不同灌溉方式对枣树根系生长及抗寒性能的影响
|
摘要
以南疆矮化密植枣树为测试对象,采用三维根系发掘法研究了滴灌(DI)和常规灌溉(漫灌,FI)方式下枣树根系生长状况和根系抗寒性能。结果表明:滴灌枣树的一级根系、二级根系以及毛细根系与FI处理相比多集中于浅层土壤,且毛细根系在各土层的分布差异性小于FI处理。FI处理各层土壤的一级、二级侧根及毛细根干质量均显著大于DI处理。DI与FI处理相比,10~40cm土层死根干质量较高,占该土层总根质量的11.17%,FI处理则仅占2.30%;除0~10cm外,FI处理各土层一级、二级侧根及毛细根的总根长及根长密度均大于DI处理;与常规灌溉相比,滴灌对一级侧根和毛细根根长的影响最大。DI处理0~10cm土层毛细根根长密度比例最高,FI处理20~40cm土层最高,分别占58.02%和65.55%;DI处理二级侧根根长密度所占比例随土层深度增加呈降低趋势,而FI处理则呈升高趋势;各类根系的垂直分布均符合三次曲线模型;DI处理浅层土壤的根系活力显著大于FI处理。根系抗寒试验表明,FI处理的电解质渗出率均大于DI处理;DI处理20~40cm以上的土层过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均大于FI处理。表层土壤中根系的过氧化氢酶活性较低;DI处理各层根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均高于FI处理;深层土壤根系对糖分的累积率较高,但DI处理0~10cm土层根系的可溶性糖含量显著大于FI处理;DI处理各层根系细胞中的丙二醛(MDA)含量低于FI处理。表明与漫灌相比,滴灌导致枣树根系附于表层土壤,且根系生物量严重减少,但却能显著提高枣树表层根系的抗寒性能。
The aim of this study is to provide the theoretical basis for the popularization of drip irrigation technology in dwarfing and planting of jujube in southern Xinjiang.The root growth status and cold resistance of jujube trees under drip irrigation(DI)and conventional irrigation(flood irrigation,FI)were studied by using three-dimensional root excavation method in the desert oasis agriculture area of southern Xinjiang.The results showed that the primary root system,secondary root system and capillary root system of drip jujube were concentrated in shallow soil compared with FI,and the distribution difference of capillary root in each soil layer was less significant than FI.The dry weight of primary,secondary and lateral roots of FI were significantly higher than DI.Compared with FI,the dry weight of dead root in the 10-40 cm soil layer of DI was 11.17% much higher than 2.30%of FI.Except for 0-10 cm,the total root length and root length density of the first,second lateral roots and capillary roots in soil layers of FI were higher than in those of DI.Compared with conventional irrigation,drip irrigation had a significant effect on the lateral root and capillary root length.Capillary root length density ratio were highest in 0-10 cm soil layer of DI and 20-40 cm soil layer of FI,accounting for 58.02%and 65.55%respectively.The proportion of root length density of secondary lateral root of DI decreased with the depth of soil layer,while FI showed an increasing trend.The vertical distribution of the root system was in accordance with the cubic curve model.The root activity of shallow soil of DI was significantly higher than that of FI.Root cold test showed that:the electrolyte permeate rates of FI was greater than that of DI.The activity of catalase(CAT)in soil layer above 20-40 cm was higher than that of FI.The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the root system of DI was higher than that of FI.The accumulation rate of sugar in the deep soil roots was higher;however,the soluble sugar content of root in 0-10 cm soil layer of DI was significantly larger than that of FI.The content of malondialdehyde(MDA)in root cells treated with DI was lower than that in FI.In summary,the results showed that DI could cause roots of jujube to float on the surface of soil,and it could seriously reduce the root biomass,but on the other hand,it could significantly improve the cold resistance of jujube root.
