家庭代际关系与贫困——基于民族村扶贫实践的实证研究
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摘要
父母与成年子女之间的代际关系是一种对子辈和父辈家庭生活产生重要影响的家庭关系,本文从这种家庭代际关系切入,分析其影响贫困的路径、成因与机制。研究发现,父母与子女的代际关系既是一种脱贫机制,也可能是一种致贫因素,父代在帮助子代摆脱贫困的同时可能也会给父代自身带来新的贫困。这种现象的产生与现代农村家庭再生产的现实压力密不可分,日益增长的成家成本以及激烈的社会分化与竞争,父辈需要做出比以前更大的努力去维持家庭的再生与发展。抚养—赡养关系和交换关系并存的代际伦理转向与养老的现实困境强化了父辈的这种代际行为和责任。贫困的代际逆传递是扶贫工作应关注的问题。
Inter-generational relation between parents and adult children is an important relation influencing the life of both offspring and paternal families. Based on family inter-generational relation, this paper analyzes its route, cause and mechanism leading to poverty. The study shows that the inter-generational relation between parents and children can be both a poverty alleviation mechanism and a cause of poverty, and the efforts of parents to help their children get rid of poverty may cause new poverty of the parents. This is closely related with the realistic pressure of family reproduction in modern rural areas, and due to the increasing cost of marriage, intense social differentiation and competition, parent need more effort to maintain family's reproduction and development. The turning of inter-generational ethics of the coexistence of both raising-supporting relation and exchange relation and the realistic dilemma of providing for the aged have strengthened inter-generational behavior and responsibility of parents. Therefore, inter-generational adverse transfer of poverty is an issue to be addressed in poverty alleviation.
Inter-generational relation between parents and adult children is an important relation influencing the life of both offspring and paternal families. Based on family inter-generational relation, this paper analyzes its route, cause and mechanism leading to poverty. The study shows that the inter-generational relation between parents and children can be both a poverty alleviation mechanism and a cause of poverty, and the efforts of parents to help their children get rid of poverty may cause new poverty of the parents. This is closely related with the realistic pressure of family reproduction in modern rural areas, and due to the increasing cost of marriage, intense social differentiation and competition, parent need more effort to maintain family's reproduction and development. The turning of inter-generational ethics of the coexistence of both raising-supporting relation and exchange relation and the realistic dilemma of providing for the aged have strengthened inter-generational behavior and responsibility of parents. Therefore, inter-generational adverse transfer of poverty is an issue to be addressed in poverty alleviation.
引文
[1] (美)拉格纳·纳克斯.不发达国家的资本形成问题[M].谨斋译,北京:商务印书馆,1996.
[2] (美)马尔莎斯.人口原理[M].陈小白译,北京:华夏出版社,2012.
[3] (美)舒尔茨.人力资本的投资——教育和研究的作用[M].蒋斌,张蘅译,北京:商务印书馆,1990.
[4] Oscar Lewis, Five Families: Mecican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty, New York: Basic Books,1959.
[5] (印)阿玛蒂亚.森.以自由看待发展[M].任赜、于真译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[6] 刘小珉.贫困的复杂图景与反贫困的多元路径[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.
[7] 古德.家庭[M].魏章玲译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1986.
[8] 吉登斯:《现代性的后果》,田禾译,译林出版社1990年版。
[9] 张国刚.家庭史研究的新视野[M].北京:三联书店,2004.
[10] 马春华等.转型期家庭结构和家庭关系变迁[M].北京:社科文献出版社,2010.
[11] 王跃生.中国当代家庭、家户和家的“分”与“合”[J].中国社会科学,2016:(4).
[12] 唐灿.家庭现代化理论及其发展的回顾与评述[J]. 社会学研究,2010:(3).
[13] 刘成良.贫困的代际逆传递——基于华北、中部农村贫困问题的研究[J].社会保障研究(北京),2016:(2).
[14] 费孝通.乡土中国[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
[15] 许烺光.祖荫下:中国乡村的亲属、人格与社会流动[M].中国台北:南天书局,2001.
[16] 贺雪峰.农村代际关系论:兼论代际关系的价值基础[J].社会科学研究,2009:(5).
[17] 陈辉.过日子:农民的生活伦理——关中黄炎村的日常生活叙事[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
[18] 桂华,余练.婚姻市场要价:理解农村婚姻交换现象的一个框架[J].青年研究,2010:(3).
[19] 唐灿,张建主编.家庭问题与政府责任[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.
(1)参见A村镇政府提供的资料:《A村镇镇情》,2017年2月10日。
(2)苗族是一个非常喜欢银饰的民族,随着农民经济收入的提高,一身银饰成为许多女方家庭出嫁的硬性要求,通常价值在6万左右。除此之外,苗族还在与外界的接触中,新产生的一些支出,如手机、金首饰、小汽车等。
[2] (美)马尔莎斯.人口原理[M].陈小白译,北京:华夏出版社,2012.
[3] (美)舒尔茨.人力资本的投资——教育和研究的作用[M].蒋斌,张蘅译,北京:商务印书馆,1990.
[4] Oscar Lewis, Five Families: Mecican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty, New York: Basic Books,1959.
[5] (印)阿玛蒂亚.森.以自由看待发展[M].任赜、于真译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[6] 刘小珉.贫困的复杂图景与反贫困的多元路径[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.
[7] 古德.家庭[M].魏章玲译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1986.
[8] 吉登斯:《现代性的后果》,田禾译,译林出版社1990年版。
[9] 张国刚.家庭史研究的新视野[M].北京:三联书店,2004.
[10] 马春华等.转型期家庭结构和家庭关系变迁[M].北京:社科文献出版社,2010.
[11] 王跃生.中国当代家庭、家户和家的“分”与“合”[J].中国社会科学,2016:(4).
[12] 唐灿.家庭现代化理论及其发展的回顾与评述[J]. 社会学研究,2010:(3).
[13] 刘成良.贫困的代际逆传递——基于华北、中部农村贫困问题的研究[J].社会保障研究(北京),2016:(2).
[14] 费孝通.乡土中国[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
[15] 许烺光.祖荫下:中国乡村的亲属、人格与社会流动[M].中国台北:南天书局,2001.
[16] 贺雪峰.农村代际关系论:兼论代际关系的价值基础[J].社会科学研究,2009:(5).
[17] 陈辉.过日子:农民的生活伦理——关中黄炎村的日常生活叙事[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
[18] 桂华,余练.婚姻市场要价:理解农村婚姻交换现象的一个框架[J].青年研究,2010:(3).
[19] 唐灿,张建主编.家庭问题与政府责任[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.
(1)参见A村镇政府提供的资料:《A村镇镇情》,2017年2月10日。
(2)苗族是一个非常喜欢银饰的民族,随着农民经济收入的提高,一身银饰成为许多女方家庭出嫁的硬性要求,通常价值在6万左右。除此之外,苗族还在与外界的接触中,新产生的一些支出,如手机、金首饰、小汽车等。