渤海北部典型芳香烃类化合物污染状况及生态风险评价
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摘要
为探究渤海北部海上油气区及周边近岸海域典型芳香烃类化合物污染状况,2015年5月现场采集了32个站位的海水样品,针对7种苯系物(BTEX)和17种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行测定,并采用商值法和毒性当量法对污染物开展单一和联合生态风险评估。结果显示,研究海域海水中7种苯系物总含量范围为65.1～222.6 ng·L~(-1),以甲苯含量最高,表层含量略低于底层,油气区平均含量低于周边近岸,受到陆源污染输入的影响特征明显。表层海水中ΣPAHs含量范围为98.9～356.0 ng·L~(-1),平均值为184.5 ng·L~(-1),以低环芳烃占优势,总体处于中等水平,比值法判定该海域PAHs可能主要来源于石油及其加工产品。该海域海水中苯并(a)芘的风险商RQ值大于0.1,表现出低度风险,其余3种处于可接受水平。4种芳香烃类化合物联合生态风险等级为低度风险,对生态系统具有潜在的不利影响,但不同区域仍存在一定差异性,海上石油开采与陆源输入是影响该海域个别区域生态风险较高的重要因素。
Occurrence of typical aromatic hydrocarbons near oil and gas areas and their surroundings in northern Bohai Sea was investigated in May 2015. Seawater samples collected in 32 sampling sites were analyzed with the concentration measurement of 7 benzene and its derivatives(BTEXs) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). A single and joint ecological risk assessment of studied chemicals was performed by risk quotient method and toxicity equivalent method. Our present results demonstrated that the total concentration of BTEXs ranged from65.1 ng·L~(-1) to 222.6 ng·L~(-1) in the seawater of the study area, among which toluene was the highest one. Furthermore, their concentration in surface water was slightly lower than that in the bottom, and the average concentration of them near the oil and gas areas was lower than the surroundings, which was affected by land-based inputs. The total concentration of PAHs in the surface seawater ranged from 98.9 ng·L~(-1) to 356.0 ng·L~(-1), with an average value of 184.5 ng·L~(-1). Compared with other regions, PAH pollution was generally at a medium level with the lower number ring ones as major components. The risk quotient method indicated that the PAHs in this area might mainly come from petroleum and its processed products. The risk quotient(RQ) of benzo(a)pyrene in the waters was higher than 0.1, showing a low risk, and the concentrations of the other three compounds were at an acceptable level.The joint ecological risk of the four aromatic hydrocarbons was low with the existence of some differences in different regions, which had potential adverse effects on the ecosystem. The offshore oil exploitation and terrestrial source inputs were important factors affecting the ecological risks of aromatic hydrocarbons in this sea.
Occurrence of typical aromatic hydrocarbons near oil and gas areas and their surroundings in northern Bohai Sea was investigated in May 2015. Seawater samples collected in 32 sampling sites were analyzed with the concentration measurement of 7 benzene and its derivatives(BTEXs) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). A single and joint ecological risk assessment of studied chemicals was performed by risk quotient method and toxicity equivalent method. Our present results demonstrated that the total concentration of BTEXs ranged from65.1 ng·L~(-1) to 222.6 ng·L~(-1) in the seawater of the study area, among which toluene was the highest one. Furthermore, their concentration in surface water was slightly lower than that in the bottom, and the average concentration of them near the oil and gas areas was lower than the surroundings, which was affected by land-based inputs. The total concentration of PAHs in the surface seawater ranged from 98.9 ng·L~(-1) to 356.0 ng·L~(-1), with an average value of 184.5 ng·L~(-1). Compared with other regions, PAH pollution was generally at a medium level with the lower number ring ones as major components. The risk quotient method indicated that the PAHs in this area might mainly come from petroleum and its processed products. The risk quotient(RQ) of benzo(a)pyrene in the waters was higher than 0.1, showing a low risk, and the concentrations of the other three compounds were at an acceptable level.The joint ecological risk of the four aromatic hydrocarbons was low with the existence of some differences in different regions, which had potential adverse effects on the ecosystem. The offshore oil exploitation and terrestrial source inputs were important factors affecting the ecological risks of aromatic hydrocarbons in this sea.