The aim of this study is to provide the theoretical basis for the popularization of drip irrigation technology in dwarfing and planting of jujube in southern Xinjiang.The root growth status and cold resistance of jujube trees under drip irrigation(DI)and conventional irrigation(flood irrigation,FI)were studied by using three-dimensional root excavation method in the desert oasis agriculture area of southern Xinjiang.The results showed that the primary root system,secondary root system and capillary root system of drip jujube were concentrated in shallow soil compared with FI,and the distribution difference of capillary root in each soil layer was less significant than FI.The dry weight of primary,secondary and lateral roots of FI were significantly higher than DI.Compared with FI,the dry weight of dead root in the 10-40 cm soil layer of DI was 11.17% much higher than 2.30%of FI.Except for 0-10 cm,the total root length and root length density of the first,second lateral roots and capillary roots in soil layers of FI were higher than in those of DI.Compared with conventional irrigation,drip irrigation had a significant effect on the lateral root and capillary root length.Capillary root length density ratio were highest in 0-10 cm soil layer of DI and 20-40 cm soil layer of FI,accounting for 58.02%and 65.55%respectively.The proportion of root length density of secondary lateral root of DI decreased with the depth of soil layer,while FI showed an increasing trend.The vertical distribution of the root system was in accordance with the cubic curve model.The root activity of shallow soil of DI was significantly higher than that of FI.Root cold test showed that:the electrolyte permeate rates of FI was greater than that of DI.The activity of catalase(CAT)in soil layer above 20-40 cm was higher than that of FI.The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the root system of DI was higher than that of FI.The accumulation rate of sugar in the deep soil roots was higher;however,the soluble sugar content of root in 0-10 cm soil layer of DI was significantly larger than that of FI.The content of malondialdehyde(MDA)in root cells treated with DI was lower than that in FI.In summary,the results showed that DI could cause roots of jujube to float on the surface of soil,and it could seriously reduce the root biomass,but on the other hand,it could significantly improve the cold resistance of jujube root.
引文
[1]党瑞红,黄爱荣,彭刚,等.2011年和2012年新疆阿克苏地区枣树冻害调查[J].中国果树,2012(6):63-65.
[2] JANSSON M.Frost hardiness of grapevine cultivars as affected by ground cover under Scandinavian conditions[D].Swedish:Swedish University,2013.
[3]陈红,冯云,周建梅,等.植物根系生物学研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(5):25-29.
[4] SANCHEZ-BLANCO M J,ALVAREZ S,ORTUNO M F,et al.Root system response to drought and salinity:Root distribution and water transport[M]//Root Engineering,Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2014:325-352.
[5]刘梅先,杨劲松,李晓明,等.滴灌模式对棉花根系分布和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(s1):98-105.
[6]李明思,孙海燕,谢云,等.滴头流量对土壤湿润体的影响研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2004,35(5):420-422.
[7] KADYAMPAKENI D M,MORGAN K T,SCHUMANN A W,et al.Effect of irrigation pattern and timing on root density of young citrus trees infected with Huanglongbing disease[J].Horttechnology,2014,24(2):209-221.
[8] RANDALL H C,LOCASSIO S J.Root growth and water status of trickle-irrigated cucumber and tomato[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,1988,113(6):830-835.
[9] MA L H,LIU X L,WANG Y K,et al.Effects of drip irrigation on deep root distribution,rooting depth,and soil water profile of jujube in a semiarid region[J].Plant&Soil,2013,373(1-2):995-1006.
[10]FABIAO A,MADEIRA M,STEEN E,et al.Development of root biomass in an Eucalyptus globulus plantation under different water and nutrient regimes[J].Plant and Soil,1995,168-169(1):215-223.
[11]JACKSON R S.Wine science:Principles and applications[M].Access Online Via Elsevier,2008.
[12]DAMI I E,GOFFINET M C,MARTINSON T E,et al.Winter injury to grapevines and methods of protection[M].VS:Michigan State University Extension,2007.
[13]BHANDARI K,NAYYAR H.Low temperature stress in plants:An overview of roles of cryoprotectants in defense[M]//Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment.New York:Springer,2014:193-265.
[14]STOUT D G.Alfalfa water status and cold hardiness as influenced by cold acclimation and water stress[M]//New York:Plant,Cell&Environment,1980:237-241.
[15]党瑞红,黄爱荣,李新祥,等.枣树抗寒性研究进展[J].北方园艺,2012(17):204-207.
[16]LYONS J M.Chilling injury in plants[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1973,24(1):445-466.
[17]祝燕,李国雷,李庆梅,等.持续供氮对长白落叶松播种苗生长及抗寒性的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(1):44-48.
