吐鲁番沙漠植物园部分食果脊椎动物口宽和刺山柑果实大小和形状的关系
|
摘要
口宽是动物能够获取食物大小的限制性因素之一。2016年7月至10月在吐鲁番沙漠植物园对当地食果动物进行观察记录并采集新鲜刺山柑(Capparis spinosa)果实,测量果实的重量和长/短径,并和食果脊椎动物的口宽进行了比较分析。结果刺山柑果实的大小对大耳猬(Hemiechinus auritus)、子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)和吐鲁番沙虎(Teratoscincus roborowskii)的口宽来说不存在限制(果实大小匹配度指数<0),吐鲁番沙虎的口宽和刺山柑果实大小最为接近。刺山柑果实长径增长速率显著大于短径增长速率,由于上述三种没有口宽限制的物种中,大耳猬和子午沙鼠有切割和咀嚼食物的能力,这一异速增长现象可能是吐鲁番沙虎的口宽对刺山柑果实的形状产生了选择压力的结果。研究结果支持刺山柑果实大小和形状与采用吞食方式的食果脊椎动物口宽大小匹配的假说。
Gape width is one of the limiting factors of the food size which animals consume. Local frugivores were measured and caper fruit was collected from July to October in 2016 at the Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden in the Turpan Depression of Western China. The weight, length, and width of the caper fruit were measured and compared to the gape width of the main frugivorous vertebrates. The gape width of Hemiechinus auritus, Meriones meridianus, and Teratoscincus roborowskii(Size-matching Index, SMI<0) proved to be no constraint in their consumption of the caper fruit. The gape width of T. roborowskii was the closest to the mean sized caper fruit. The larger caper fruits became increasingly elliptical, with width increasing more slowly than length. This allometric phenomenon, in light of the fact that both the H. auritus and M.meridianus had the ability to cut and chew the caper fruit and were thus not limited by their gape width, which might be the result of the selection pressure of the gape width of T. roborowskii. The results support the hypothesis that the size and shape of the caper fruit is a match with the gape width of those frugivorous vertebrates which swallow the fruit whole.
Gape width is one of the limiting factors of the food size which animals consume. Local frugivores were measured and caper fruit was collected from July to October in 2016 at the Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden in the Turpan Depression of Western China. The weight, length, and width of the caper fruit were measured and compared to the gape width of the main frugivorous vertebrates. The gape width of Hemiechinus auritus, Meriones meridianus, and Teratoscincus roborowskii(Size-matching Index, SMI<0) proved to be no constraint in their consumption of the caper fruit. The gape width of T. roborowskii was the closest to the mean sized caper fruit. The larger caper fruits became increasingly elliptical, with width increasing more slowly than length. This allometric phenomenon, in light of the fact that both the H. auritus and M.meridianus had the ability to cut and chew the caper fruit and were thus not limited by their gape width, which might be the result of the selection pressure of the gape width of T. roborowskii. The results support the hypothesis that the size and shape of the caper fruit is a match with the gape width of those frugivorous vertebrates which swallow the fruit whole.
引文
[1]JORDANO P.Angiosperm fleshy fruits and seed dispersers:a comparative analysis of adaptation and constraints in plant-animal interactions[J].American Naturalist,1995,145(2):163-191.
[2]FLEMING T H,KRESS W J.The ornaments of life:coevolution and conservation in the tropics[M].The University of Chicago Press,2013.
[3]JANSON C H.Adaptation of fruit morphology to dispersal agents in a neotropical forest[J].Science,1983,219(4581):187-189.
[4]DEBUSSCHE M,ISENMANN P.Fleshy fruit characters and the choices of bird and mammal seed dispersers in a Mediterranean region[J].Oikos,1989,56(3):327-338.
[5]HERRERA C M.Frugivory and seed dispersal by carnivorous mammals,and associated fruit characteristics,in undisturbed Mediterranean habitats[J].Oikos,1988,55(2):250-262.
[6]LOMáSCOLO S B,DIRZO R.Dispersers shape fruit diversity in Ficus(Moraceae)[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(33):14668-14672.
[7]HOWE H F.Making dispersal syndromes and networks useful in tropical conservation and restoration[J].Global Ecology&Conservation,2016,6:152-178.