引文
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[17]Kasai Y,Kishira H,Harayama S.Bacteria belonging to the genus cycloclasticus play a primary role in the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons released in a marine environment[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2002,68(11):5625-5633
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[20]秦婧,汪双清,孙玮琳,等.海底表层沉积物中苯系物含量对海域油气指示作用研究[J].岩矿测试,2013,32(5):785-790Qin J,Wang S Q,Sun W L,et al.BTEX content of marine surface sediments used as indicators of marine oil and gas[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2013,32(5):785-790(in Chinese)
[21]丘耀文,张干,郭玲利.深圳湾生态系统(PAHs)特征及其生态危害[J].环境科学,2007,8(5):1056-1061Qiu Y W,Zhang G,Guo L L.Characteristics of PAHs in the ecosystem of deep bay and their ecological risk[J].Environmental Science,2007,8(5):1056-1061(in Chinese)
[22]王璟,王春江,赵冬至,等.渤海湾和黄河口外表层海水中芳烃的组成,分布及来源[J].海洋环境科学,2010,29(3):406-410Wang J,Wang C J,Zhao D Z,et al.Composition,distribution and source of N-alkanes in surface water in Bohai Bay and outside Huanghe Estuary[J].Marine Environmental Science,2010,29(3):406-410(in Chinese)
[23]Soclo H H,Garrigues P,Ewald M.Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in coastal marine sediments:Case studies in Cotonou(Benin)and Aquitaine(France)Areas[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2000,40(5):387-396
[24]Hu G,Luo X,Li F,et al.Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake,North China:Concentrations,sources profiles and potential risk[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(2):176-183
[25]Nagy A S,Szabo J,Vass I.Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water of the Raba River,Hungary[J].Journal of Environmental Science&Health Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2013,48(10):1190-1200
[26]Fernandes M B,Sicre M A,Boireau A,et al.Polyaromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)distributions in the Seine River and its estuary[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1997,34(11):857-867
[27]Sinaei M,Mashinchian A.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal sea water,the surface sediment and Mudskipper Boleophthalmus dussumieri,from coastal areas of the Persian Gulf:Source investigation,composition pattern and spatial distribution[J].Journal of Environmental Health Science&Engineering,2014,12(1):59-59
[28]王莹,王菊英,穆景利.计算毒理学在海洋溢油事故特征污染物甄选中的应用研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2015,46(1):27-34Wang Y,Wang J Y,Mu J L.Screening pollutants in oil spill incidents in computational toxicology[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2015,46(1):27-34(in Chinese)
[29]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T24782—2009.持久性、生物累积性和毒性物质及高持久性、高生物累积性物质的判别方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009:1-7
[30]朱艳景,张彦,高思,等.生态风险评价方法学研究进展与评价模型选择[J].城市环境与城市生态,2015,28(1):17-21Zhu Y J,Zhang Y,Gao S,et al.Progress of ecological risk assessment methodology and choice of assessment models[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2015,28(1):17-21(in Chinese)
[2]Dean B J.Genetic toxicology of benzene,toluene,xylenes and phenols[J].Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology,1985,154(3):153-181
[3]王摆,高士博,董颖,等.6种苯系物对球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制[J].生态毒理学报,2014,9(2):233-238Wang B,Gao S B,Dong Y,et al.Inhibitory effect of six kinds of BTEXs on growth of the chrysophyceae Isochrysis galbana and the diatom Nitzschia closterium[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2014,9(2):233-238(in Chinese)
[4]王摆,贺凌,高杉,等.6种苯系物对虾夷扇贝的生殖毒性作用[J].生态毒理学报,2014,9(6):1083-1090Wang B,He L,Gao S,et al.The reproductive toxicities of six BTEXs to Japanese scallop(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2014,9(6):1083-1090(in Chinese)
[5]王萌,雷忻,田鹏飞,等.多环芳烃对水生生物生殖毒性的研究进展[J].延安大学学报:自然科学版,2017,36(2):98-101Wang M,Lei X,Tian P F,et al.The research progress of reproductive toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on aquatic organisms[J].Journal of Yanan University:Natural Science Edition,2017,36(2):98-101(in Chinese)
[6]秦宁,何伟,孔祥臻,等.中国水生生态系统中多环芳烃的生态毒性与生态风险研究进展[J].中国科技论文,2013,8(12):1209-1218Qin N,He W,Kong X Z,et al.Research progress in ecotoxicity and eco-risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China's aquatic ecosystems[J].China Sciencepaper,2013,8(12):1209-1218(in Chinese)
[7]李海明,郑西来,刘宪斌.渤海滩涂沉积物中石油烃迁移特征[J].海洋学报:中文版,2006(1):163-168Li H M,Zheng X L,Liu X B.Characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbon migrated to sediment of Bohai's tidal flats[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2006(1):163-168(in Chinese)
[8]勾倩倩.近岸海域石油类和多环芳烃生态风险评价[D].天津:天津大学,2016:1-9Gou Q Q.Ecological risk assessment on petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal waters[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2016:1-9(in Chinese)
[9]孙闰霞,林钦,柯常亮,等.海洋生物体多环芳烃污染残留及其健康风险评价研究[J].南方水产科学,2012,8(3):71-78Sun R X,Lin Q,Ke C L,et al.Rivew of assessment on residual contamination and health risk of PAHs in marine organisms[J].South China Fisheries Science,2012,8(3):71-78(in Chinese)