[18]GAO Z,LI J,ZHU H,et al.Using differential thermal analysis to analyze cold hardiness in the roots of grape varieties[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2014,174:155-163.
[19]REYNOLDS A G,LIXIN N,de SAVIGNY C.Use of electrical conductivity to assess irrigation impacts on grapevine winter hardiness[J].International Journal of Fruit Science,2014,14(3):1-17.
[20]侯梦媛,杨再强,张曼义,等.水分胁迫对设施番茄结果期叶片衰老特性和根系活力的影响[J].北方园艺,2017(1):52-57.
[21]杨素苗,李保国,齐国辉,等.根系分区交替灌溉对苹果根系活力、树干液流和果实的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(8):73-79.
[22]姚允聪,沈瑞骞,王有年.水分亏缺条件下柿树组织电解质渗出率变化规律的研究[J].北京农学院学报,1992(1):36-42.
[23]PRASAD T K.Role of catalase in inducing chilling tolerance inpre-emergent maize seedlings[J].Plant Physiology,1997,114:1369-1376.
[24]孙学成,谭启玲,胡承孝,等.低温胁迫下钼对冬小麦抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(5):952-959.
[25]BOWLER C,MONTAGU M V,INZE D.Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1992,43:83-116.
[26]刘建.两种桉树对低温胁迫的响应机制研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2008.
[27]刘俊英,姚科云,冯耀飞,等.低温胁迫对雪松膜脂过氧化及保护酶的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,24(4):396-400.
[28]王淑杰,王家民,李亚东,等.可溶性全蛋白、可溶性糖含量与葡萄抗寒性关系的研究[J].北方园艺,1996(2):13-14.
[29]朱月,赵雪梅,唐立红.低温对几种引种紫斑牡丹叶片可溶性糖含量的影响[J].北方园艺,2012(2):62-64.
[30]左宝峰,冀支林,姚延梼.越冬时期雪松叶片中SOD、CAT及可溶性糖的变化[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(3):238-240.
[31]张劲松,孟平.石榴树吸水根根系空间分布特征[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(4):89-91.
[32]张劲松,孟平,尹昌君.果农复合系统中果树根系空间分布特征[J].林业科学,2002,38(4):30-33.
[33]赵领军,张丽军,赵善仓.果树根系与水分关系[J].河北果树,2007(1):1-4.
[34]孙三民,安巧霞,杨培岭,等.间接地下滴灌灌溉深度对枣树根系和水分的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):81-90.
[35]HE S,ZHAO K,MA L,et al.Comparison of cold resistance physiological and biochemical features of four Herba Rhodiola,seedlings under low temperature[J].Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences,2016,23(2):198-204.
[36]RAJEEV A,DHARMALINGAM S,PITCHAY,et al.Water-stress-induce heat tolerance in geranium leaf tissue:A possible linkage through stress proteins[J].Physiologia Plantarum,1998,103:24-34.
[37]WILNER J.Note on an electrolytic procedure for differentiating between frost injury of roots and shoots in woody plants[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1959,39:512-513.
[2] JANSSON M.Frost hardiness of grapevine cultivars as affected by ground cover under Scandinavian conditions[D].Swedish:Swedish University,2013.
[3]陈红,冯云,周建梅,等.植物根系生物学研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(5):25-29.
[4] SANCHEZ-BLANCO M J,ALVAREZ S,ORTUNO M F,et al.Root system response to drought and salinity:Root distribution and water transport[M]//Root Engineering,Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2014:325-352.
[5]刘梅先,杨劲松,李晓明,等.滴灌模式对棉花根系分布和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(s1):98-105.
[6]李明思,孙海燕,谢云,等.滴头流量对土壤湿润体的影响研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2004,35(5):420-422.
[7] KADYAMPAKENI D M,MORGAN K T,SCHUMANN A W,et al.Effect of irrigation pattern and timing on root density of young citrus trees infected with Huanglongbing disease[J].Horttechnology,2014,24(2):209-221.
[8] RANDALL H C,LOCASSIO S J.Root growth and water status of trickle-irrigated cucumber and tomato[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,1988,113(6):830-835.
[9] MA L H,LIU X L,WANG Y K,et al.Effects of drip irrigation on deep root distribution,rooting depth,and soil water profile of jujube in a semiarid region[J].Plant&Soil,2013,373(1-2):995-1006.
