Two-thousand years of debates and practices of Yellow River training strategies
|
摘要
Throughout the history of China, the Yellow River has been associated with flood disasters and changes in the course of its lower reaches because of sedimentation. From 602 B.C. to 1949 the river experienced 1593 levee bursts, flooding vast areas, and claiming millions of human lives. The river shifted its main course by avulsion 26 times with the apex around Zhengzhou, resulting in devastating calamities and numerous old channels. Training of the Yellow River has a history of more than 3000 yr. Levee construction has been the major strategy for flood control. Two extremely different strategies has been proposed and practiced in the past 2000 yr, i.e. the "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy and the "narrow river and scouring sediment" strategy. This paper analyzes the levee breaches and flood disasters in the past 2000 yr and compares the results of the two extremely different strategies. The "narrow river and scouring sediment" strategy has only short term effects on levee breach control and flood mitigation. The "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy can essentially mitigate flood disasters and reduce levee breaches for a long term period of time. The "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy has been used and no levee breach has occurred in the past 67 yr, which has been the only periods of more than 50 yr with no levee breaches in the history of the Yellow River since 700 A.D.Modern flood and sedimentation management methods have also been introduced, and the strategy of applying the ' "widen the river and enhance the levees" approach for the upper and lower reaches management is proposed.
Throughout the history of China, the Yellow River has been associated with flood disasters and changes in the course of its lower reaches because of sedimentation. From 602 B.C. to 1949 the river experienced 1593 levee bursts, flooding vast areas, and claiming millions of human lives. The river shifted its main course by avulsion 26 times with the apex around Zhengzhou, resulting in devastating calamities and numerous old channels. Training of the Yellow River has a history of more than 3000 yr. Levee construction has been the major strategy for flood control. Two extremely different strategies has been proposed and practiced in the past 2000 yr, i.e. the "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy and the "narrow river and scouring sediment" strategy. This paper analyzes the levee breaches and flood disasters in the past 2000 yr and compares the results of the two extremely different strategies. The "narrow river and scouring sediment" strategy has only short term effects on levee breach control and flood mitigation. The "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy can essentially mitigate flood disasters and reduce levee breaches for a long term period of time. The "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy has been used and no levee breach has occurred in the past 67 yr, which has been the only periods of more than 50 yr with no levee breaches in the history of the Yellow River since 700 A.D.Modern flood and sedimentation management methods have also been introduced, and the strategy of applying the ' "widen the river and enhance the levees" approach for the upper and lower reaches management is proposed.
Throughout the history of China, the Yellow River has been associated with flood disasters and changes in the course of its lower reaches because of sedimentation. From 602 B.C. to 1949 the river experienced 1593 levee bursts, flooding vast areas, and claiming millions of human lives. The river shifted its main course by avulsion 26 times with the apex around Zhengzhou, resulting in devastating calamities and numerous old channels. Training of the Yellow River has a history of more than 3000 yr. Levee construction has been the major strategy for flood control. Two extremely different strategies has been proposed and practiced in the past 2000 yr, i.e. the "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy and the "narrow river and scouring sediment" strategy. This paper analyzes the levee breaches and flood disasters in the past 2000 yr and compares the results of the two extremely different strategies. The "narrow river and scouring sediment" strategy has only short term effects on levee breach control and flood mitigation. The "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy can essentially mitigate flood disasters and reduce levee breaches for a long term period of time. The "wide river and depositing sediment" strategy has been used and no levee breach has occurred in the past 67 yr, which has been the only periods of more than 50 yr with no levee breaches in the history of the Yellow River since 700 A.D.Modern flood and sedimentation management methods have also been introduced, and the strategy of applying the ' "widen the river and enhance the levees" approach for the upper and lower reaches management is proposed.
引文
Chen, J. G., Zhou, W. H.,&Sun, G. H.(2016). Studies on operation scheme and watersediment regulation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Journal of Sediment Research, 4,1-8(In Chinese).
Chen, K. W.(1992). Discussion on the relation between the production status of the Loess Plateau and the flood disasters of the Yellow River from the Pre-Qin Period to the Western Han Dynasty In:D. K. Zuo(Ed.). Collections of study on environmental evolution and runoff and sediment changes in the Yellow River basin, 3(pp. 16-22). Beijing:Geological Publishing House(In Chinese).
