陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落空间格局——以天水市为例
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摘要
基于天水市2013年"第二次全国土地调查"数据库,提取聚落、河流、道路等属性数据,借助景观空间格局指数和景观格局分析模型,从县域和市域两个尺度分析天水市乡村聚落的空间分布特征。结果表明:天水市县域乡村聚落景观分异明显,秦安县乡村聚落斑块小,但分布密集,村村分离不明显;清水县乡村聚落斑块大,但分布稀疏,村村分离明显。清水县、甘谷县和秦安县聚落斑块复杂、不规则,分布较为破碎,随机分布态势较强;其他县区乡村聚落形态比较简单、规则,破碎程度小,分布较规整。此外,天水市域乡村聚落规模、形态和格局空间分布特征明显,各乡镇乡村聚落斑块规模与全市平均斑块规模差距小,在临近地域建筑观念和地形特征相似因素的影响下,乡村聚落规模大小有着趋同性;同时,天水市乡村聚落呈现"北部中部沿河密集,东部南部依山稀疏",具有明显的环境指向性,乡村聚落斑块数目和斑块密度在南北方向上均呈现较明显的"U"型态势,在东西方向上分别为西高东低和中部向东西两侧递减的趋势。
Based on the second national land resource survey database of Tianshui City in 2013,the attribute data such as rural settlements,rivers and roads were extracted. The spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements at county and city levels were analyzed by using landscape spatial pattern indexes and landscape pattern analysis model. The results showed that an obvious spatial differentiation in landscapes of rural settlements of Tianshui City was found at county level.The rural settlements of Qin'an County were in shape of small patches,but intensively distributed,with villages being relatively close to each other. However,the rural settlements of Qingshui County were totally opposite to those of Qin'an County. The settlement patches of Qingshui,Gangu and Qin'an counties were complex and irregular,and presented a fragmented,random distribution. However,the settlement patches of other counties were simpler,with a lower degree of fragmentation and a regular distribution. In addition,there were obvious spatial features in the size,shape and pattern of distribution of rural settlements at Tianshui City scale. The differences between patch size of township rural settlements and the city's average patch size were not obvious,so the size of rural settlements had a high level of homoplasy due to similar architectures and terrain characteristics in adjacent regions. Meanwhile,the dense rural settlements were mainly distributed in the north of the city and along the middle Weihe River,while rural settlements in the south and east of the city were sparse,presenting clear directivity of environment. The distribution of patch number and patch density showed an obvious " U" shape in north-south direction,and a pattern of ‘west high and east low'in west-east direction. They also showed a decreasing trend from central area to the east-west sides.
Based on the second national land resource survey database of Tianshui City in 2013,the attribute data such as rural settlements,rivers and roads were extracted. The spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements at county and city levels were analyzed by using landscape spatial pattern indexes and landscape pattern analysis model. The results showed that an obvious spatial differentiation in landscapes of rural settlements of Tianshui City was found at county level.The rural settlements of Qin'an County were in shape of small patches,but intensively distributed,with villages being relatively close to each other. However,the rural settlements of Qingshui County were totally opposite to those of Qin'an County. The settlement patches of Qingshui,Gangu and Qin'an counties were complex and irregular,and presented a fragmented,random distribution. However,the settlement patches of other counties were simpler,with a lower degree of fragmentation and a regular distribution. In addition,there were obvious spatial features in the size,shape and pattern of distribution of rural settlements at Tianshui City scale. The differences between patch size of township rural settlements and the city's average patch size were not obvious,so the size of rural settlements had a high level of homoplasy due to similar architectures and terrain characteristics in adjacent regions. Meanwhile,the dense rural settlements were mainly distributed in the north of the city and along the middle Weihe River,while rural settlements in the south and east of the city were sparse,presenting clear directivity of environment. The distribution of patch number and patch density showed an obvious " U" shape in north-south direction,and a pattern of ‘west high and east low'in west-east direction. They also showed a decreasing trend from central area to the east-west sides.
引文
郭晓东,牛叔文,李永华,等.2009.陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落时空演变的模拟分析---以甘肃省秦安县为例.山地学报,27(3):293-299.
郭晓东,马利邦,张启媛.2013.陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落空间分布特征及其基本类型分析---以甘肃省秦安县为例.地理科学,33(1):45-51.
贺艳华,曾山山,唐承丽,等.2013.中国中部地区农村聚居分异特征及形成机制.地理学报,68(12):1643-1656.
