,Stumpff F,Rabbani I,Martens H.Modulation of urea transport across sheep rumen epithelium in vitro by SCFA and CO2.American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory,Integrative and Comparative Physiology,2010,298(2):G190-G202.
[38]Lu ZY,Gui HB,Yao L,Yan L,Martens H,Aschenbach JR,Shen ZM.Short-chain fatty acids and acidic p H upregulate UT-B,GPR41,and GPR4 in rumen epithelial cells of goats.American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory,Integrative and Comparative Physiology,2015,308(4):R283-R293.
[39]Abdoun K,Wolf K,Arndt G,Martens H.Effect of ammonia on Na+transport across isolated rumen epithelium of sheep is diet dependent.British Journal of Nutrition,2003,90(4):751-758.
[40]Muscher AS,Schr?der B,Breves G,Huber K.Dietary nitrogen reduction enhances urea transport across goat rumen epithelium.Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(10):3390-3398.
[41]Stewart GS,Smith CP.Urea nitrogen salvage mechanisms and their relevance to ruminants,non-ruminants and man.Nutrition Research Reviews,2005,18(1):49-62.