Chen, X. G.(1999). Flood control situation and strategies of the lower Yellow River.Zhengzhou, China:The Yellow River Water Conservation Commission(In Chinese).
Chen, Y. Z.(2013). Investigating the flood history of the Yellow River:From analyzing historical records to computer modeling(Ph.D. dissertation). Nanjing, China:Nanjing University(In Chinese).
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research(China IWHR)&Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering(WUHEE)(1985). History of Chinese water resources 1985. Beijing:Water Resources and HydroPower Press.(In Chinese).
Engels, H.(1932). Grossmodellversuche ueber das Verhalten eines geschiebefuehrenden gewundenen Wasserlaufes unter der Einwirking wechseln der Wasserstaende und verschiedenartiger Eindeichungen. Wasserkraft und Wasserwirschft, 27(3-4), 25-31(41-43).
Fang, Z. D.(1982). Views on Wang Jing's Yellow River management in Eastern Han Dynasty. Yellow River, 2, 64-69(In Chinese).
Freeman, J. R.(1922). Flood problems in China. Transactions ASCE, 85, 1405-1460.
He, Y. C., Cui, M., Liu, S. Y.,&Wan, Z. W.(2013). Study on strategy of river training in the lower Yellow River. Yellow River, 35(10), 51-53(In Chinese).
Li, J. S.(1992). Chinese flood control series-general introduction. Beijing:Chinese Water Conservation and Hydropower Press(In Chinese).
Li, K. K.,&Li, P. H.(2003). A discussion on the theories and practices of sediment movement in the Yellow River in ancient China. People's Yellow River, 24(4),22(In Chinese).
Li, Y. Z.(1934). Opinions on the Yellow River management. Journal of Shanxi Hydraulics, 3(In Chinese).
Liu, C.,Sui, J. Y., He, Y.,&Hirshfield, F.(2013). Changes in runoff and sediment load from major Chinese rivers to the Pacific Ocean over the period 1955-2010.International Journal of Sediment Research, 28(4), 486-495.
Liu, C., Sui, J. Y.,&Wang, Z. Y.(2008a). Changes in runoff and sediment yield along the Yellow River during the period from 1950 to 2006. Journal of Environmental Informatics, 12(2), 129-139.
Liu, C., Sui, J. Y.,&Wang, Z. Y.(2008b). Sediment load reduction in Chinese rivers.International Journal of Sediment Research, 23(1), 44-55.
Liu, C., Walling, D. E.,&He, Y.(2018). Review:The International Sediment Initiative case studies of sediment problems in river basins and their management.International Journal of Sediment Research, 33(2), 216-219.
Liu. E.(2004). The sequel of the discussion on the Yellow River training in Shandong In:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research(Ed.),Sequel handbook of river training. Wuhan:Hubei People's Publishing House(In Chinese).
Liu, G. W.(2011). On the geo-basis of river regulation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Science China Earth Sciences,41(30),1511-1523(In Chinese).
Ma, R., Han, K. Y., Zhong, D. Y., Zhang, H. W., Wang, B. J.,&Jia, B. Z.(2017). Study on the riverbed erosion and deposition for different training schemes in the Lower Yellow River. Yellow River, 39(12), 37-46(In Chinese).
Qi, P., Sun, Z. Y.,&Qi, H. H.(2011). Research on two-bank training strategy for wandering channels of Lower Yellow River. Journal of Sediment Research, 3,1-9(In Chinese).
Qian, N.&Dai, D.Z.(1980). The problems of river sedimentation and present status of its research in China. In:Proceedings of the international symposium on river sedimentation, pp. 3-39, Beijing:Guanghua Press.
Qian, Y. P.,&Li, X. Y.(2014). Calculation of surface evaporation of large and medium reservoirs on the Yellow River. Zhengzhou, China:Research Report of the Yellow River Hydrology and Water Resources Research Institute(In Chinese).
Ren, B. P.(1962). Causes of the Yellow River enjoying a long-term safety after the Eastern Han Dynasty-discussion with Mr. Tan. Academic Monthly, 9, 51-56(In Chinese).
