不同来源的大熊猫种群生活史特征及种群动态比较分析
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摘要
本研究基于大熊猫谱系(2015),将全世界990只圈养大熊猫依据个体来源划分为圈养出生组(C组,n=676)和野外来源组(W组,n=314),对2组个体的年龄分布、繁殖率、性比分别进行统计分析,编制2组的生命表,绘制其死亡曲线及存活曲线,并计算2组在统计期限内的总增长率——周限增长率(λ)。结果显示,2组大熊猫的周限增长率λ_C和λ_W分别为1. 114 7和1. 000 4,种群数量波动均较小,且λ_C> 1,C组大熊猫种群数量具有上升的潜力; 2组存活曲线均属于I型曲线,为增长型,大多数个体均能实现其平均的生理寿命,可见,2组大熊猫生理寿命上特征稳定,种群结构相对稳定。进一步统计发现:C组大熊猫的生命期望平均余年为(5. 00±0. 36),W组为(9. 40±0. 83),两者差异显著(t=-8. 485,N=33,P=0. 000); C组大熊猫的死亡率高峰出现在0～1以及26年龄级之后,15～25年龄级死亡率偏高且波动较大,而W组的死亡高峰出现在23年龄级之后且死亡率波动较小。综上可见,在现有圈养条件下,C组种群数量可持续发展前景较好,W组生理寿命特征更稳定、死亡率变化趋势更平缓。
Based on the 2015 International Studbook for Giant Panda,990 captive giant pandas worldwide were classified into 2 groups: captive borne group( group C) and wild group( group W).The life table,mortality curve,survival curve,and finite rate of increase( total growth rate during statistical periods) of the 2 groups were calculated through the age structure,reproductive efficiency and sex ratio. The results showed that: the finite increase rates λ_Cand λ_Wof the 2 groups were1. 114 7 and 1. 000 4,respectively,and this indicated that the captive giant panda from both groups had small fluctuations of population number. A value of λ_C> 1 indicated that the population of group C will increase in future. Additionally,the survival curves of both groups were of the convex type,indicating that they had relatively stable lifespan and population structure. The mean life expectancy value of group C was 5. 00 ± 0. 36,and this was significantly shorter than that of group W( 9. 40 ± 0. 83; t =-8. 485,N = 33,P = 0. 000). The peak ages of mortality of group C were0-1 and after 26, and their mortality rates were high and volatile between the ages of 15 and25. High mortality in group W occurred after the age of 23 with small fluctuations. Under the existing captive conditions,group C showed higher probability of population survival,while the population parameters of group W were more stable and the mortality rate increased less sharply with age.
Based on the 2015 International Studbook for Giant Panda,990 captive giant pandas worldwide were classified into 2 groups: captive borne group( group C) and wild group( group W).The life table,mortality curve,survival curve,and finite rate of increase( total growth rate during statistical periods) of the 2 groups were calculated through the age structure,reproductive efficiency and sex ratio. The results showed that: the finite increase rates λ_Cand λ_Wof the 2 groups were1. 114 7 and 1. 000 4,respectively,and this indicated that the captive giant panda from both groups had small fluctuations of population number. A value of λ_C> 1 indicated that the population of group C will increase in future. Additionally,the survival curves of both groups were of the convex type,indicating that they had relatively stable lifespan and population structure. The mean life expectancy value of group C was 5. 00 ± 0. 36,and this was significantly shorter than that of group W( 9. 40 ± 0. 83; t =-8. 485,N = 33,P = 0. 000). The peak ages of mortality of group C were0-1 and after 26, and their mortality rates were high and volatile between the ages of 15 and25. High mortality in group W occurred after the age of 23 with small fluctuations. Under the existing captive conditions,group C showed higher probability of population survival,while the population parameters of group W were more stable and the mortality rate increased less sharply with age.
引文
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[15]于泽英.川金丝猴圈养种群繁殖健康度的比较分析[J].野生动物,2011,32(2):69-72.
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[18]赵素芬,张成林,于泽英,等.圈养川金丝猴生命表和种群动态研究[J].四川动物,2016,35(5):672-676.