[10]FABIAO A,MADEIRA M,STEEN E,et al.Development of root biomass in an Eucalyptus globulus plantation under different water and nutrient regimes[J].Plant and Soil,1995,168-169(1):215-223.
[11]JACKSON R S.Wine science:Principles and applications[M].Access Online Via Elsevier,2008.
[12]DAMI I E,GOFFINET M C,MARTINSON T E,et al.Winter injury to grapevines and methods of protection[M].VS:Michigan State University Extension,2007.
[13]BHANDARI K,NAYYAR H.Low temperature stress in plants:An overview of roles of cryoprotectants in defense[M]//Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment.New York:Springer,2014:193-265.
[14]STOUT D G.Alfalfa water status and cold hardiness as influenced by cold acclimation and water stress[M]//New York:Plant,Cell&Environment,1980:237-241.
[15]党瑞红,黄爱荣,李新祥,等.枣树抗寒性研究进展[J].北方园艺,2012(17):204-207.
[16]LYONS J M.Chilling injury in plants[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1973,24(1):445-466.
[17]祝燕,李国雷,李庆梅,等.持续供氮对长白落叶松播种苗生长及抗寒性的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(1):44-48.
[18]GAO Z,LI J,ZHU H,et al.Using differential thermal analysis to analyze cold hardiness in the roots of grape varieties[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2014,174:155-163.
[19]REYNOLDS A G,LIXIN N,de SAVIGNY C.Use of electrical conductivity to assess irrigation impacts on grapevine winter hardiness[J].International Journal of Fruit Science,2014,14(3):1-17.
[20]侯梦媛,杨再强,张曼义,等.水分胁迫对设施番茄结果期叶片衰老特性和根系活力的影响[J].北方园艺,2017(1):52-57.
[21]杨素苗,李保国,齐国辉,等.根系分区交替灌溉对苹果根系活力、树干液流和果实的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(8):73-79.
[22]姚允聪,沈瑞骞,王有年.水分亏缺条件下柿树组织电解质渗出率变化规律的研究[J].北京农学院学报,1992(1):36-42.
[23]PRASAD T K.Role of catalase in inducing chilling tolerance inpre-emergent maize seedlings[J].Plant Physiology,1997,114:1369-1376.
[24]孙学成,谭启玲,胡承孝,等.低温胁迫下钼对冬小麦抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(5):952-959.
[25]BOWLER C,MONTAGU M V,INZE D.Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1992,43:83-116.
[26]刘建.两种桉树对低温胁迫的响应机制研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2008.
[27]刘俊英,姚科云,冯耀飞,等.低温胁迫对雪松膜脂过氧化及保护酶的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,24(4):396-400.
[28]王淑杰,王家民,李亚东,等.可溶性全蛋白、可溶性糖含量与葡萄抗寒性关系的研究[J].北方园艺,1996(2):13-14.
[29]朱月,赵雪梅,唐立红.低温对几种引种紫斑牡丹叶片可溶性糖含量的影响[J].北方园艺,2012(2):62-64.
[30]左宝峰,冀支林,姚延梼.越冬时期雪松叶片中SOD、CAT及可溶性糖的变化[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(3):238-240.
[31]张劲松,孟平.石榴树吸水根根系空间分布特征[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(4):89-91.
[32]张劲松,孟平,尹昌君.果农复合系统中果树根系空间分布特征[J].林业科学,2002,38(4):30-33.
[33]赵领军,张丽军,赵善仓.果树根系与水分关系[J].河北果树,2007(1):1-4.
[34]孙三民,安巧霞,杨培岭,等.间接地下滴灌灌溉深度对枣树根系和水分的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):81-90.
[35]HE S,ZHAO K,MA L,et al.Comparison of cold resistance physiological and biochemical features of four Herba Rhodiola,seedlings under low temperature[J].Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences,2016,23(2):198-204.
[36]RAJEEV A,DHARMALINGAM S,PITCHAY,et al.Water-stress-induce heat tolerance in geranium leaf tissue:A possible linkage through stress proteins[J].Physiologia Plantarum,1998,103:24-34.
[37]WILNER J.Note on an electrolytic procedure for differentiating between frost injury of roots and shoots in woody plants[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1959,39:512-513.