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李红波,张小林,吴江国,等.2014.朱彬苏南地区乡村聚落空间格局及其驱动机制.地理科学,34(4):438-446.
李骞国,石培基,刘春芳,等.2015.黄土丘陵区乡村聚落时空演变特征及格局优化---以七里河区为例.经济地理,35(1):126-133.
陆俊宇,刘茂松,徐驰,等.2013.苏锡常地区聚落粒级结构特征及其演化.生态学杂志,32(3):689-695.
马利邦,郭晓东,张启媛.2012.甘谷县乡村聚落时空布局特征及格局优化.农业工程学报,28(13):217-225.
吴文恒,牛叔文,郭晓东,等.2008.黄淮海平原中部地区村庄格局演变实证分析.地理研究,27(5):1017-1026.
郑新奇,付梅臣.2010.景观格局空间分析技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社.
周国华,贺艳华,唐承丽,等.2011.中国农村聚居演变的驱动机制及态势分析.地理学报,66(4):515-524.
朱雪欣,王红梅,袁秀杰,等.2010.基于GIS的农村居民点区位评价与空间格局优化.农业工程学报,26(6):326-333.
Barbic A.1993.Rural development in the time of deconstructing the one-party political system and centrally planned economics.Agriculture and Human Values,3:41-47.
Carolan MS.2005.Barriers to the adoption of sustainable agriculture on rented land:An examination of contesting social fields.Rural Sociology,70:387-413.
Clark JK,McC hesney R,Munroe DK,et al.2009.Spatial characteristics of exurban settlement pattern in the United States.Landscape and Urban Planning,90:178-188.
Kuffer M,Barros J,Sliuzas RV.2014.The development of a morphological unplanned settlement index using very-highresolution(VHR)imagery.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,48:138-152.
Rey V,Bachvarov M.1998.Rural settlements in transition-agricultural and countryside crisis in the Central-Eastern Europe.GeoJ ournal,44:345-353.
Roche M.2003.Rural geography:A stock tally of 2002.Progress in Human Geography,27:779-786.
郭晓东,马利邦,张启媛.2013.陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落空间分布特征及其基本类型分析---以甘肃省秦安县为例.地理科学,33(1):45-51.
贺艳华,曾山山,唐承丽,等.2013.中国中部地区农村聚居分异特征及形成机制.地理学报,68(12):1643-1656.
金其铭.1982.农村聚落地理研究---以江苏省为例.地理研究,1(3):11-20.
金其铭.1988.农村聚落地理.北京:科学出版社.
李红波,张小林,吴江国,等.2014.朱彬苏南地区乡村聚落空间格局及其驱动机制.地理科学,34(4):438-446.
李骞国,石培基,刘春芳,等.2015.黄土丘陵区乡村聚落时空演变特征及格局优化---以七里河区为例.经济地理,35(1):126-133.
陆俊宇,刘茂松,徐驰,等.2013.苏锡常地区聚落粒级结构特征及其演化.生态学杂志,32(3):689-695.
马利邦,郭晓东,张启媛.2012.甘谷县乡村聚落时空布局特征及格局优化.农业工程学报,28(13):217-225.
吴文恒,牛叔文,郭晓东,等.2008.黄淮海平原中部地区村庄格局演变实证分析.地理研究,27(5):1017-1026.
郑新奇,付梅臣.2010.景观格局空间分析技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社.
周国华,贺艳华,唐承丽,等.2011.中国农村聚居演变的驱动机制及态势分析.地理学报,66(4):515-524.
朱雪欣,王红梅,袁秀杰,等.2010.基于GIS的农村居民点区位评价与空间格局优化.农业工程学报,26(6):326-333.
Barbic A.1993.Rural development in the time of deconstructing the one-party political system and centrally planned economics.Agriculture and Human Values,3:41-47.
Carolan MS.2005.Barriers to the adoption of sustainable agriculture on rented land:An examination of contesting social fields.Rural Sociology,70:387-413.
Clark JK,McC hesney R,Munroe DK,et al.2009.Spatial characteristics of exurban settlement pattern in the United States.Landscape and Urban Planning,90:178-188.
Kuffer M,Barros J,Sliuzas RV.2014.The development of a morphological unplanned settlement index using very-highresolution(VHR)imagery.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,48:138-152.
Rey V,Bachvarov M.1998.Rural settlements in transition-agricultural and countryside crisis in the Central-Eastern Europe.GeoJ ournal,44:345-353.
Roche M.2003.Rural geography:A stock tally of 2002.Progress in Human Geography,27:779-786.