割苗对夏玉米生长发育、产量及抗倒伏性能的影响
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摘要
倒伏严重影响夏玉米的高产稳产,本研究旨在探讨割苗对夏玉米生长发育、产量和抗倒伏性能的影响。本试验2016年分别选用郑单958和DH618于三叶期(V3)割苗、登海618于拔节期(V6)割苗,2017年选用浚单20和登海605分别在V3和5叶期(V5)割苗。结果表明:与对照相比,割苗处理夏玉米的生育进程推迟2～8天;穗粒数和千粒重显著降低;V3割苗比对照产量降低0.7%～6.8%,V5割苗比对照产量降低18.9%～32.4%,割苗越晚产量降低越严重。割苗后夏玉米抗倒伏性能显著提高,并且V5割苗处理提升最显著:与对照相比株高降低6.9%～10.6%,穗位高降低16.5%～19.6%;基部第三节间茎秆穿刺强度提高30.1%～34.2%,节间长降低56.2%～58.6%;茎秆小维管束数、皮层厚度和硬皮组织厚度显著提高,并且V5割苗对其影响大于V3割苗。结论:割苗显著改善夏玉米茎秆形态学特征和力学特征,进而提高夏玉米抗倒伏能力;但是由于割苗后夏玉米生育期内光合产物减少,导致夏玉米产量显著降低,并且割苗越晚产量降低越严重,因此不宜在夏玉米生产中应用。
Lodging seriously affected the high and stable yield of summer maize. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cutting seedlings on summer maize growth and development, yield and lodging resistance. In 2016, ZD958 and DH618 were used as materials to cut seedlings at the 3-leaf stage(V3) and 6-leaf stage(V6) respectively; and in 2017, XD20 and DH605 were used as materials to cut seedlings at V3 and 5-leaf stage(V5) respectively. Compared with the control, the growth process of summer maize was postponed for 2～8 days and the grain number per spike and the 1 000-grain weight were significantly lower under cutting seedling treatments. The yield of V3 treatment reduced by 0.7%～6.8%, and that of V5 treatment reduced by 18.9%～32.4% compared with the control. The later the seedling was cut, the more serious the yield reduced. After cutting seedlings, the lodging resistance of summer maize was significantly improved, and the V5 treatment had the most significant effect. Compared with the control, the plant height decreased by 6.9%～10.6%; the ear height decreased by 16.5%～19.6%; the stalk rind penetration strength increased by 30.1%～34.2%; the length of the third basal internode decreased by 56.2%～58.6%; the number of small vascular bundles, cortex thickness and rind thickness of the stem increased significantly, and the influence of V5 treatment on them was greater than that of V3 treatment. In conclusion, cutting seedlings could significantly improve the lodging resistance of maize plants by improving the morphological and mechanical characteristics of stem stalks. But cutting seedlings significantly reduced the yield of summer maize due to the reduction of photosynthetic production after cutting seedlings, and the later the seedlings were cut, the more serious the yield reduction was. So the treatment of cutting seedlings was not suitable in summer maize production.
Lodging seriously affected the high and stable yield of summer maize. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cutting seedlings on summer maize growth and development, yield and lodging resistance. In 2016, ZD958 and DH618 were used as materials to cut seedlings at the 3-leaf stage(V3) and 6-leaf stage(V6) respectively; and in 2017, XD20 and DH605 were used as materials to cut seedlings at V3 and 5-leaf stage(V5) respectively. Compared with the control, the growth process of summer maize was postponed for 2～8 days and the grain number per spike and the 1 000-grain weight were significantly lower under cutting seedling treatments. The yield of V3 treatment reduced by 0.7%～6.8%, and that of V5 treatment reduced by 18.9%～32.4% compared with the control. The later the seedling was cut, the more serious the yield reduced. After cutting seedlings, the lodging resistance of summer maize was significantly improved, and the V5 treatment had the most significant effect. Compared with the control, the plant height decreased by 6.9%～10.6%; the ear height decreased by 16.5%～19.6%; the stalk rind penetration strength increased by 30.1%～34.2%; the length of the third basal internode decreased by 56.2%～58.6%; the number of small vascular bundles, cortex thickness and rind thickness of the stem increased significantly, and the influence of V5 treatment on them was greater than that of V3 treatment. In conclusion, cutting seedlings could significantly improve the lodging resistance of maize plants by improving the morphological and mechanical characteristics of stem stalks. But cutting seedlings significantly reduced the yield of summer maize due to the reduction of photosynthetic production after cutting seedlings, and the later the seedlings were cut, the more serious the yield reduction was. So the treatment of cutting seedlings was not suitable in summer maize production.
引文
[1] 杨吉顺,高辉远,刘鹏,等.种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响[J].作物学报,2010,36(7):1226-1233.
[2] 勾玲,黄建军,张宾,等.群体密度对玉米茎秆抗倒力学和农艺性状的影响[J].作物学报,2007,33(10):1688-1695.
[3] 刘根齐,郭乐群,蒋其鳌,等.DC复合生长调节剂对玉米主要农艺性状的影响及抗倒伏作用研究[J].中国农学通报,2004,20(6):185-188.
[4] 孙世贤,顾慰连,戴俊英.密度对玉米倒伏及其产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1989,20(4):413-416.
