不同含氯肥料用量对黄土区苹果产量、品质及氯素分布的影响
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摘要
【目的】探究含氯肥料对苹果产量、品质及土壤、树体Cl~-含量分布的影响,为苹果园合理利用含氯肥料资源提供参考依据。【方法】以黄土高原地区旱地和水浇地两种水分条件不同的8年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,在田间设5个含氯肥料用量处理:CK(0kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-)、T1(113kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-)、T2(226kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-)、T3(763kg/hm~2Cl~-)和T4(1 300kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-),每处理3次重复,随机区组排列,各处理N、P、K养分投入量一致,于成熟期测定苹果产量、品质及叶片和果实中Cl~-含量,并且测定0～200cm土层Cl~-含量。【结果】无论是旱地还是水浇地苹果园,不同处理苹果产量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、维生素C含量均无显著差异。随着肥料中Cl~-用量的增加,旱地和水浇地苹果树果实和叶片中Cl~-含量均有所提高,且T4处理Cl~-均显著高于CK(P<0.05),其中旱地苹果园中T4处理果实和叶片Cl~-含量分别较CK显著增加了62.16%和311.02%(P<0.05),水浇地苹果园中T4处理果实和叶片Cl~-较CK分别显著增加了20.11%和46.55%。含氯肥料用量的增加促进了不同果园土壤中Cl~-的累积,而旱地和水浇地果园土壤Cl~-含量垂直分布规律明显不同,其中旱地苹果园土壤Cl~-主要分布在0～100cm土层,而水浇地果园土壤Cl~-主要分布在100～200cm土层。【结论】在黄土高原地区,无论是旱地还是水浇地苹果园,肥料中Cl~-用量的增加均提高了苹果叶片、果实及土壤Cl~-含量,但中短期施用不会对苹果产量及品质产生不良影响,因此适量低成本的含氯肥料(氯化铵、氯化钾)可在黄土区苹果园中短期施用,且水浇地果园表现优于旱地。
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chlorine-containing fertilizers on yield and quality of apple and Cl~-distribution in soil and tree,so as to provide basis for proper utilization of chlorine-containing fertilizers in apple orchards.【Method】Two 8-year-old Red Fuji apple orchards with different moisture conditions in arid and irrigated areas of the Loess Plateau were selected and five treatments with different chloride amounts including CK(0kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-),T1(113kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-),T2(226kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-),T3(763kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-)and T4(1 300kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-)were designed.Each treatment had three replicates and all treatments were arranged randomly with same N,P and K inputs.The yield and quality of apple and Cl~-content in leaves and fruits were measured at maturity stage,and contents of Cl~-in the soil depth of 0-200cm were determined.【Result】There were no significant differences in apple yield,soluble solids,titratable acidity,soluble sugar,and vitamin C between different treatments in irrigated orchards and dry orchards.With the increase of Cl~-input in fertilizers,the Cl~-contents in fruits and leaves of apple tree increased in dry and irrigated fields,and Cl~-contents of T4treatment were significantly higher than CK(P<0.05).Cl~-contents of T4in fruits and leaves of dry orchards increased significantly by62.16%and 311.02%compared to CK,and those in irrigated land significantly increased by 20.11%and46.55%,respectively.Cl~-accumulation in different orchard soils was increased with the increasing application of chlorine-containing fertilizers,while the vertical distribution of Cl~-in soil was significantly different in dry land and irrigated fields.The concentration of Cl~-in the dry orchard soil was mainly distributed in the layer of 0-100cm,while the Cl~-concentration in the irrigated orchard soil was mainly distributed in the layer of 100-200cm.【Conclusion】The Cl~-content in apple leaves,fruits and soil improved with the increase of Cl~-input in both dry land and irrigated land in the Loess Plateau.Short-term application did not adversely affect the yield and quality of apple.Therefore,low cost chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride could be applied with moderate dose in apple orchards for short-term,and irrigated orchards performed better than dry land.
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chlorine-containing fertilizers on yield and quality of apple and Cl~-distribution in soil and tree,so as to provide basis for proper utilization of chlorine-containing fertilizers in apple orchards.【Method】Two 8-year-old Red Fuji apple orchards with different moisture conditions in arid and irrigated areas of the Loess Plateau were selected and five treatments with different chloride amounts including CK(0kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-),T1(113kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-),T2(226kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-),T3(763kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-)and T4(1 300kg/hm~(2 )Cl~-)were designed.Each treatment had three replicates and all treatments were arranged randomly with same N,P and K inputs.The yield and quality of apple and Cl~-content in leaves and fruits were measured at maturity stage,and contents of Cl~-in the soil depth of 0-200cm were determined.【Result】There were no significant differences in apple yield,soluble solids,titratable acidity,soluble sugar,and vitamin C between different treatments in irrigated orchards and dry orchards.With the increase of Cl~-input in fertilizers,the Cl~-contents in fruits and leaves of apple tree increased in dry and irrigated fields,and Cl~-contents of T4treatment were significantly higher than CK(P<0.05).Cl~-contents of T4in fruits and leaves of dry orchards increased significantly by62.16%and 311.02%compared to CK,and those in irrigated land significantly increased by 20.11%and46.55%,respectively.Cl~-accumulation in different orchard soils was increased with the increasing application of chlorine-containing fertilizers,while the vertical distribution of Cl~-in soil was significantly different in dry land and irrigated fields.The concentration of Cl~-in the dry orchard soil was mainly distributed in the layer of 0-100cm,while the Cl~-concentration in the irrigated orchard soil was mainly distributed in the layer of 100-200cm.【Conclusion】The Cl~-content in apple leaves,fruits and soil improved with the increase of Cl~-input in both dry land and irrigated land in the Loess Plateau.Short-term application did not adversely affect the yield and quality of apple.Therefore,low cost chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride could be applied with moderate dose in apple orchards for short-term,and irrigated orchards performed better than dry land.