Tan, Q. X.(1962). Why did the Yellow River enjoy a long-term safety after the Eastern Han Dynasty? Academic Monthly, 2, 23-35(In Chinese).
Wang. H. Y.(1989). My experiences of managing the rivers. Zhengzhou. China:Henan Science and Technology Press(In Chinese).
Wang, Y. Q,.&Xu, F. L(1979). Discussion on Wang Jing's Yellow River Management.Yellow River, 2, 73-77(In Chinese).
Wang, Z. Y.,&Liang, Z. Y.(2000). Dynamic characteristics of the Yellow River Mouth. Earth Surface Process and Landforms, 25, 765-782.
Wu. B. S., Wang, G. Q., Xia, J. Q., Fu, X. D.,&Zhang, Y. F.(2008). Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the lower Yellow River. Geomorphology, 100, 366-376.
Xu, J. X.(2001). Historical bank-breachings of the lower Yellow River as influenced by drainage basin factors. Catena, 45,1-17.
Ye, Q, C., Lu, Z. C.,&Yang, Y. F.(1990). Geomorphology of the Lower Yellow River.Beijing:Science Press(In Chinese).
Ye, Q, C., Wu, X. D.,&Yang, Q, Y.(1994). Researches on environmental changes of the Yellow River basin and laws of water and sediment transportation. Jinan, China:Shandong Science and Technology Press(In Chinese).
Yen, B. C.(1999). From Yellow River models to modeling of rivers. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2, 85-91.
Zhang, R.,&Xie, S. A.(1985). The depositional profile of the abandoned channel and the main cause of continuous aggradation of the Lower Yellow River. Sediment Research, 3, 1-10(In Chinese).
Zou, Y. L.(1962). Comments on"Causes of the Yellow River enjoying a long-term safety after the Eastern Han Dynasty"by Ren B.P. Academic Monthly, 11, 49-51(In Chinese).
Chen, K. W.(1992). Discussion on the relation between the production status of the Loess Plateau and the flood disasters of the Yellow River from the Pre-Qin Period to the Western Han Dynasty In:D. K. Zuo(Ed.). Collections of study on environmental evolution and runoff and sediment changes in the Yellow River basin, 3(pp. 16-22). Beijing:Geological Publishing House(In Chinese).
Chen, X. G.(1999). Flood control situation and strategies of the lower Yellow River.Zhengzhou, China:The Yellow River Water Conservation Commission(In Chinese).
Chen, Y. Z.(2013). Investigating the flood history of the Yellow River:From analyzing historical records to computer modeling(Ph.D. dissertation). Nanjing, China:Nanjing University(In Chinese).
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research(China IWHR)&Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering(WUHEE)(1985). History of Chinese water resources 1985. Beijing:Water Resources and HydroPower Press.(In Chinese).
Engels, H.(1932). Grossmodellversuche ueber das Verhalten eines geschiebefuehrenden gewundenen Wasserlaufes unter der Einwirking wechseln der Wasserstaende und verschiedenartiger Eindeichungen. Wasserkraft und Wasserwirschft, 27(3-4), 25-31(41-43).
Fang, Z. D.(1982). Views on Wang Jing's Yellow River management in Eastern Han Dynasty. Yellow River, 2, 64-69(In Chinese).
Freeman, J. R.(1922). Flood problems in China. Transactions ASCE, 85, 1405-1460.
He, Y. C., Cui, M., Liu, S. Y.,&Wan, Z. W.(2013). Study on strategy of river training in the lower Yellow River. Yellow River, 35(10), 51-53(In Chinese).
Li, J. S.(1992). Chinese flood control series-general introduction. Beijing:Chinese Water Conservation and Hydropower Press(In Chinese).
Li, K. K.,&Li, P. H.(2003). A discussion on the theories and practices of sediment movement in the Yellow River in ancient China. People's Yellow River, 24(4),22(In Chinese).
Li, Y. Z.(1934). Opinions on the Yellow River management. Journal of Shanxi Hydraulics, 3(In Chinese).
