饲养密度对夏季肉牛生产、福利及环境的影响
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摘要
为了探讨夏季肉牛的合理饲养密度,在排除群体效应的情况下,试验采用固定动物数量、通过改变栏舍面积控制饲养密度的方法,于夏季选择初始体重在163～277 kg范围内的西门塔尔杂交小公牛32头,随机分为4组,即试验1～4组,各组间试验牛初始体重差异不显著(P>0.05),设置饲养密度分别为3.0,3.6,4.5,6.0 m~2/头进行饲养试验,分别测定了试验肉牛的生产性能、动物福利水平和环境指标,并进行了相关分析。结果表明:在4种不同饲养密度下,试验牛的平均日增重(ADG)差异不显著(P>0.05),试验4组的料重比最低;试验1组肉牛平均站立时间较长,为(11.84±1.07)h/d,明显高于其他试验组,但差异不显著(P>0.05),而其他试验组肉牛平均站立时间之间差异不显著(P>0.05);试验1组肉牛脏污评分为(2.18±0.62)分,显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05);4个试验组试验期间牛舍内的平均温度、湿度及风速差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验1组牛舍中CO_2浓度及NH_3浓度显著高于3,4组(P<0.05)。综合考虑各项指标,建议夏季肉牛饲养密度为3.6 m~2/头更为适宜。
In order to explore the stocking density suitable for cattle in summer, thirty two Simmental cattle with initial weight of 163-277 kg were chosen in this experiment,with a fixed number of animals and changing stockingarea to control stocking density, and distributed them averagely and randomly to four treatments in order to ensure that there was no significant difference between treatments. The cattle were divided into group 1,2,3,4 with stocking density of 3.0,3.6,4.6,6.0 m~2 per cattle. The production performance, animal welfare, and feeding environment indicators were measured and analyzed in feeding study. As the results showed: the average daily gain of cattles had no obvious differences in 4 diverse stocking density(P>0.05). The material to weight ratio was lowest in group 4. The average stance time of test cattle was longer in treatment 1([11.84±1.07] h), but there was no obvious differences among 4 groups(P>0.05). The dirty score of group 1 was 2.18±0.62, it was higher than other groups(P<0.05). During test period, the average temperature, humidity, and wind speed of four groups had no notable distinction(P>0.05). However, the carbon dioxide concentration and ammonia concentration of group 1 were higher than group 3,4(P<0.05). In brief, it is better to raise cattle of 3.6 m~2 per head in summer.
In order to explore the stocking density suitable for cattle in summer, thirty two Simmental cattle with initial weight of 163-277 kg were chosen in this experiment,with a fixed number of animals and changing stockingarea to control stocking density, and distributed them averagely and randomly to four treatments in order to ensure that there was no significant difference between treatments. The cattle were divided into group 1,2,3,4 with stocking density of 3.0,3.6,4.6,6.0 m~2 per cattle. The production performance, animal welfare, and feeding environment indicators were measured and analyzed in feeding study. As the results showed: the average daily gain of cattles had no obvious differences in 4 diverse stocking density(P>0.05). The material to weight ratio was lowest in group 4. The average stance time of test cattle was longer in treatment 1([11.84±1.07] h), but there was no obvious differences among 4 groups(P>0.05). The dirty score of group 1 was 2.18±0.62, it was higher than other groups(P<0.05). During test period, the average temperature, humidity, and wind speed of four groups had no notable distinction(P>0.05). However, the carbon dioxide concentration and ammonia concentration of group 1 were higher than group 3,4(P<0.05). In brief, it is better to raise cattle of 3.6 m~2 per head in summer.
引文
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[12] DE V M,BOKKERS E A,VANREENEN C G,et al.Housing and management factors associated with indicators of dairy cattle welfare[J].Prev Vet Med,2015,118(1):80-92.
[13] TALEBI A,VON KEYSERLINGK M A G,TELEZHENKO E,et al.Reduced stocking density mitigates the negative effects of regrouping in dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,2014,97(3):1358-1363.