引文
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[2]陆景陵.植物营养学:上册[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003:13-27.Lu J L.Plant nutrition:1[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2003:13-27.
[3]程明芳,金继运,李春花,等.氯离子对作物生长和土壤性质影响的研究进展[J].浙江农业科学,2010(1):12-14.Cheng M F,Jin J Y,Li C H,et al.The review about the impact of chloride ion on crop growth and soil properties[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2010(1):12-14.
[4]余金龙,陈若星,王玉帅,等.施氯量对烤烟生长及品质的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2011,32(6):60-62.Yu J L,Chen R X,Wang Y S,et al.Effects of chlorine application rate on growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2011,32(6):60-62.
[5]沈浦,李冬初,高菊生,等.长期施用含硫与含氯肥料对水稻产量及其构成要素的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(2):322-328.Shen P,Li D C,Gao J S,et al.Effects of long-term application of sulphur-containing and chloride-containing chemical fertilizers on yield and its components of rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(2):322-328.
[6]Freeman K W,Girma K,Mosali J,et al.Response of winter wheat to chloride fertilization in sandy loam soils[J].Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2006,37:1947-1955.
[7]姜安夫,白玉阁,孙绍长.含氯三元复合肥肥效试验[J].北方果树,1995(3):15.Jiang A F,Bai Y G,Sun S C.The test of chlorine ternary compound fertilizer effect[J].Northern Fruits,1995(3):15.
[8]毛知耘,李家康,何光安,等.中国含氯化肥[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.Mao Z Y,Li J K,He G A,et al.The chloride fertilizer of China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2001.
[9]宁安忠,刘学,孙万宝,等.氯化钾在苹果上的应用试验[J].山西果树,2000(3):46-47.Ning A Z,Liu X,Sun W B,et.al.The application test of potassium chloride on apple tree[J].Shanxi Fruits,2000(3):46-47.
[10]陶世秋,陈绍荣,邵建华,等.中国主要农作物营养套餐施肥技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2013.Tao S Q,Chen S R,Shao J H,et al.Main crop nutrition fertilizer application and technology of China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2013.
[11]Szewczuk A,Komosa A,Gudarowska E.Effect of soil potassium levels and different potassium fertilizers on yield,microelement and chloride nutrition status of apple trees in full fruition period[J].Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Hortorum Cultus,2011,10(1):83-94.
[12]高艳敏,栾本荣,辛贵金,等.果树施用氯化钾的效应[J].北方果树,1995(3):6-8.Gao Y M,Luan B R,Xin G J,et al.The effect of potassium chloride on apple tree[J].Northern Fruits,1995(3):6-8.
[13]郭全恩,王益权,郭天文.半干旱地区果园土壤Cl-迁移积累与环境因子的关系[J].核农学报,2009,23(5):853-857.Guo Q E,Wang Y Q,Guo T W.Relationship between chlorine ion transfer accumulation and environmental factors in orchards soil of semi-arid region[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2009,23(5):853-857.
[14]杨云马,李廷瑞,孙彦铭,等.盐渍化棉田施用含氯肥料对土壤及棉花产量的影响[J].华北农学报,2014,29(S1):339-343.Yang Y M,Li T R,Sun Y M,et al.Effect of chlorine fertilizer application in saline soil on soil Cl-and cotton yield[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2014,29(S1):339-343.
[15]杨莉莉.不同肥料对猕猴桃产量、品质及果园养分含量的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Yang L L.Effect of different fertilizer application on kiwifruit yield,quality and the orchard nutrient[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2016.
[16]Zenda T,Yao D,Duan H,et al.Sulphur and chlorine effects on yield and quality in fresh corn[J].International Journal of Plant&Soil Science,2017,18(1):1-10.
[17]Sutradhar A K,Kaiser D E,Behnken L M.Soybean response to broadcast application of boron,chlorine,manganese,and zinc[J].Agronomy Journal,2017,109(3):1048-1059.
[18]Rodríguez J.Influence of salinity on pip gene expression in citrus roots and its relationship with root hydraulic conductance,transpiration and chloride exclusion from leaves[J].Environmental&Experimental Botany,2012,78(1):163-166.
[19]Saúde C,Barros T,Mateus T,et al.Effect of chloride salts on the sensory and nutritional properties of cracked table olives of the Macanilha Algarvia cultivar[J].Food Bioscience,2017,19:73-79.
[20]Bautista-Gallego J,Arroyo-López F N,López-López A,et al.Effect of chloride salt mixtures on selected attributes and mineral content of fermented cracked Alore1a olives[J].LWT-Food Science and Technology,2011,44(1):120-129.
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.Soil and agro-chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[22]曹建康,姜微波,赵玉梅.果蔬采后生理生化实验指导[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2007.Cao J K,Jiang W B,Zhao Y M.The physiological and biochemical experiment instruction of postharvest fruits and vegetables[M].Beijing:China Light Industry Press,2007.
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