二战后英国国家战略的确立及实现手段
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摘要
二战结束后,上台执政的英国工党政府延续了保守党在二战期间所制定的维持大英帝国完整、保持英国全球大国地位的国家战略。为实现此战略目标,工党政府先后尝试了构建介于美苏两国之间的"三个门罗主义"和"第三种力量",但因国力不济及其他原因未能实现。最终,由于在意识形态和政治制度方面与苏联存在巨大差异以及冷战的兴起,工党政府决定全面倒向美国,借美国力量抗衡苏联以实现本国国家战略。
After World War II,the British Labor Party who came to power continued its national strategy of keeping the integrity and maintaining the global superpower status of the Empire,which was developed by the Conservative Party during the war.In order to achieve this strategic goal,the government had tried to construct the "three Monore Doctrine" and "the third forces" between the two powers of the United States and the Soviet Union,but failed to accomplish it,due to lack of national strength and other reasons.In the end,because of the great differences with the Soviet Union in terms of ideology and political systems and the rise of the Cold War,the Labor government decided to turn to the United States and use its strength to counter the Soviet Union in order to achieve its national strategy.
After World War II,the British Labor Party who came to power continued its national strategy of keeping the integrity and maintaining the global superpower status of the Empire,which was developed by the Conservative Party during the war.In order to achieve this strategic goal,the government had tried to construct the "three Monore Doctrine" and "the third forces" between the two powers of the United States and the Soviet Union,but failed to accomplish it,due to lack of national strength and other reasons.In the end,because of the great differences with the Soviet Union in terms of ideology and political systems and the rise of the Cold War,the Labor government decided to turn to the United States and use its strength to counter the Soviet Union in order to achieve its national strategy.
引文
[1]RobertM.Hathaway.AmbiguousPartnership:BritainandAmerica,1944—1947[M].NewYork:Columbia University Press,1981.
[2]D.Reynolds.The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance,1937—1941:A Study in Competitive Cooperation[M].London:Europa Publications Ltd,1981:294.
[3]Laurence Martin,John Garnett.British Foreign Policy,Challenges and Choices for the Twenty First Century[M].London:Royal Institute for International Affairs,1997:1.
[4]John Kent.British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War,1944—1949[M].London:Leicester University Press,1993:77.
[5]Richard Clarke.Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace,1942—1949[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1982:172.
[6]MarkCurtis.TheGreatDeception:Anglo-AmericanPowerandWorldOrder[M].London:Pluto Press,1998.
[7]PeterJ.Taylor.Britain and the ColdWar:1945 as Geopolitical Transition[M].London:Pinter Publishers Limited,1990.
[8]A.Shlaim,P.Jones,K.Sainsbury.BritishForeignSecretariesSince1945[M].Newton Abbot:David and Charles,1977:36.
[9]M.R.Gordon.ConflictandConsensusinLabor′sForeignPolicy,1914—1965[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1969:138.
[10]AlanBullock.ErnestBevin:ForeignSecretary,1945—1951[M].London:Heiemann,1983.
[11]Bullen,R.M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,vol.I[M].London:HMSO,1984.
[12]JohnBaylis.Anglo-AmericanRelationssince1939:TheEnduringAlliance[M].Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997.
[13]Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,vol.Ⅲ[M].London:HMSO,1986:311.
[14]ElisabethBarker.TheBritishBetweenTheSuperpowers:1945—1950[M].Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1983.
[15]Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly,Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,vol.Ⅱ[M].London:HMSO,1985.
[16] Percy Cradock.KnowYour Enemy:How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World[M].London:John Murray Publishers Ltd,2002:26-27.
[17]Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series1,vol.Ⅳ[M].London:HMSO,1987.
(1)关于英国外交部对英国在二战后国力以及世界地位的评估参见:Bullen,R.M.E.Document on British PolicyOverseas,Series 1,Vol.I.London:His Majesty’s Stationery Office,1984:181-182,734,879,897;Bullen R.Pelly M E.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,Vol.Ⅱ.London,1985:67,319;Bullen R.Pelly M E.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,Vol.Ⅲ.London,1986:10,37,189。
(2)报告全文见:Anita Prazmowskia.British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print,PartⅣ,Series A,vol.1,Northern Affairs,January 1946-June 1946,University Publications of America,1999:97-113。
(3)该报告内容见:John Baylis.Anglo-American Relations since1939:The Enduring Alliance.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997:51-58。
(4)1947年伊朗和土耳其危机爆发后,美国政府内部关于如何支持英国抵抗苏联以及最后采取的具体行动可参见:Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series1,vol.Ⅳ.London:HMSO,1987:152-159。
[2]D.Reynolds.The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance,1937—1941:A Study in Competitive Cooperation[M].London:Europa Publications Ltd,1981:294.
[3]Laurence Martin,John Garnett.British Foreign Policy,Challenges and Choices for the Twenty First Century[M].London:Royal Institute for International Affairs,1997:1.
[4]John Kent.British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War,1944—1949[M].London:Leicester University Press,1993:77.
[5]Richard Clarke.Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace,1942—1949[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1982:172.
[6]MarkCurtis.TheGreatDeception:Anglo-AmericanPowerandWorldOrder[M].London:Pluto Press,1998.
[7]PeterJ.Taylor.Britain and the ColdWar:1945 as Geopolitical Transition[M].London:Pinter Publishers Limited,1990.
[8]A.Shlaim,P.Jones,K.Sainsbury.BritishForeignSecretariesSince1945[M].Newton Abbot:David and Charles,1977:36.
[9]M.R.Gordon.ConflictandConsensusinLabor′sForeignPolicy,1914—1965[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1969:138.
[10]AlanBullock.ErnestBevin:ForeignSecretary,1945—1951[M].London:Heiemann,1983.
[11]Bullen,R.M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,vol.I[M].London:HMSO,1984.
[12]JohnBaylis.Anglo-AmericanRelationssince1939:TheEnduringAlliance[M].Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997.
[13]Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,vol.Ⅲ[M].London:HMSO,1986:311.
[14]ElisabethBarker.TheBritishBetweenTheSuperpowers:1945—1950[M].Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1983.
[15]Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly,Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,vol.Ⅱ[M].London:HMSO,1985.
[16] Percy Cradock.KnowYour Enemy:How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World[M].London:John Murray Publishers Ltd,2002:26-27.
[17]Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series1,vol.Ⅳ[M].London:HMSO,1987.
(1)关于英国外交部对英国在二战后国力以及世界地位的评估参见:Bullen,R.M.E.Document on British PolicyOverseas,Series 1,Vol.I.London:His Majesty’s Stationery Office,1984:181-182,734,879,897;Bullen R.Pelly M E.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,Vol.Ⅱ.London,1985:67,319;Bullen R.Pelly M E.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series 1,Vol.Ⅲ.London,1986:10,37,189。
(2)报告全文见:Anita Prazmowskia.British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print,PartⅣ,Series A,vol.1,Northern Affairs,January 1946-June 1946,University Publications of America,1999:97-113。
(3)该报告内容见:John Baylis.Anglo-American Relations since1939:The Enduring Alliance.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997:51-58。
(4)1947年伊朗和土耳其危机爆发后,美国政府内部关于如何支持英国抵抗苏联以及最后采取的具体行动可参见:Bullen.R,M.E.Pelly.Document on British Policy Overseas,Series1,vol.Ⅳ.London:HMSO,1987:152-159。