[14] KEANE M P,MCGEE M,O’RIORDAN E G,et al.Effect of space allowance and floor type on performance,welfare and physiological measurements of finishing beef heifers[J].Anim J,2017,11(12):2285-2294.
[15] GYGAX L,SIEGWART R,WECHSLER B.Effects of space allowance on the behavior and cleanliness of finishing bulls kept in pens with fully slatted rubber coated flooring[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2007,107(1):1-12.
[16] SCOTT G B,KELLY M.Cattle cleanliness in different housing systems[J].Farm Build Prog,1989,95:21-24.
[17] 中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 388—1999畜禽场环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[18] PHILLIP L E,GOLDSMITH P,BERGERON M,et al.Optimizing pasture management for cow-calf production:the roles of rotational frequency and stocking rate in the context of system efficiency[J].Can J Anim Sci,2001,81(1):47-56.
[19] 王米,孟新宇,赵枝新,等.氨气对畜禽养殖业的危害及防治措施[J].饲料博览,2006(7):38-41.
[2] 陈昭辉,刘玉欢,吴中红,等.饲养密度对饲养环境及肉牛生产性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(19):229-235.
[3] ESTEVEZ I,NEWBERRY R C,KEELING L J.Dynamics of aggression in the domestic fowl[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2002,76(4):307-325.
[4] LORENZEN C L,HALE D S,GRIFFIN D B,et al.National Beef Quality Audit:survey of producer-related defects and carcass quality and quantity attributes[J].J Anim Sci,1993,71(6):1495-1502.
[5] GUPTA S,EARLEY B,CROWE M A.Pituitary,adrenal,immune and performance responses of mature Holstein x Friesian bulls housed on slatted floors at various space allowances [J].Vet J,2007,173(3):594-604.
[6] HICKEY M C,EARLEY B,FISHER A D.The effect of floor type and space allowance on welfare indicators of finishing steers[J].Irish J Agric Food Res,2003,42(1):89-100.
[7] 王立君.依据牛行为习性进行的生产组织[J].养殖技术顾问,2013(9):20.
[8] KRAWCZEL P D,KLAIBER L B,BUTZLER R E,et al.Short-term increases in stocking density affect the lying and social behavior,but not the productivity,of lactating Holstein dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2012,95(8):4298-4308.
[9] FREGONESI J A,TUCKER C B,WEARY D M.Over stocking reduces lying time in dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2007,90(7):3349-3354.
[10] HILL C T,KRAWCZEL P D,DANN H M,et al.Effect of stocking density on the short-term behavioural responses of dairy cows[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2009,117(3):144-149.
[11] LOBECK-LUCHTERHAND K M,SILVA P R B,CHEBEL R C,et al.Effect of stocking density on social,feeding,and lying behavior of prepartum dairy animals[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(1):240-249.
[12] DE V M,BOKKERS E A,VANREENEN C G,et al.Housing and management factors associated with indicators of dairy cattle welfare[J].Prev Vet Med,2015,118(1):80-92.
[13] TALEBI A,VON KEYSERLINGK M A G,TELEZHENKO E,et al.Reduced stocking density mitigates the negative effects of regrouping in dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,2014,97(3):1358-1363.
[14] KEANE M P,MCGEE M,O’RIORDAN E G,et al.Effect of space allowance and floor type on performance,welfare and physiological measurements of finishing beef heifers[J].Anim J,2017,11(12):2285-2294.
[15] GYGAX L,SIEGWART R,WECHSLER B.Effects of space allowance on the behavior and cleanliness of finishing bulls kept in pens with fully slatted rubber coated flooring[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2007,107(1):1-12.
[16] SCOTT G B,KELLY M.Cattle cleanliness in different housing systems[J].Farm Build Prog,1989,95:21-24.
[17] 中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 388—1999畜禽场环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[18] PHILLIP L E,GOLDSMITH P,BERGERON M,et al.Optimizing pasture management for cow-calf production:the roles of rotational frequency and stocking rate in the context of system efficiency[J].Can J Anim Sci,2001,81(1):47-56.
[19] 王米,孟新宇,赵枝新,等.氨气对畜禽养殖业的危害及防治措施[J].饲料博览,2006(7):38-41.