民国时期中学综合科学教科书的特点及其启示
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摘要
针对壬戌学制下初中混合自然科的要求,商务印书馆、中华书局等出版机构编写出版了几套中学综合科学教科书。这些教科书在形式上有一定程度的综合,但更多地像是分科教材的拼盘;强调实用性,注重结合现实生活和儿童生活经验;能够发挥插图、栏目等的辅助功能,有利于促进学生的科学学习;但在激发学生科学学习兴趣、培养科学精神和科学研究能力、为科学技术专门人才奠基方面有明显不足。由于学段衔接不足、教师水平有限等原因,综合科学教科书并没有得到广泛采用,这为当今综合科学教科书的编写与使用提供了诸多启示。
In response to the requirements of the mixed natural sciences of junior high school under the RenXu Educational System, publishing agencies such as the Commercial Press and Zhonghua Book Company compiled and published several sets of integrated science textbooks. These textbooks appeared integration to a certain extent in form, but they were more like the scribbles of textbooks for different subjects. They emphasized practicality and focused on the combination of real life and children's experience. They could play ancillary functions of illustrations and columns, which were beneficial to the promotion of students' science learning. But there were also obvious deficiencies in these books in stimulating students' interest in science, cultivating scientific spirits and research capabilities, and laying the foundation for scientific and technical professionals. Due to the lack of connection between different learning sections and the deficiency of teachers' teaching abilities and other reasons, these integrated science textbooks were not widely adopted. But they provided many inspirations about the compilation and use of integrated science textbooks nowadays.
In response to the requirements of the mixed natural sciences of junior high school under the RenXu Educational System, publishing agencies such as the Commercial Press and Zhonghua Book Company compiled and published several sets of integrated science textbooks. These textbooks appeared integration to a certain extent in form, but they were more like the scribbles of textbooks for different subjects. They emphasized practicality and focused on the combination of real life and children's experience. They could play ancillary functions of illustrations and columns, which were beneficial to the promotion of students' science learning. But there were also obvious deficiencies in these books in stimulating students' interest in science, cultivating scientific spirits and research capabilities, and laying the foundation for scientific and technical professionals. Due to the lack of connection between different learning sections and the deficiency of teachers' teaching abilities and other reasons, these integrated science textbooks were not widely adopted. But they provided many inspirations about the compilation and use of integrated science textbooks nowadays.
引文
[1]课程教材研究所.20世纪中国中小学课程标准·教学大纲汇编:课程教学计划卷[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.
[2]课程教材研究所.20世纪中国中小学课程标准·教学大纲汇编:生物卷[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.
[3]附刊:福建省中小学教科用书一览[J].教育周刊,1933(169):32-39.
[4]张文昌.中学教本研究(调查)[J].教育研究,1933(41):20-41.
[5]章锡琛.杜亚泉传略[A]//许纪霖,田建业.一溪集.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999:16.
[6]亚泉.自然科教材的选择[J].自然界,1930,5(4):353-356.
[7]亚泉.教材的选择[J].自然界,1930,5(5):456-462.
[8]杜亚泉.自然科学(第一册)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1923:编辑大意.
[9]付雷.中国近代中学生物学教材的本土化[J].生物学通报,2015,50(6):59-62.
[10]高铦,等.实用自然科学教科书(第一册)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1924:编辑大意.
[11]郭任远.初中自然科学(第一册)[M].上海:世界书局,1929:序.
[12]陈杰夫.初中混合自然科[M].上海:商务印书馆,1933:例言.
[13]孙丹儿,王祖浩.内容统整视角下我国综合科学教科书体系特征研究[J].河北师范大学学报(教育科学版),2012,14(2):78-82.
[2]课程教材研究所.20世纪中国中小学课程标准·教学大纲汇编:生物卷[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.
[3]附刊:福建省中小学教科用书一览[J].教育周刊,1933(169):32-39.
[4]张文昌.中学教本研究(调查)[J].教育研究,1933(41):20-41.
[5]章锡琛.杜亚泉传略[A]//许纪霖,田建业.一溪集.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999:16.
[6]亚泉.自然科教材的选择[J].自然界,1930,5(4):353-356.
[7]亚泉.教材的选择[J].自然界,1930,5(5):456-462.
[8]杜亚泉.自然科学(第一册)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1923:编辑大意.
[9]付雷.中国近代中学生物学教材的本土化[J].生物学通报,2015,50(6):59-62.
[10]高铦,等.实用自然科学教科书(第一册)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1924:编辑大意.
[11]郭任远.初中自然科学(第一册)[M].上海:世界书局,1929:序.
[12]陈杰夫.初中混合自然科[M].上海:商务印书馆,1933:例言.
[13]孙丹儿,王祖浩.内容统整视角下我国综合科学教科书体系特征研究[J].河北师范大学学报(教育科学版),2012,14(2):78-82.