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[21]江廷安.甘肃鼢鼠的生命表和种群动态分析[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(3):20-23.
[22]黄炎,张贵权,邹兴淮.圈养大熊猫种群的统计学分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(2):109-112.
[23]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001:146-161.
[24]Deevey Jr E S.Life tables for natural populations of animals[J].The Quarterly Review of Biology,1947,22(4):283-314.
[25]Shan L,Hu Y B,Zhu L F,et al.Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas[J].Molecular Biology and Evolution,2014,31(10):2663-2671.
[26]单磊.大熊猫圈养种群的保护遗传学研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.
[2]徐庆刚.大熊猫Leptin、Ghrelin和IL-15基因的克隆表达及胃和脾脏c DNA文库的构建[D].杭州:浙江大学,2009.
[3]邓怀庆.陕西佛坪大熊猫栖息地质量评价及保护管理研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013:1-6.
[4]耿国彪.1864只我国野生大熊猫保护取得新成效---全国第四次大熊猫调查结果公布[J].绿色中国,2015(4):10-12.
[5]叶志勇.大熊猫性行为的初步观察[J].西南民族学院学报:畜牧兽医版,1980(2):13-17.
[6]王鹏彦,张贵权,魏荣平,等.提高圈养大熊猫仔兽存活率的研究[J].动物学杂志,2003,38(5):58-63.
[7]杨文彦.成都大熊猫步入野放时代首批6只熊猫明年将离开兽舍回归自然[EB/OL].(2011-12-22)[2018-07-31].http://society.people.com.cn/GB/16682266.html.
[8]杨波,杨承忠,涂飞云,等.大熊猫野化放归中的遗传学分析[J].四川动物,2013,32(1):149-155.
[9]大熊猫野化放归监测队.大熊猫野化放归任重道远[J].四川动物,2015,34(1):14.
[10]新华网百科四川.回“家”!野放第九熊“八喜”[EB/OL].(2017-11-28)[2018-07-31].http://www.sc.xinhuanet.com/content/2017-11/28/c_1122025042.htm.
[11]佚名.中国将第二次放归大熊猫野放成功起码要几十年[J].科技与生活,2012(19):244.
[12]周小平,谭迎春,宋仕贤,等.圈养大熊猫在兽舍与半野外条件下的行为和习性的初步比较[J].四川动物,2005,24(2):143-146;120.
[13]谢钟.大熊猫谱系[M].中国动物园协会,2015:1-74.
[14]赵素芬,张成林,谢钟,等.圈养大熊猫生命表及种群动态研究[J].四川动物,2017,36(2):145-151.
[15]于泽英.川金丝猴圈养种群繁殖健康度的比较分析[J].野生动物,2011,32(2):69-72.
[16]刘学锋,由玉岩,王伟,等.不同来源的川金丝猴生命表和种群动态比较分析[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):481-488.
[17]王芳,彭真信,张金国,等.应用微卫星标记分析圈养大熊猫遗传多样性[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,2007,34(12):1279-1287.
[18]赵素芬,张成林,于泽英,等.圈养川金丝猴生命表和种群动态研究[J].四川动物,2016,35(5):672-676.
[19]Andrewartha H G,Birch L C.The distribution and abundance of animals[J].Quarterly Review of Biology,1954,121(4):389-390.
[20]魏辅文,胡锦矗,许光瓒,等.野生大熊猫生命表初编[J].兽类学报,1989,9(2):81-86;160.
[21]江廷安.甘肃鼢鼠的生命表和种群动态分析[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(3):20-23.
[22]黄炎,张贵权,邹兴淮.圈养大熊猫种群的统计学分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(2):109-112.
[23]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001:146-161.
[24]Deevey Jr E S.Life tables for natural populations of animals[J].The Quarterly Review of Biology,1947,22(4):283-314.
[25]Shan L,Hu Y B,Zhu L F,et al.Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas[J].Molecular Biology and Evolution,2014,31(10):2663-2671.
[26]单磊.大熊猫圈养种群的保护遗传学研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.