职业体育联盟竞争平衡测量方法研究的述评与展望
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摘要
竞争平衡是球队之间的竞赛实力均衡,被誉为职业体育联盟的立足之本。准确测量竞争平衡既是实证研究的基础,也是认知和改善竞争平衡状况的前提条件。当今研究关注的难题是各职业体育联盟竞争平衡最佳测量方法的选择。文章对近些年团队职业体育联盟竞争平衡的主要测量方法进行梳理,从集中度和优势度两大类来评述竞争平衡的测量方法,通过比较分析各种测量方法的优缺点及适用范围,并针对我国职业足球联赛特征对未来的测量研究进行展望。
Competitive balance of is the balance of the competition strength between the teams, which is regarded as the foothold of the professional sports league. Accurate measurement of competition balance is not only the basis of empirical research, but also the prerequisite for cognition and improvement of the competitive balance. Nowadays the poser of what the research pay close attention to is the choice of the best measuring method for the competitive balance of professional sports league. The paper combs the main measuring methods on the competitive balance of professional sports league in recent years, and reviews the measuring methods on competitive balance from two categories which is the concentration and dominance. It also compares the merits, drawbacks and scope of application about these measurement methods. Then forecast the next survey research by pointing at the characteristics of Chinese Super League.
Competitive balance of is the balance of the competition strength between the teams, which is regarded as the foothold of the professional sports league. Accurate measurement of competition balance is not only the basis of empirical research, but also the prerequisite for cognition and improvement of the competitive balance. Nowadays the poser of what the research pay close attention to is the choice of the best measuring method for the competitive balance of professional sports league. The paper combs the main measuring methods on the competitive balance of professional sports league in recent years, and reviews the measuring methods on competitive balance from two categories which is the concentration and dominance. It also compares the merits, drawbacks and scope of application about these measurement methods. Then forecast the next survey research by pointing at the characteristics of Chinese Super League.
引文
[1]MICHIE,J,OUGHTON,C.Competitive Balance in Football:Trends and Effects[R].University of London:Football Governance Research Centre,2004:1-51.
[2]Neale W C.The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1964,78(1):1-14.
[3]Zimbalist A S.“Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues:An Introduction”[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2002,4(2):111-121.
[4]Jane W J.The Relationship Between Outcome Uncertainties and Match Attendance:New Evidence in the National Basketball Association[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2014,45(2):177-200.
[5]Lenten L J.Measurement of competitive balance in conference and divisional tournament design[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2015,16(1):5.
[6]Larsen A,Fenn A J,Spenner E L.The Impact of Free Agency and the Salary Cap on Competitive Balance in the National Football League[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2006,7(4):374-390.
[7]Cairns J A.Evaluating changes in league structure:the reorganization of the Scottish Football League.[J].1987,19(2):259-275.
[8]Goossens,K.Competitive Balance in European Football:Comparison by Adapting Measures:National Measure of Seasonal Imbalance and TOP 3[J].RIVISTA DIDIRITTO EDECONOMAIC DELLO SPORT,2006,2(2):21
[9]Borland J,Macdonald R.Demand for Sport[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2003,19(4):478-502.
[10]Woltring M T.Examining competitive balance in North American professional sport using generalizability theory:A comparison of the big four[D].Tennessee State:Middle Tennessee State University,2015.56-80.
[11]Evans,R.A review of measures of competitive balance in the‘analysis of competitive balance'literature[J].Bribeck Sports Business Centre Research Paper Series,2014,7(2):3.
[12]Zimbalist A S.Competitive balance in sports leagues-an introduction[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2002,3(2):111-121.
[13]Koning R H.Balance in Competition in Dutch Soccer[J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,2000,49(3):419-431.
[14]Szymanski S,Kuypers T.Winners and Losers:The Business Strategy of Football[J].Journal of the American Medical Asso ciation,1999,291(1):262-268.
[15]Noll R G.Professional basketball:Economic and business perspectives[J].The business of professional sports,1991,18.
[16]Johnson B K.Pay Dirt:The Business of Professional Team Sports[J].Contemporary Sociology,1994,22(6).
[17]Christoph BREUER,Tim PAWLOWSKI,Arnd HOVEMANN,金睿.试析欧洲足球冠军联赛中的“竞争平衡”[J].体育科学,2009,04:7.
[18]Cain L P,Haddock D D.Measuring Parity:Tying Into the Idealized Standard Deviation[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2006,7(3):330-338.
[19]Owen P D.Measuring Parity in Sports Leagues With Draws:Further Comments[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2010,13(1):85-95.
[20]Uyar B,Surdam D.Searching for On-Field Parity[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2013,14(5):479-497.
[21]方开泰.现代基础统计学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.69-70.
[22]Horowitz I.The Increasing Competitive Balance in Major League Baseball[J].Review of Industrial Organizati on,1997,12(3):373-387.
[23]杨扬,张林,黄海燕.职业体育联赛竞争性平衡的衡量指标[J].体育科研,2008,29(5):37-40.
[24]Schmidt M B.Competition in major league baseball:the impact expansion[J].Applied Economics Letters,2001,8(1):21-26.
[25]Vrooman J.Theory of the Perfect Game:Competitive Balance in Monopoly Sports Leagues[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2009,34(1):5-44.
[26]Rottenberg S.The Baseball Players'Labor Market[J].Journal of Political Economy,1956,64(3):247.
