华北地下水超采综合治理效果评估——以冬小麦春灌节水政策为例
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摘要
为保障京津冀水安全,华北地下水超采综合治理需要进行及时评估并不断改进,其中冬小麦春灌节水政策的治理效果评估是重要组成部分。基于衡水深州市、邯郸曲周县、邢台任县三个县(市)的实地调研,运用有无项目对比法,对冬小麦春灌节水政策的节水效果进行了评估。评估结果表明:冬小麦春灌节水政策的节水效果不好,农民基本按照原有的灌溉习惯进行灌溉,并不会按照政策要求减少灌溉次数1次。政策宣传不到位、减少灌溉的减产预期较强、缺乏监督管理、补偿标准偏低是导致冬小麦春灌节水政策的节水效果不好的原因。假定减产比例为13%,冬小麦春灌节水政策的补偿标准估算结果为93元/亩的持续补贴,实际补偿标准明显偏低。为改进冬小麦春灌节水政策的地下水超采治理效果,需要加大政策宣传力度、提高补偿标准和强化监督管理。
To guarantee the water security in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,groundwater over-exploitation comprehensive governance in North China Plain,of which the policy of winter wheat's water-saving by reducing spring irrigation was an important part,should be timely assessed and continuously improveed. Based on field research in three counties in Hebei Province: Shenzhou in Hengshui City,Quzhou in Handan City and Ren in Xingtai City,the effectiveness of the policy of winter wheat's water-saving by reducing spring irrigation was assessed. The results indicated that the policy of winter wheat's water-saving by reducing spring irrigation had poor water-saving effect; the farmers followed the old irrigation habits,and did not reduce irrigation time in winter wheat according to policy requirements. Poor water-saving effectiveness resulted from four reasons: 1)Policy propaganda was inadequate. 2) Expectation of yield reduction by reducing spring irrigation was strong. 3)Policy supervision was lack. 4) Compensation was low. To improve the governance effectiveness of the policy,policy propaganda should be enhanced,compensation rate should be increased,and policy supervision system should be improved.
To guarantee the water security in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,groundwater over-exploitation comprehensive governance in North China Plain,of which the policy of winter wheat's water-saving by reducing spring irrigation was an important part,should be timely assessed and continuously improveed. Based on field research in three counties in Hebei Province: Shenzhou in Hengshui City,Quzhou in Handan City and Ren in Xingtai City,the effectiveness of the policy of winter wheat's water-saving by reducing spring irrigation was assessed. The results indicated that the policy of winter wheat's water-saving by reducing spring irrigation had poor water-saving effect; the farmers followed the old irrigation habits,and did not reduce irrigation time in winter wheat according to policy requirements. Poor water-saving effectiveness resulted from four reasons: 1)Policy propaganda was inadequate. 2) Expectation of yield reduction by reducing spring irrigation was strong. 3)Policy supervision was lack. 4) Compensation was low. To improve the governance effectiveness of the policy,policy propaganda should be enhanced,compensation rate should be increased,and policy supervision system should be improved.
引文
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[15]李颖,孔德帅,吴乐,等.农业水价改革情景中农户的节水意愿-基于河北省地下水超采区的实地调研[J].节水灌溉,2017(2):99-102.
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[17]吴乐,孔德帅,李颖,等.地下水超采区农业生态补偿政策节水效果分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(3):38-44.
[18]张兴娟,薛绪掌,郭文忠,等.有限供水下冬小麦全程耗水特征定量研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(10):2567-2580.
[19]李文华,刘某承.关于中国生态补偿机制建设的几点思考[J].资源科学,2010,32(5):791-796.
[20]Hu Y,Moiwo J P,Yang Y,et al. Agricultural water-saving and sustainable groundwater management in Shijiazhuang Irrigation District,North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2010,393(3):219-232.
[21]张凯,曾昭海,赵杰,等.华北平原压采地下水对小麦生产的影响分析[J].中国农业科技导报,2016(5):111-117.
[22]王学,李秀彬,辛良杰.河北平原冬小麦播种面积收缩及由此节省的水资源量估算[J].地理学报,2013,68(5):694-707.
[23]Li J,Inanaga S,Li Z,et al. Optimizing irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2005,76(1):8-23.