[5] 郝梦波,王空军,董树亭,等.高产玉米叶片冗余及其对产量和光合特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):344-350.
[6] 王磊,杜雄,崔彦宏,等.冗余器官去除对高产夏玉米产量形成的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(4):132-138.
[7] 刘铁宁,徐彩龙,谷利敏,等.高密度种植条件下去叶对不同株型夏玉米群体及单叶光合性能的调控[J].作物学报,2014,40(1):143-153.
[8] 王永军,王空军,董树亭,等.留茬高度与刈割时期对墨西哥玉米再生性能的影响[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(8):1555-1561.
[9] Hicks D R,Crookston R K.Cutting seedlings boosts corn yield[J].Crops and Soils,1976,29(3):22-25.
[10] 张凤路,苏宝健,宗玉华,等.玉米割苗处理对产量和植株性状影响研究初报[J].农业科技通讯,2016(11):129-132.
[11] 张明智,牛文全,许健,等.微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(6):1925-1934.
[12] 曹彩云,党红凯,郑春莲,等.刈割对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J/OL].玉米科学,2018.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/22.1201.S.20180925.1203.012.html.
[13] 张春燕,苏宝健,宗玉华,等.黑龙江省春玉米割苗对产量影响研究初报[J].种子科技,2016,34(12):91-93.
[14] 汪黎明,李建生,姚国旗,等.玉米茎秆与根系抗倒的特性研究[J].玉米科学,2012,20(2):69-74,81.
[15] 贾志森,白永新.玉米自交系抗倒伏鉴定研究[J].作物品种资源,1992(3):30-32.
[16] Martin S A,Darrah L L,Hibbard B E.Divergent selection for rind penetrometer resistance and its effects on European corn borer damage and stalk traits in corn[J].Crop Science,2004,44(3):711-717.
[17] 勾玲,黄建军,孙锐,等.玉米不同耐密植品种茎秆穿刺强度的变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):156-162.
[18] 王群瑛,胡昌浩.玉米茎秆抗倒特性的解剖研究[J].作物学报,1991,17(1):70-75,83.
[19] Norberg O S,Mason S C,Lowry S R.Ethephon influence on harvestable yield,grain quality and lodging of corn[J].Agronomy Journal,1988,80(5):768-772.
[20] 何启平,董树亭,高荣岐.不同类型玉米品种果穗维管束的比较研究[J].作物学报,2007,33(7):1187-1196.
[2] 勾玲,黄建军,张宾,等.群体密度对玉米茎秆抗倒力学和农艺性状的影响[J].作物学报,2007,33(10):1688-1695.
[3] 刘根齐,郭乐群,蒋其鳌,等.DC复合生长调节剂对玉米主要农艺性状的影响及抗倒伏作用研究[J].中国农学通报,2004,20(6):185-188.
[4] 孙世贤,顾慰连,戴俊英.密度对玉米倒伏及其产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1989,20(4):413-416.
[5] 郝梦波,王空军,董树亭,等.高产玉米叶片冗余及其对产量和光合特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):344-350.
[6] 王磊,杜雄,崔彦宏,等.冗余器官去除对高产夏玉米产量形成的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(4):132-138.
[7] 刘铁宁,徐彩龙,谷利敏,等.高密度种植条件下去叶对不同株型夏玉米群体及单叶光合性能的调控[J].作物学报,2014,40(1):143-153.
[8] 王永军,王空军,董树亭,等.留茬高度与刈割时期对墨西哥玉米再生性能的影响[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(8):1555-1561.
[9] Hicks D R,Crookston R K.Cutting seedlings boosts corn yield[J].Crops and Soils,1976,29(3):22-25.
[10] 张凤路,苏宝健,宗玉华,等.玉米割苗处理对产量和植株性状影响研究初报[J].农业科技通讯,2016(11):129-132.
[11] 张明智,牛文全,许健,等.微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(6):1925-1934.
[12] 曹彩云,党红凯,郑春莲,等.刈割对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J/OL].玉米科学,2018.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/22.1201.S.20180925.1203.012.html.
[13] 张春燕,苏宝健,宗玉华,等.黑龙江省春玉米割苗对产量影响研究初报[J].种子科技,2016,34(12):91-93.
[14] 汪黎明,李建生,姚国旗,等.玉米茎秆与根系抗倒的特性研究[J].玉米科学,2012,20(2):69-74,81.
[15] 贾志森,白永新.玉米自交系抗倒伏鉴定研究[J].作物品种资源,1992(3):30-32.
[16] Martin S A,Darrah L L,Hibbard B E.Divergent selection for rind penetrometer resistance and its effects on European corn borer damage and stalk traits in corn[J].Crop Science,2004,44(3):711-717.
[17] 勾玲,黄建军,孙锐,等.玉米不同耐密植品种茎秆穿刺强度的变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):156-162.
[18] 王群瑛,胡昌浩.玉米茎秆抗倒特性的解剖研究[J].作物学报,1991,17(1):70-75,83.
[19] Norberg O S,Mason S C,Lowry S R.Ethephon influence on harvestable yield,grain quality and lodging of corn[J].Agronomy Journal,1988,80(5):768-772.
[20] 何启平,董树亭,高荣岐.不同类型玉米品种果穗维管束的比较研究[J].作物学报,2007,33(7):1187-1196.