[8]MOERMOND T C,DENSLOW J S.Neotropical Avian frugivores:patterns of morphology,and nutrition,with consequences for fruit selection[J].Ornithological Monographs,1985,36(36):865-897.
[9]HERRERA C M,Pellmyr O.Plant-animal interactions:an evolutionary approach[M].Blackwell Science,2002.
[10]CHEN S,MOLES A T.A mammoth mouthful?A test of the idea that larger animals ingest larger seeds[J].Global Ecology&Biogeography,2015,24(11):1269-1280.
[11]REY P J,GUTIéRREZ J E,ALCáNTARA J,et al.Fruit size in wild olives:implications for avian seed dispersal[J].Functional Ecology,1997,11(5):611-618.
[12]BURNS K C.What causes size coupling in fruit-frugivore interaction webs?[J].Ecology,2013,94(2):295-300.
[13]MACK A L.The sizes of vertebrate-dispersed fruits:ANeotropical-Paleotropical comparison[J].American Naturalist,1993,142(5):840-856.
[14]LORD J M,MARKEY A S,MARSHALL J.Have frugivores influenced the evolution of fruit traits in New Zealand?[M]//Seed dispersal and Frugivory:Ecology,Evolution and Conservation,2002:55-68.
[15]LEVEY D J.Seed size and fruit-handling techniques of Avian frugivores[J].American Naturalist,1987,129(4):471-485.
[16]HERRERA C M.Interspecific variation in fruit shape:allometry,phylogeny,and adaptation to dispersal agents[J].Ecology,1992,73(5):1832-1841.
[17]MAZER S J,WHEELWRIGHT N T.Fruit size and shape:Allometry at different taxonomic levels in bird-dispersed plants[J].Evolutionary Ecology,1993,7(6):556-575.
[18]LORD J M.Frugivore gape size and the evolution of fruit size and shape in southern hemisphere floras[J].Austral Ecology,2004,29(4):430-436.
[19]尹林克.中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(S):1-4.
[20]买尔旦·吐尔干.吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区鼠类群落结构调查[J].动物学杂志,2006,41(2):116-120.
[21]黄薇,夏霖,冯祚建,等.新疆兽类分布格局及动物地理区划探讨[J].兽类学报,2007,27(4):325-337.
[22]赵尔宓.中国动物志:爬行纲.第三卷,有鳞目蜥蜴亚目[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
[23]赵正阶.中国鸟志[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[24]WHEELWRIGHT N T.Fruit-Size,gape width,and the diets of fruit-eating birds[J].Ecology,1985,66(3):808-818.
[25]SOLS-MONTERO L,VALLEJO-MARíN M.Does the morphological fit between flowers and pollinators affect pollen deposition?An experimental test in a buzzpollinated species with anther dimorphism[J].Ecology&Evolution,2017,7(8):2706-2715.
[26]BURNS K C.Seed dispersal facilitation and geographic consistency in bird-fruit abundance patterns[J].Global Ecology&Biogeography,2002,11(3):253-259.
[27]HERRERA C M.A Study of avian frugivores,birddispersed plants,and their interaction in Mediterranean scrublands[J].Ecological Monographs,1984,54(1):2-23.
[28]HERRERA C M.Dispersal systems in the Mediterranean:ecological,evolutionary,and historical determinants[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1995,26(1):705-727.
[29]LEVEY D J.Methods of seed processing by birds and seed deposition patterns[M]//Frugivores and seed dispersal.Springer Netherlands,1986:147-158.
[30]GRAHAM C H,MOERMOND T C,KRISTENSEN K A,et al.Seed dispersal effectiveness by two bulbuls on Maesa lanceolata,an African montane forest tree[J].Biotropica,1995,27(4):479-486.
[31]张秀亮,许建伟,沈海龙,等.动物对花楸树种实的取食与传播[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2677-2683.
[32]潘扬,徐丹,鲁长虎,等.食果鸟类对红楠种子的传播作用[J].生态科学,2017,36(2):63-67.
[33]李娟,郭聪,肖治术.都江堰亚热带森林常见木本植物果实组成与种子扩散策略[J].生物多样性,2013,21(5):572-581.
[34]BURNS K C.A simple null model predicts fruit-frugivore interactions in a temperate rainforest[J].Oikos,2006,115(3):427-432.