Liu, C.,Sui, J. Y., He, Y.,&Hirshfield, F.(2013). Changes in runoff and sediment load from major Chinese rivers to the Pacific Ocean over the period 1955-2010.International Journal of Sediment Research, 28(4), 486-495.
Liu, C., Sui, J. Y.,&Wang, Z. Y.(2008a). Changes in runoff and sediment yield along the Yellow River during the period from 1950 to 2006. Journal of Environmental Informatics, 12(2), 129-139.
Liu, C., Sui, J. Y.,&Wang, Z. Y.(2008b). Sediment load reduction in Chinese rivers.International Journal of Sediment Research, 23(1), 44-55.
Liu, C., Walling, D. E.,&He, Y.(2018). Review:The International Sediment Initiative case studies of sediment problems in river basins and their management.International Journal of Sediment Research, 33(2), 216-219.
Liu. E.(2004). The sequel of the discussion on the Yellow River training in Shandong In:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research(Ed.),Sequel handbook of river training. Wuhan:Hubei People's Publishing House(In Chinese).
Liu, G. W.(2011). On the geo-basis of river regulation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Science China Earth Sciences,41(30),1511-1523(In Chinese).
Ma, R., Han, K. Y., Zhong, D. Y., Zhang, H. W., Wang, B. J.,&Jia, B. Z.(2017). Study on the riverbed erosion and deposition for different training schemes in the Lower Yellow River. Yellow River, 39(12), 37-46(In Chinese).
Qi, P., Sun, Z. Y.,&Qi, H. H.(2011). Research on two-bank training strategy for wandering channels of Lower Yellow River. Journal of Sediment Research, 3,1-9(In Chinese).
Qian, N.&Dai, D.Z.(1980). The problems of river sedimentation and present status of its research in China. In:Proceedings of the international symposium on river sedimentation, pp. 3-39, Beijing:Guanghua Press.
Qian, Y. P.,&Li, X. Y.(2014). Calculation of surface evaporation of large and medium reservoirs on the Yellow River. Zhengzhou, China:Research Report of the Yellow River Hydrology and Water Resources Research Institute(In Chinese).
Ren, B. P.(1962). Causes of the Yellow River enjoying a long-term safety after the Eastern Han Dynasty-discussion with Mr. Tan. Academic Monthly, 9, 51-56(In Chinese).
Tan, Q. X.(1962). Why did the Yellow River enjoy a long-term safety after the Eastern Han Dynasty? Academic Monthly, 2, 23-35(In Chinese).
Wang. H. Y.(1989). My experiences of managing the rivers. Zhengzhou. China:Henan Science and Technology Press(In Chinese).
Wang, Y. Q,.&Xu, F. L(1979). Discussion on Wang Jing's Yellow River Management.Yellow River, 2, 73-77(In Chinese).
Wang, Z. Y.,&Liang, Z. Y.(2000). Dynamic characteristics of the Yellow River Mouth. Earth Surface Process and Landforms, 25, 765-782.
Wu. B. S., Wang, G. Q., Xia, J. Q., Fu, X. D.,&Zhang, Y. F.(2008). Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the lower Yellow River. Geomorphology, 100, 366-376.
Xu, J. X.(2001). Historical bank-breachings of the lower Yellow River as influenced by drainage basin factors. Catena, 45,1-17.
Ye, Q, C., Lu, Z. C.,&Yang, Y. F.(1990). Geomorphology of the Lower Yellow River.Beijing:Science Press(In Chinese).
Ye, Q, C., Wu, X. D.,&Yang, Q, Y.(1994). Researches on environmental changes of the Yellow River basin and laws of water and sediment transportation. Jinan, China:Shandong Science and Technology Press(In Chinese).
Yen, B. C.(1999). From Yellow River models to modeling of rivers. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2, 85-91.
Zhang, R.,&Xie, S. A.(1985). The depositional profile of the abandoned channel and the main cause of continuous aggradation of the Lower Yellow River. Sediment Research, 3, 1-10(In Chinese).
Zou, Y. L.(1962). Comments on"Causes of the Yellow River enjoying a long-term safety after the Eastern Han Dynasty"by Ren B.P. Academic Monthly, 11, 49-51(In Chinese).