[27]Scully.The Business of Major League Baseball[J].Industrial&Labor Relations Review,1990,25(4):15-16.
[28]Symanski S,Kuypers T.Winners and Losers:The Business Strategy of Football.Viking[J].1999.
[29]Lenten L J A.Towards a New Dynamic Measure of Competitive Balance:A Study Applied to Australia’s Two Major Professional‘Football’Leagues*[J].Economic Analysis&Policy,2009,39(3):407-428.
[30]Kodelja Z.Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Outcome.[J].Ceps Journal Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal,2016,6(2):9-24.
[31]Sedgwick J.‘Competitive Balance’in the Top Level of English Football,1948-2008:An Absent Principle and a Forgotten Ideal[J].The International Journal of the History of Sport,2009,26(11):1735-1747.
[32]Goossens K.Competitive Balance in European Football:Comparison by Adapting Measures:National Measure of Seasonal Imbalance and Top 3[J].Working Papers,2005,2(2):77-122.
[33]Rottenberg S.Resource allocation and income distribution in professional team sports.[J].2000,1(1):11-20.
[2]Neale W C.The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1964,78(1):1-14.
[3]Zimbalist A S.“Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues:An Introduction”[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2002,4(2):111-121.
[4]Jane W J.The Relationship Between Outcome Uncertainties and Match Attendance:New Evidence in the National Basketball Association[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2014,45(2):177-200.
[5]Lenten L J.Measurement of competitive balance in conference and divisional tournament design[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2015,16(1):5.
[6]Larsen A,Fenn A J,Spenner E L.The Impact of Free Agency and the Salary Cap on Competitive Balance in the National Football League[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2006,7(4):374-390.
[7]Cairns J A.Evaluating changes in league structure:the reorganization of the Scottish Football League.[J].1987,19(2):259-275.
[8]Goossens,K.Competitive Balance in European Football:Comparison by Adapting Measures:National Measure of Seasonal Imbalance and TOP 3[J].RIVISTA DIDIRITTO EDECONOMAIC DELLO SPORT,2006,2(2):21
[9]Borland J,Macdonald R.Demand for Sport[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2003,19(4):478-502.
[10]Woltring M T.Examining competitive balance in North American professional sport using generalizability theory:A comparison of the big four[D].Tennessee State:Middle Tennessee State University,2015.56-80.
[11]Evans,R.A review of measures of competitive balance in the‘analysis of competitive balance'literature[J].Bribeck Sports Business Centre Research Paper Series,2014,7(2):3.
[12]Zimbalist A S.Competitive balance in sports leagues-an introduction[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2002,3(2):111-121.
[13]Koning R H.Balance in Competition in Dutch Soccer[J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,2000,49(3):419-431.
[14]Szymanski S,Kuypers T.Winners and Losers:The Business Strategy of Football[J].Journal of the American Medical Asso ciation,1999,291(1):262-268.
[15]Noll R G.Professional basketball:Economic and business perspectives[J].The business of professional sports,1991,18.
[16]Johnson B K.Pay Dirt:The Business of Professional Team Sports[J].Contemporary Sociology,1994,22(6).
[17]Christoph BREUER,Tim PAWLOWSKI,Arnd HOVEMANN,金睿.试析欧洲足球冠军联赛中的“竞争平衡”[J].体育科学,2009,04:7.
[18]Cain L P,Haddock D D.Measuring Parity:Tying Into the Idealized Standard Deviation[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2006,7(3):330-338.
[19]Owen P D.Measuring Parity in Sports Leagues With Draws:Further Comments[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2010,13(1):85-95.
[20]Uyar B,Surdam D.Searching for On-Field Parity[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2013,14(5):479-497.
[21]方开泰.现代基础统计学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.69-70.
[22]Horowitz I.The Increasing Competitive Balance in Major League Baseball[J].Review of Industrial Organizati on,1997,12(3):373-387.
[23]杨扬,张林,黄海燕.职业体育联赛竞争性平衡的衡量指标[J].体育科研,2008,29(5):37-40.
[24]Schmidt M B.Competition in major league baseball:the impact expansion[J].Applied Economics Letters,2001,8(1):21-26.
[25]Vrooman J.Theory of the Perfect Game:Competitive Balance in Monopoly Sports Leagues[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2009,34(1):5-44.
[26]Rottenberg S.The Baseball Players'Labor Market[J].Journal of Political Economy,1956,64(3):247.
[27]Scully.The Business of Major League Baseball[J].Industrial&Labor Relations Review,1990,25(4):15-16.
[28]Symanski S,Kuypers T.Winners and Losers:The Business Strategy of Football.Viking[J].1999.
[29]Lenten L J A.Towards a New Dynamic Measure of Competitive Balance:A Study Applied to Australia’s Two Major Professional‘Football’Leagues*[J].Economic Analysis&Policy,2009,39(3):407-428.
[30]Kodelja Z.Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Outcome.[J].Ceps Journal Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal,2016,6(2):9-24.
[31]Sedgwick J.‘Competitive Balance’in the Top Level of English Football,1948-2008:An Absent Principle and a Forgotten Ideal[J].The International Journal of the History of Sport,2009,26(11):1735-1747.
[32]Goossens K.Competitive Balance in European Football:Comparison by Adapting Measures:National Measure of Seasonal Imbalance and Top 3[J].Working Papers,2005,2(2):77-122.
[33]Rottenberg S.Resource allocation and income distribution in professional team sports.[J].2000,1(1):11-20.