[35]闫兴富,余杨春,周立彪,等.啮齿动物对六盘山区辽东栎、野李和华山松种子的取食和搬运[J].生物多样性,2012,20(4):427-436.
[36]张涛.刺山柑繁殖生态学研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2008.
[37]李宏俊,张知彬.动物与植物种子更新的关系Ⅱ.动物对种子的捕食、扩散、贮藏及与幼苗建成的关系[J].生物多样性,2001,9(1):25-37.
[38]WHEELWRIGHT N T,ORIANS G H.Seed dispersal by animals:contrasts with pollen dispersal,problems of terminology,and constraints on coevolution[J].American Naturalist,1982,119(3):402-413.
[39]BURROWS C J.Fruit types and seed dispersal modes of woody plants in Ahuriri Summit Bush,Port Hills,western Banks Peninsula,Canterbury,New Zealand[J].New Zealand Journal of Botany,1994,32(2):169-181.
[40]LUNA C A,LOAYZA A P,SQUEO F A.Fruit Size determines the role of three Scatter-Hoarding rodents as dispersers or seed predators of a fleshy-fruited Atacama desert shrub[J].Plos One,2016,11(11):e0166824.
[41]JANSEN P A,HIRSCH B T,EMSENS W J,et al.Thieving rodents as substitute dispersers of megafaunal seeds[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109(31):12610-12615.
[42]肖丽蓉,林英英,梁涛,等.过大耳猬消化道对刺山柑种子吸水及萌发的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(4):995-1001.
[43]林英英,肖丽蓉,马晓燕,等.吐鲁番沙虎消化道对刺山柑种子吸水和萌发的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(9):1764-1769.
[2]FLEMING T H,KRESS W J.The ornaments of life:coevolution and conservation in the tropics[M].The University of Chicago Press,2013.
[3]JANSON C H.Adaptation of fruit morphology to dispersal agents in a neotropical forest[J].Science,1983,219(4581):187-189.
[4]DEBUSSCHE M,ISENMANN P.Fleshy fruit characters and the choices of bird and mammal seed dispersers in a Mediterranean region[J].Oikos,1989,56(3):327-338.
[5]HERRERA C M.Frugivory and seed dispersal by carnivorous mammals,and associated fruit characteristics,in undisturbed Mediterranean habitats[J].Oikos,1988,55(2):250-262.
[6]LOMáSCOLO S B,DIRZO R.Dispersers shape fruit diversity in Ficus(Moraceae)[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(33):14668-14672.
[7]HOWE H F.Making dispersal syndromes and networks useful in tropical conservation and restoration[J].Global Ecology&Conservation,2016,6:152-178.
[8]MOERMOND T C,DENSLOW J S.Neotropical Avian frugivores:patterns of morphology,and nutrition,with consequences for fruit selection[J].Ornithological Monographs,1985,36(36):865-897.
[9]HERRERA C M,Pellmyr O.Plant-animal interactions:an evolutionary approach[M].Blackwell Science,2002.
[10]CHEN S,MOLES A T.A mammoth mouthful?A test of the idea that larger animals ingest larger seeds[J].Global Ecology&Biogeography,2015,24(11):1269-1280.
[11]REY P J,GUTIéRREZ J E,ALCáNTARA J,et al.Fruit size in wild olives:implications for avian seed dispersal[J].Functional Ecology,1997,11(5):611-618.
[12]BURNS K C.What causes size coupling in fruit-frugivore interaction webs?[J].Ecology,2013,94(2):295-300.
[13]MACK A L.The sizes of vertebrate-dispersed fruits:ANeotropical-Paleotropical comparison[J].American Naturalist,1993,142(5):840-856.
[14]LORD J M,MARKEY A S,MARSHALL J.Have frugivores influenced the evolution of fruit traits in New Zealand?[M]//Seed dispersal and Frugivory:Ecology,Evolution and Conservation,2002:55-68.
[15]LEVEY D J.Seed size and fruit-handling techniques of Avian frugivores[J].American Naturalist,1987,129(4):471-485.
[16]HERRERA C M.Interspecific variation in fruit shape:allometry,phylogeny,and adaptation to dispersal agents[J].Ecology,1992,73(5):1832-1841.
[17]MAZER S J,WHEELWRIGHT N T.Fruit size and shape:Allometry at different taxonomic levels in bird-dispersed plants[J].Evolutionary Ecology,1993,7(6):556-575.
