长期施氮对饲草玉米产量、土壤养分和微生物数量的影响
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摘要
【目的】为探讨长期施氮对饲草玉米产量和土壤养分变化及土壤微生物数量变化的影响,对试验地第7年耕层土壤养分、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量进行了测定与分析。【方法】采用大田定位试验,设置氮水平为0、22.5、45、67.5、90 kg/hm~2,饲草玉米密度为6.0×104plant/hm~2,分析土壤养分、微生物数量和玉米产量的关系。【结果】随氮肥用量增加,饲草玉米产量先升高后降低,在施氮量为67.5 kg/hm~2时产量最高;土壤有机质、氮素含量呈显著增加,速效磷和速效钾含量先降低后升高;细菌、放线菌和真菌数量均呈现出先增加后减少的趋势;通过相关性分析得知,有机质、氮素含量及3大微生物数量与产量存在正相关关系,速效磷和速效钾含量与产量、氮素含量及微生物数量有负相关关系,土壤有机质含量对产量直接影响最大,碱解氮含量对产量间接影响较大。【结论】土壤有机质、氮素含量和微生物数量促进了饲草玉米产量的增加;其中,有机质含量对产量直接影响最大,碱解氮对产量间接影响较大,因此适当施氮保持土壤养分及改善土壤环境,有利于提高饲草玉米产量。在N3处理饲草玉米产量最高,通过方程模拟氮肥用量为70.7 kg/hm~2,可达到最高产量。
【Objective】To explore the effects of long-term nitrogen application on the yield of forage maize,soil nutrients and cultivable microoriganism populations,this study measured the soil nutrients and the populations of soil bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes in the seventh year of the long-term nitrogen application field experiment.【Method】Field experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between soil nutrients,microbial biomass and maize yield. Nitrogen levels were 0,22.5,45,67.5,90 kg/hm~2 and forage maize density was 6.0×104 plant/hm~2.【Result】The yield of forage maize had a trend of rising then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and reached the maximum when the nitrogen fertilizer amount was 67.5 kg N/hm~2,the soil organic matter and nitrogen increased significantly,while the available phosphorus and available potassium decreased and then increased,the populations of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes had a tendency of increase and then decrease. Correlation analysis indicated that the soil organic matter,nitrogen and cultivable positive correlation with the yield of forage maize,however,the content of available phosphorus and available potassium had negative correlation with the nitrogen as well as cultivable microoriganism populations,all of which,soil organic matter had the greatest direct impact on yield,but the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen had a great indirect effect on yield.【Conclusion】The soil organic matter,nitrogen content and cultivable microoriganism populations promoted the yield of forage maize increase,the most important was the soil organic matter that had the greatest direct impact on yield,and then the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen had a great indirect effect on yield,therefore,appropriate nitrogen application could maintain soil nutrient and improve soil environment,it was beneficial to increase the yield of forage maize. Under this experiment condition,the highest yield of forage maize occurred the N treatment,and the equation simulation showed that the peak production of the forage maize when nitrogen application rate was 70.7 kg/hm~2.
【Objective】To explore the effects of long-term nitrogen application on the yield of forage maize,soil nutrients and cultivable microoriganism populations,this study measured the soil nutrients and the populations of soil bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes in the seventh year of the long-term nitrogen application field experiment.【Method】Field experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between soil nutrients,microbial biomass and maize yield. Nitrogen levels were 0,22.5,45,67.5,90 kg/hm~2 and forage maize density was 6.0×104 plant/hm~2.【Result】The yield of forage maize had a trend of rising then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and reached the maximum when the nitrogen fertilizer amount was 67.5 kg N/hm~2,the soil organic matter and nitrogen increased significantly,while the available phosphorus and available potassium decreased and then increased,the populations of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes had a tendency of increase and then decrease. Correlation analysis indicated that the soil organic matter,nitrogen and cultivable positive correlation with the yield of forage maize,however,the content of available phosphorus and available potassium had negative correlation with the nitrogen as well as cultivable microoriganism populations,all of which,soil organic matter had the greatest direct impact on yield,but the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen had a great indirect effect on yield.【Conclusion】The soil organic matter,nitrogen content and cultivable microoriganism populations promoted the yield of forage maize increase,the most important was the soil organic matter that had the greatest direct impact on yield,and then the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen had a great indirect effect on yield,therefore,appropriate nitrogen application could maintain soil nutrient and improve soil environment,it was beneficial to increase the yield of forage maize. Under this experiment condition,the highest yield of forage maize occurred the N treatment,and the equation simulation showed that the peak production of the forage maize when nitrogen application rate was 70.7 kg/hm~2.
引文
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[18]赵萍萍,王宏庭,郭军玲,等.氮肥用量对夏玉米产量、收益、农学效率及氮肥利用率的影响[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(11):43-46.
[19]郭萍,文庭池,董玲玲,等.施肥对土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2011,32(3):362-366.
[20]WEI M,HU G,WANG H,et al.35 years of manure and chemical fertilizer application alters soil microbial community composition in a Fluvo-aquic soil in Northern China[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2017,82:27-34.
[21]符鲜,杨树青,刘德平,等.套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平对土壤养分与微生物数量的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(1):43-50.
[22]张学林,徐钧,安婷婷,等.不同氮肥水平下玉米根际土壤特性与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(14):2687-2699.