[10]唐俊逸,刘晓东,周连宁,等.深圳近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的风险评估研究[J].海洋环境科学,2017,36(6):838-843Tang J Y,Liu X D,Zhou L N,et al.Risk assessment research of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine surface sediments of Shenzhen nearshore[J].Marine Environmental Science,2017,36(6):838-843(in Chinese)
[11]陈芸,赵骞,徐广鹏.基于人工神经网络的夏季辽东湾北部河口区富营养化评价[J].海洋湖沼通报,2017(5):48-57Chen Y,Zhao Q,Xu G P.Eutrophication assessment of estuary area in the northern part of Liaodong Bay in summer based on artificial neutral network method[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2017(5):48-57(in Chinese)
[12]马溪平,王英艺,韩菲,等.辽东湾及国内外海湾富营养化和油类污染研究初探[C].武汉:中国环境科学学会2009年学术年会,2009Ma X P,Wang Y Y,Han F,et al.Preliminary study on eutrophication and oil pollution in Liaodong Bay and domestic and foreigngulf[C].Wuhan:Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences in 2009,2009(in Chinese)
[13]宋永刚,吴金浩,邵泽伟,等.辽东湾近岸表层海水重金属污染分析与评价[J].渔业科学进展,2016,37(3):14-19Song Y G,Wu J H,Shao Z W,et al.Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the offshore surface seawater of the Liaodong Bay[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2016,37(3):14-19(in Chinese)
[14]蓝先洪,孟祥君,梅西,等.辽东湾表层沉积物的重金属污染特征与质量评价[J].海洋学报,2018,40(6):60-73Lan X H,Meng X J,Mei X,et al.Pollution characteristics and quality assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Liaodong Bay[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2018,40(6):60-73(in Chinese)
[15]吴金浩,王摆,王召会,等.海水中痕量苯系物的吹扫捕集/气相色谱质谱联用测定[J].分析测试学报,2012,31(12):67-71Wu J H,Wang B,Wang Z H,et al.Determination of BTEX in seawater by purge and trap gas chromatographymass spectrometry[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2012,31(12):67-71(in Chinese)
[16]Fingas M F.Studies on the evaporation regulation mechanisms of crude oil and petroleum products[J].Advances in Chemical Engineering&Science,2012,2(2):246-256
[17]Kasai Y,Kishira H,Harayama S.Bacteria belonging to the genus cycloclasticus play a primary role in the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons released in a marine environment[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2002,68(11):5625-5633
[18]Aivalioti M,Papoulias P,Kousaiti A,et al.Adsorption of BTEX,MTBE and TAME on natural and modified diatomite[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,207-208:117-127
[19]Calhoun G G,Hawkins J.BTEX detector's results good in oil identification[J].Oil&Gas Journal,1998,96(13):77-80
[20]秦婧,汪双清,孙玮琳,等.海底表层沉积物中苯系物含量对海域油气指示作用研究[J].岩矿测试,2013,32(5):785-790Qin J,Wang S Q,Sun W L,et al.BTEX content of marine surface sediments used as indicators of marine oil and gas[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2013,32(5):785-790(in Chinese)
[21]丘耀文,张干,郭玲利.深圳湾生态系统(PAHs)特征及其生态危害[J].环境科学,2007,8(5):1056-1061Qiu Y W,Zhang G,Guo L L.Characteristics of PAHs in the ecosystem of deep bay and their ecological risk[J].Environmental Science,2007,8(5):1056-1061(in Chinese)
[22]王璟,王春江,赵冬至,等.渤海湾和黄河口外表层海水中芳烃的组成,分布及来源[J].海洋环境科学,2010,29(3):406-410Wang J,Wang C J,Zhao D Z,et al.Composition,distribution and source of N-alkanes in surface water in Bohai Bay and outside Huanghe Estuary[J].Marine Environmental Science,2010,29(3):406-410(in Chinese)
[23]Soclo H H,Garrigues P,Ewald M.Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in coastal marine sediments:Case studies in Cotonou(Benin)and Aquitaine(France)Areas[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2000,40(5):387-396
[24]Hu G,Luo X,Li F,et al.Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake,North China:Concentrations,sources profiles and potential risk[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(2):176-183
[25]Nagy A S,Szabo J,Vass I.Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water of the Raba River,Hungary[J].Journal of Environmental Science&Health Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2013,48(10):1190-1200
[26]Fernandes M B,Sicre M A,Boireau A,et al.Polyaromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)distributions in the Seine River and its estuary[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1997,34(11):857-867
[27]Sinaei M,Mashinchian A.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal sea water,the surface sediment and Mudskipper Boleophthalmus dussumieri,from coastal areas of the Persian Gulf:Source investigation,composition pattern and spatial distribution[J].Journal of Environmental Health Science&Engineering,2014,12(1):59-59
[28]王莹,王菊英,穆景利.计算毒理学在海洋溢油事故特征污染物甄选中的应用研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2015,46(1):27-34Wang Y,Wang J Y,Mu J L.Screening pollutants in oil spill incidents in computational toxicology[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2015,46(1):27-34(in Chinese)
[29]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T24782—2009.持久性、生物累积性和毒性物质及高持久性、高生物累积性物质的判别方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009:1-7
[30]朱艳景,张彦,高思,等.生态风险评价方法学研究进展与评价模型选择[J].城市环境与城市生态,2015,28(1):17-21Zhu Y J,Zhang Y,Gao S,et al.Progress of ecological risk assessment methodology and choice of assessment models[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2015,28(1):17-21(in Chinese)