人类生殖细胞基因编辑的伦理问题及其消解
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摘要
人类生殖细胞的基因编辑导致人生命自然属性的减弱和"技术—社会"属性的增强,关于其伦理正当性问题的相关论争正在持续发酵。进行人类生殖细胞基因编辑的伦理风险主要包括:生命个体遭遇安全风险,将给整个人类群体的基因安全性造成不可估量的风险;基因编辑对人类生命的筛选、编辑、修改,使生命的进化过程俨然变成一个技术选择过程,这种人工改造对人类的生命尊严形成新的挑战;技术与资本的结合,使基因编辑扮演了将生命价值商业化的不光彩角色。人类生殖细胞基因编辑增强技术的广泛使用,带来的将是基因层面的社会阶层化,并形成新的优生学和另外一种形式的价值偏差。通过更迭伦理观念,重新抉择价值顺序,将相关伦理规范法制化,并强化科研共同体道德责任培育,可对因人类生殖细胞的基因编辑产生的伦理风险进行消解。
Gene editing of germ-cells leads to weakening of natural attributes of human life and enhancement of "technology-society" attributes. The debate about ethical legitimacy of germ-cells is continuing. The ethical risk mainly includes the following aspects. First, individuals may undergo safety risks, as gene editing of germ-cells may pose an inestimable risk to the genetic safety of the entire human population. Second, the selection, editing and modification of life by gene editing turns the evolution of life into a "technological selection process". This "artificial transformation" poses a new challenge to the dignity of human life. Third, the convergence of technology and capital makes germ-cell gene editing play a disgraceful role in promoting the commercialization of life. The extensive use of gene editing in germ-cells will bring about a "social class" at the genetic level, resulting in a new "eugenics" and another form of "value deviation". The issues mentioned above can be resolved by changing the ethical concepts, re-choosing the value order, legalizing the relevant ethical norms and strengthening the cultivation of moral responsibility of the scientific research community.
Gene editing of germ-cells leads to weakening of natural attributes of human life and enhancement of "technology-society" attributes. The debate about ethical legitimacy of germ-cells is continuing. The ethical risk mainly includes the following aspects. First, individuals may undergo safety risks, as gene editing of germ-cells may pose an inestimable risk to the genetic safety of the entire human population. Second, the selection, editing and modification of life by gene editing turns the evolution of life into a "technological selection process". This "artificial transformation" poses a new challenge to the dignity of human life. Third, the convergence of technology and capital makes germ-cell gene editing play a disgraceful role in promoting the commercialization of life. The extensive use of gene editing in germ-cells will bring about a "social class" at the genetic level, resulting in a new "eugenics" and another form of "value deviation". The issues mentioned above can be resolved by changing the ethical concepts, re-choosing the value order, legalizing the relevant ethical norms and strengthening the cultivation of moral responsibility of the scientific research community.
引文
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[4]A.Regalado.Engineering the Perfect Baby.2015-04-05.[2018-10-19]https://www.technologyreview.com/s/535661/engine ering-the-perfect-baby/.
[5]中国科学院.人类基因编辑研究报告全球发布提出科学、伦理与监管基本原则.2017-02-15.[2018-09-17]http://ww w.cas.cn/sygz/201702/t20170215_4590587.shtml.
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[7]C.Brokowski,M.Adli.CRISPR Ethics:Moral Consideration and Applications of a Powerful Tool.Journal of Molecular Biology,2019,1(431).
[8]B.S.Coller.Ethics of Human Genome Editing.Annual Review of Medicine,2019,1(70).
[9]邱仁宗.基因编辑技术的研究和应用:伦理学的视角.医学与哲学,2016,37(7).
[10]陶应时,王国豫,毛新志.人类胚胎基因编辑技术的潜在风险述介.自然辩证法研究,2018,34(6).
[11]易显飞.当代新兴人类增强技术的伦理风险及其治理.中国科技论坛,2019,(1).
[12]周吉银,王明旭.“基因编辑婴儿”事件后的伦理重塑.中国医学伦理学,2019,(1).
[13]朱晨静,陆树程.关于基因技术发展的伦理审视.中国卫生事业管理杂志,2008,236(2).
[14]张小罗.基因权利法律保障研究.北京:知识产权出版社,2013.
[15]E.C.Hayden.Should You Edit Your Children’s Genes?2016-02-23.[2018-10-11]https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/art icle/should-you-edit-your-childrens-genes.
[16]邓然.世界首家“胚胎银行”引发争议订购后代道德吗?2007-01-11.[2018-09-16]http://news.bioon.com/article/6061583.html.
[17]胡庆灃,陈仁彪,张春美.基因伦理学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2009.
[18]王立铭.上帝的手术刀:基因编辑史.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2018.
[19]李庆臻,苏富忠,安维复.现代科技伦理学.济南:山东人民出版社,2003.
[20]魏屹东.科学活动中的利益冲突及其控制.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[21]R.T.诺兰.伦理学与现实生活.姚新中等译.北京:华夏出版社,1988.
[22]约瑟夫.弗莱彻.境遇伦理学.程立显译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989.
[23]Nuffield Council on Bioethics.Genome Editing and Human Reproduction:Social and Ethical Issues.UK:Nuffield Council on Bioethics,2018.