[23]杨旸,张树兰,杨学云,等.长期定位施肥对旱作塿土小麦产量、养分效率及养分平衡的影响[J].土壤通报,2017,48(5):311162-1168.
[24]付智丹,周丽,陈平,等.施氮量对玉米/大豆套作系统土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(10):1463-1474.
[25]时鹏,高强,王淑平,等.玉米连作及其施肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6173-6182.
[26]ZHU S,VIVANCO J M,MANTER D K.Nitrogen fertilizer rate affects root exudation,the rhizosphere microbiome and nitrogen-use-effi-ciency of maize[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,107:324-333.
[27]CHEN J,ARAFAT Y,WU L,et al.Shifts in soil microbial community,soil enzymes and crop yield under peanut/maize intercropping with reduced nitrogen levels[EB/OL].[2017-12-1].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.11.010.
[28]SEGAL L M,MILLER D N,MCGHEE R P,et al.Bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers respond differently to long-term tillage and fertilizer management at a continuous maize site[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2017,168:110-117.
[29]周晶,姜昕,马鸣超,等.长期施氮对土壤肥力及土壤微生物的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(6):8-13.
[30]刘苗,孙建,李立军,等.不同施肥措施对玉米根际土壤微生物数量及养分含量的影响[J].土壤通报,2011,42(4):816-821.
[2]欧俊辉,张海.长期定位施肥对小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(15):126-128.
[3]赵丹丹,王俊,付鑫.长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):97-102.
[4]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):339-347.
[5]孙克刚,张运红,杜君,等.尿素添加不同增效剂对夏玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(1):45-47.
[6]谢佳贵,韩晓日,王立春,等.不同施氮模式对春玉米产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用率的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,21(2):135-138.
[7]湛方栋,何永美,陈建军,等.施氮量对丘北辣椒土壤微生物数量的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2010,25(6):854-861.
[8]邬奇峰,陆扣萍,毛霞丽,等.长期不同施肥对农田土壤养分与微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(5):150-156.
[9]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[10]刘金山,戴健,刘洋,等.过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):112-120.
[11]林先贵.土壤微生物研究原理与方法[M].高等教育出版社,2010.
[12]崔佩佩,丁玉川,焦晓燕,等.氮肥对作物的影响研究进展[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(4):663-668.
[13]SRIVASTAVA R K,PANDA R K,CHAKRABORTY A,et al.Enhancing grain yield,biomass and nitrogen use efficiency of maize by varying sowing dates and nitrogen rate under rainfed and irrigated conditions[EB/OL][.2017-6-23].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.06.019.
[14]JAMA B,KIMANI D,HARAWA R,et al.Maize yield response,nitrogen use efficiency and financial returns to fertilizer on smallholder farms in southern Africa[J].Food Security,2017,9:1-17.
[15]侯云鹏,尹彩侠,孔丽丽,等.氮肥对吉林春玉米产量、农学效率和氮养分平衡的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(6):93-98.
[16]马星竹,郝小雨,高中超,等.氮肥用量对土壤养分含量、春玉米产量及农学效率的影响[J].玉米科学,2016(6):131-135.
[17]李强,马晓君,豆攀,等.不同生态条件下氮肥对玉米氮素吸收利用及产量的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(1):156-164.
[18]赵萍萍,王宏庭,郭军玲,等.氮肥用量对夏玉米产量、收益、农学效率及氮肥利用率的影响[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(11):43-46.
[19]郭萍,文庭池,董玲玲,等.施肥对土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2011,32(3):362-366.
[20]WEI M,HU G,WANG H,et al.35 years of manure and chemical fertilizer application alters soil microbial community composition in a Fluvo-aquic soil in Northern China[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2017,82:27-34.
[21]符鲜,杨树青,刘德平,等.套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平对土壤养分与微生物数量的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(1):43-50.
[22]张学林,徐钧,安婷婷,等.不同氮肥水平下玉米根际土壤特性与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(14):2687-2699.
[23]杨旸,张树兰,杨学云,等.长期定位施肥对旱作塿土小麦产量、养分效率及养分平衡的影响[J].土壤通报,2017,48(5):311162-1168.
[24]付智丹,周丽,陈平,等.施氮量对玉米/大豆套作系统土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(10):1463-1474.
[25]时鹏,高强,王淑平,等.玉米连作及其施肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6173-6182.
[26]ZHU S,VIVANCO J M,MANTER D K.Nitrogen fertilizer rate affects root exudation,the rhizosphere microbiome and nitrogen-use-effi-ciency of maize[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,107:324-333.
[27]CHEN J,ARAFAT Y,WU L,et al.Shifts in soil microbial community,soil enzymes and crop yield under peanut/maize intercropping with reduced nitrogen levels[EB/OL].[2017-12-1].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.11.010.
[28]SEGAL L M,MILLER D N,MCGHEE R P,et al.Bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers respond differently to long-term tillage and fertilizer management at a continuous maize site[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2017,168:110-117.
[29]周晶,姜昕,马鸣超,等.长期施氮对土壤肥力及土壤微生物的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(6):8-13.
[30]刘苗,孙建,李立军,等.不同施肥措施对玉米根际土壤微生物数量及养分含量的影响[J].土壤通报,2011,42(4):816-821.