(1)实际的补助标准在不同年份有差异:2014年的补助标准为148元/亩,其中现金补贴98元/亩、节水冬小麦品种物化补贴50元/亩,第二年持续现金补贴75元/亩; 2015年的补助标准为85元/亩,其中节水冬小麦品种物化补贴75元/亩、播后镇压补贴10元/亩,第二年无持续补贴; 2016、2017年的补助标准为节水冬小麦品种物化补贴75元/亩,第二年无持续补贴。
[2]Shen D. Groundwater management in China[J]. Water Policy,2015,17(1):61-82.
[3]Wang J,Huang J,Rozelle S,et al. Agriculture and groundwater development in northern China:trends,institutional responses,and policy options[J]. Water Policy,2007,9(s1):61-74.
[4]Mays L W. Groundwater resources sustainability:past,present,and future[J]. Water Resources Management,2013,27(13):4409-4424.
[5]刘中培.农业活动对区域地下水变化影响研究[D].北京:中国地质科学院,2010:1-5.
[6]张雪靓,孔祥斌.黄淮海平原地下水危机下的耕地资源可持续利用[J].中国土地科学,2014,28(5):90-96.
[7]国务院新闻办公室网站.河北举行地下水超采综合治理试点工作新闻发布会[EB/OL]. http://www. scio. gov. cn/xwfbh/gssxwfbh/xwfbh/hebei/Document/1563445/1563445. htm,2017-09-12.
[8]冯战洪,张封.关于对河北省地下水超采综合治理试点工作的几点思考[J].水利规划与设计,2017(3):17-19.
[9]王学,李秀彬,辛良杰,等.华北地下水超采区冬小麦退耕的生态补偿问题探讨[J].地理学报,2016,71(5):829-839.
[10]龙玉琴,王成,邓春,等.地下水漏斗区不同类型农户耕地休耕意愿及其影响因素-基于邢台市598户农户调查[J].资源科学,2017,39(10):1834-1843.
[11]谢花林,程玲娟.地下水漏斗区农户冬小麦休耕意愿的影响因素及其生态补偿标准研究-以河北衡水为例[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(12):2012-2022.
[12]陈展图,杨庆媛.中国耕地休耕制度基本框架构建[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(12):126-136.
[13]柳荻,胡振通,靳乐山.华北地下水超采区农户对休耕政策的满意度及其影响因素分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(1):22-27.
[14]郭彦青,宫爱玺,胡海军.地下水超采区农业供水价格及农民水费承受能力分析[J].地下水,2016,38(6):56-58.
[15]李颖,孔德帅,吴乐,等.农业水价改革情景中农户的节水意愿-基于河北省地下水超采区的实地调研[J].节水灌溉,2017(2):99-102.
[16]陆秋臻,刘静.提补水价对华北地下水超采区农户生计的影响研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2017(3):208-212.
[17]吴乐,孔德帅,李颖,等.地下水超采区农业生态补偿政策节水效果分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(3):38-44.
[18]张兴娟,薛绪掌,郭文忠,等.有限供水下冬小麦全程耗水特征定量研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(10):2567-2580.
[19]李文华,刘某承.关于中国生态补偿机制建设的几点思考[J].资源科学,2010,32(5):791-796.
[20]Hu Y,Moiwo J P,Yang Y,et al. Agricultural water-saving and sustainable groundwater management in Shijiazhuang Irrigation District,North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2010,393(3):219-232.
[21]张凯,曾昭海,赵杰,等.华北平原压采地下水对小麦生产的影响分析[J].中国农业科技导报,2016(5):111-117.
[22]王学,李秀彬,辛良杰.河北平原冬小麦播种面积收缩及由此节省的水资源量估算[J].地理学报,2013,68(5):694-707.
[23]Li J,Inanaga S,Li Z,et al. Optimizing irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2005,76(1):8-23.
(1)实际的补助标准在不同年份有差异:2014年的补助标准为148元/亩,其中现金补贴98元/亩、节水冬小麦品种物化补贴50元/亩,第二年持续现金补贴75元/亩; 2015年的补助标准为85元/亩,其中节水冬小麦品种物化补贴75元/亩、播后镇压补贴10元/亩,第二年无持续补贴; 2016、2017年的补助标准为节水冬小麦品种物化补贴75元/亩,第二年无持续补贴。