[18]LORD J M.Frugivore gape size and the evolution of fruit size and shape in southern hemisphere floras[J].Austral Ecology,2004,29(4):430-436.
[19]尹林克.中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(S):1-4.
[20]买尔旦·吐尔干.吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区鼠类群落结构调查[J].动物学杂志,2006,41(2):116-120.
[21]黄薇,夏霖,冯祚建,等.新疆兽类分布格局及动物地理区划探讨[J].兽类学报,2007,27(4):325-337.
[22]赵尔宓.中国动物志:爬行纲.第三卷,有鳞目蜥蜴亚目[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
[23]赵正阶.中国鸟志[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[24]WHEELWRIGHT N T.Fruit-Size,gape width,and the diets of fruit-eating birds[J].Ecology,1985,66(3):808-818.
[25]SOLS-MONTERO L,VALLEJO-MARíN M.Does the morphological fit between flowers and pollinators affect pollen deposition?An experimental test in a buzzpollinated species with anther dimorphism[J].Ecology&Evolution,2017,7(8):2706-2715.
[26]BURNS K C.Seed dispersal facilitation and geographic consistency in bird-fruit abundance patterns[J].Global Ecology&Biogeography,2002,11(3):253-259.
[27]HERRERA C M.A Study of avian frugivores,birddispersed plants,and their interaction in Mediterranean scrublands[J].Ecological Monographs,1984,54(1):2-23.
[28]HERRERA C M.Dispersal systems in the Mediterranean:ecological,evolutionary,and historical determinants[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1995,26(1):705-727.
[29]LEVEY D J.Methods of seed processing by birds and seed deposition patterns[M]//Frugivores and seed dispersal.Springer Netherlands,1986:147-158.
[30]GRAHAM C H,MOERMOND T C,KRISTENSEN K A,et al.Seed dispersal effectiveness by two bulbuls on Maesa lanceolata,an African montane forest tree[J].Biotropica,1995,27(4):479-486.
[31]张秀亮,许建伟,沈海龙,等.动物对花楸树种实的取食与传播[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2677-2683.
[32]潘扬,徐丹,鲁长虎,等.食果鸟类对红楠种子的传播作用[J].生态科学,2017,36(2):63-67.
[33]李娟,郭聪,肖治术.都江堰亚热带森林常见木本植物果实组成与种子扩散策略[J].生物多样性,2013,21(5):572-581.
[34]BURNS K C.A simple null model predicts fruit-frugivore interactions in a temperate rainforest[J].Oikos,2006,115(3):427-432.
[35]闫兴富,余杨春,周立彪,等.啮齿动物对六盘山区辽东栎、野李和华山松种子的取食和搬运[J].生物多样性,2012,20(4):427-436.
[36]张涛.刺山柑繁殖生态学研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2008.
[37]李宏俊,张知彬.动物与植物种子更新的关系Ⅱ.动物对种子的捕食、扩散、贮藏及与幼苗建成的关系[J].生物多样性,2001,9(1):25-37.
[38]WHEELWRIGHT N T,ORIANS G H.Seed dispersal by animals:contrasts with pollen dispersal,problems of terminology,and constraints on coevolution[J].American Naturalist,1982,119(3):402-413.
[39]BURROWS C J.Fruit types and seed dispersal modes of woody plants in Ahuriri Summit Bush,Port Hills,western Banks Peninsula,Canterbury,New Zealand[J].New Zealand Journal of Botany,1994,32(2):169-181.
[40]LUNA C A,LOAYZA A P,SQUEO F A.Fruit Size determines the role of three Scatter-Hoarding rodents as dispersers or seed predators of a fleshy-fruited Atacama desert shrub[J].Plos One,2016,11(11):e0166824.
[41]JANSEN P A,HIRSCH B T,EMSENS W J,et al.Thieving rodents as substitute dispersers of megafaunal seeds[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109(31):12610-12615.
[42]肖丽蓉,林英英,梁涛,等.过大耳猬消化道对刺山柑种子吸水及萌发的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(4):995-1001.
[43]林英英,肖丽蓉,马晓燕,等.吐鲁番沙虎消化道对刺山柑种子吸水和萌发的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(9):1764-1769.