全量秸秆粉碎条铺与种带分型清秸装置设计与试验
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摘要
为全面实现秸秆禁烧还田资源化利用,针对长江中下游稻麦轮作区秸秆量大、传统秸秆粉碎还田机后茬作物播种难、缠秸增阻、功耗高等问题,结合江苏地区稻茬地小麦播种农艺要求,利用动刀高速反转捡拾粉碎功能形成秸秆流充斥型腔,设计了一种全量秸秆粉碎条铺与种带分型清秸装置,可一次完成秸秆粉碎、行间覆秸、种带清秸以及配套后续种床整理、施肥播种、覆土镇压等复式作业工序。对秸秆捡拾粉碎装置、分流调控装置、传动系统等关键部件进行理论分析,确定相关结构和位置参数,以旋转刀轴转速n、导流板径向距离τ、整机行走速度v为性能试验影响因素,选取碎秸合格率ε_1和种带清秸率ε_2为评价指标,设计三因素三水平正交试验。结果表明:影响评价指标ε_1、ε_2显著性的主次因素分别为n、v、τ和τ、v、n,综合分析选择较优的因素水平组合为n=2 000 r/min、τ=20 mm、v=1. 0 m/s,此时ε_1=93. 42%、ε_2=92. 71%,能够发挥整机最佳工作性能;田间验证试验结果表明:较优的因素水平组合下ε_1均值为91. 25%、ε_2均值为90. 54%,符合相关行业技术标准和农艺要求。
Crop straw non-burning and returning has become one of the most important moves for comprehensive realization of straw resource utilization. Aimed at problems of large quantity of straw stalks,difficult sowing of later crops,wrapped straw and high-power consumption by using traditional straw crushing-returning machine for rice and wheat rotation region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, straw crushing and seed-belt classification machine under full straw mulching was developed in combination with the agronomic requirements of wheat seeding in rice-stubble field in Jiangsu Province. One trip to the field,it can complete the multiple operation processes of straw-stubble crushing,row-spacing stacking,seed-belt cleaning,and the follow-up seed bed treating,fertilizer sowing,soil covering and suppressing,etc. Key components such as straw pickup-chopping device,guide-adjusting device and transmission route system were designed and analyzed theoretically to determine the relevant structure and position parameters. Three-factor and three-level orthogonal performance test was carried out with setting rotation spindle speed n( A),guider radial distance τ( B)and machine ground speed v( C) as the influence factors,straw crushed rate ε_1 and stubble cleaned rate ε_2 as the evaluation indexes. It can be known from the orthogonal test that the importance order of the factors which affecting ε1 was A,C and B,and that affecting ε_2 was B,C and A,the comprehensive choice optimum combination of working parameters was A_2 B_2 C_2,that was n = 2 000 r/min,τ = 20 mm,v = 1. 0 m/s,and ε_1= 93. 42%,ε_2= 92. 71%,the machine reached the best working performance.Field validation tests under optimum parameter combination showed that the average ε_1 and ε_2 were91. 25% and 90. 54%,respectively,which satisfied the technical standards and agronomy requirements.The research results can provide technical and equipment support for the realization of straw non-burning and fertilization utilization,which had considerable production and application prospects.
Crop straw non-burning and returning has become one of the most important moves for comprehensive realization of straw resource utilization. Aimed at problems of large quantity of straw stalks,difficult sowing of later crops,wrapped straw and high-power consumption by using traditional straw crushing-returning machine for rice and wheat rotation region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, straw crushing and seed-belt classification machine under full straw mulching was developed in combination with the agronomic requirements of wheat seeding in rice-stubble field in Jiangsu Province. One trip to the field,it can complete the multiple operation processes of straw-stubble crushing,row-spacing stacking,seed-belt cleaning,and the follow-up seed bed treating,fertilizer sowing,soil covering and suppressing,etc. Key components such as straw pickup-chopping device,guide-adjusting device and transmission route system were designed and analyzed theoretically to determine the relevant structure and position parameters. Three-factor and three-level orthogonal performance test was carried out with setting rotation spindle speed n( A),guider radial distance τ( B)and machine ground speed v( C) as the influence factors,straw crushed rate ε_1 and stubble cleaned rate ε_2 as the evaluation indexes. It can be known from the orthogonal test that the importance order of the factors which affecting ε1 was A,C and B,and that affecting ε_2 was B,C and A,the comprehensive choice optimum combination of working parameters was A_2 B_2 C_2,that was n = 2 000 r/min,τ = 20 mm,v = 1. 0 m/s,and ε_1= 93. 42%,ε_2= 92. 71%,the machine reached the best working performance.Field validation tests under optimum parameter combination showed that the average ε_1 and ε_2 were91. 25% and 90. 54%,respectively,which satisfied the technical standards and agronomy requirements.The research results can provide technical and equipment support for the realization of straw non-burning and fertilization utilization,which had considerable production and application prospects.
引文
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[2]陈海涛,侯磊,侯守印,等.大垄玉米原茬地免耕播种机防堵装置设计与优化试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(8):59-67.CHEN Haitao,HOU Lei,HOU Shouyin,et al.Design and optimization experiment of anti-blocking mechanism of no-tillage planter for grand ridge with raw corn stubble[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(8):59-67.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20180807&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2018.08.007.(in Chinese)
[3]ZENG Z W,CHEN Y.Performance evaluation of fluted coulters and rippled discs for vertical tillage[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,108(6):93-99.
[4]王庆杰,刘正道,何进,等.砍切式玉米秸秆还田机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):10-17.WANG Qingjie,LIU Zhengdao,HE Jin,et al.Design and experiment of chopping-type maize straw returning machine[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(2):10-17.(in Chinese)
[5]李永磊,宋建农,康小军,等.双辊秸秆还田旋耕机试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(6):45-49.LI Yonglei,SONG Jiannong,KANG Xiaojun,et al.Experiment on twin-roller cultivator for straw returning[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(6):45-49.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130609&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.06.009.(in Chinese)
[6]KHOKAN K S,XU C L,WANG X Y,et al.Band tillage with fertilizer application for unpuddled transplanting rice in northeast of China[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2016,9(4):73-83.
[7]FLOWERA K C,WARD P R,CORDINGLEY N,et al.Rainfall,rotations and residue level affect no-tillage wheat yield and gross margin in a Mediterranean-type environment[J].Field Crops Research,2017,208(4):1-10.
[8]SIDAHMED M M,JABER N S.The design and testing of a cutter and feeder mechanism for the mechanical harvesting of lentils[J].Biosystems Engineering,2004,88(3):295-304.
[9]ALAN J F,JOHN A S.Crop and cattle production responses to tillage and cover crop management in an integrated croplivestock system in the southeastern USA[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2014,57(7):62-70.
[10]MATIN M A,DESBIOLLES M A,FIELKE J M.Strip-tillage using rotating straight blades:effect of cutting-edge geometry on furrow parameters[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,155(8):271-279.
[11]MATIN M A,FIELKE J M,DESBIOLLES J M A.Furrow parameters in rotary strip-tillage:effect of blade geometry and rotary speed[J].Biosystems Engineering,2014,118(1):7-15.
[12]MATIN M A,FIELKE J M,DESBIOLLES J M A.Torque and energy characteristics for strip-tillage cultivation when cutting furrows using three designs of rotary blade[J].Biosystems Engineering,2015,129(1):329-340.
[13]ELFATIH A,ARIF E M,ATEF A E.Evaluate the modified chopper for rice straw composting[J].Journal of Applied Sciences Research,2010,6(8):1125-1131.
[14]SIAHU H S,SINGH M,SINGH Y,et al.Development and evaluation of the Turbo Happy Seeder for sowing wheat into heavy rice residues in NW India[J].Field Crops Research,2015,184(7):201-212.
[15]张喜瑞,王自强,李粤,等.滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(3):26-34.ZHANG Xirui,WANG Ziqiang,LI Yue,et al.Design and experiment of sliding-cutting and anti-twining returning device for banana straw[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(3):26-34.(in Chinese)
[16]郑智旗.玉米秸秆捡拾粉碎沟埋还田机研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.ZHENG Zhiqi.Study on corn straw pickup-chopping and ditch-burying returning field machine[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[17]何进,李洪文,陈海涛,等.保护性耕作技术与机具研究进展[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(4):1-19.HE Jin,LI Hongwen,CHEN Haitao,et al.Research progress of conservation tillage technology and machine[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(4):1-19.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20180401&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2018.04.001.(in Chinese)
[18]JIA H L,WANG L C,LI C S,et al.Combined stalk-stubble breaking and mulching machine[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2010,107(2):42-48.
[19]JIA H L,JIANG X M,YUAN H F,et al.Stalk cutting mechanism of no-tillage planter for wide/narrow row farming mode[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2017,10(2):26-35.
[20]付乾坤,荐世春,贾洪雷,等.玉米灭茬起垄施肥播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(4):9-16.FU Qiankun,JIAN Shichun,JIA Honglei,et al.Design and experiment on maize stubble cleaning fertilization ridging seeder[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(4):9-16.(in Chinese)
[21]章志强,何进,李洪文,等.可调节式秸秆粉碎抛撒还田机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):76-87.ZHANG Zhiqiang,HE Jin,LI Hongwen,et al.Design and experiment on straw chopper cum spreader with adjustable spreading device[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):76-87.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20170910&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.09.010.(in Chinese)
[22]ZHANG X C,LI H W,DU R C,et al.Effects of key design parameters of tine furrow opener on soil seedbed properties[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2016,9(3):67-80.
[23]郑智旗,何进,李洪文,等.动定刀支撑滑切式秸秆粉碎装置设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(增刊):108-116.ZHENG Zhiqi,HE Jin,LI Hongwen,et al.Design and experiment of straw-chopping device with chopping and fixed knife supported slide cutting[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(Supp.):108-116.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=2016s017&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.S0.017.(in Chinese)
[24]田阳,林静,李宝筏,等.气力式1JH-2型秸秆深埋还田机设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(14):10-18.TIAN Yang,LIN Jing,LI Baofa,et al.Design and test of pneumatic 1JH-2 style straw deep burying and returning machine[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(14):10-18.(in Chinese)
[25]刘艳芬,林静,李宝筏.轻量化玉米垄作免耕播种机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(11):60-69.LIU Yanfen,LIN Jing,LI Baofa.Design and experiment on lightweight maize ridge planting no-tillage planter[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(11):60-69.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20171108&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.11.008.(in Chinese)
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