北京城市公园环境下自生植物物种组成及多样性时空特征
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摘要
城市绿地中的人工栽培植物景观已造成资源消耗过高、景观同质化等一系列问题。随着人类生态意识的提高,城市中可自播繁衍、无需过多养护管理同时可发挥生态效益的自生植物引起了国内外的广泛关注,但以往研究主要以整个城市环境作为基底,针对其在城市绿地中的分布特征鲜有报道。为揭示城市绿地中自生植物的多样性特征及其分布的时空格局以指导低维护景观的营建,本研究以北京奥林匹克森林公园为例,采用网格布样法,于2015年生长季的3—11月对所有样点重复调研七次,运用多样性指数、群落聚类、Duncan检验等统计计算方法针对物种组成、群落多样性及群落分类进行了深入探讨。结果表明:全园自生植物丰富,共记录到32科98属128种,其中乡土植物占76.56%,外来植物占23.44%,入侵植物占12.50%。在物种组成的时间变化上,各月份记录到的物种数呈单峰型分布,8月末物种数达到峰值,为98种;菊科(Asteraceae)植物物种数在整个生长季显著高于其他科,外来植物物种数及其所占比例均在夏季达到最高。从空间格局看,路边和林地是样方数量最多的生境类型,所容纳的物种数也最多,分别为109和106种。自生植物群落多样性在10月初显著高于其他月份,其次是8月末、4月末和6月初;各生境下的群落多样性排序较为不稳定,分析认为这是由于各季节不同程度的外界干扰所致。依据物种优势度,自生植物群落共被划分成了42个群落组,各季节和各生境下有其特定优势种和群落组合,其中有9个群落组在春、夏、秋三季均有出现,且大多数群落组随着季节变化景观呈现出丰富的野趣效果。这些研究结果在未来低维护、具有较高生物多样性及地域性特色的可持续性城市绿地植被景观营造中具有重要的参考价值。
The planted vegetation in urban green spaces results in high consumption of resources and landscape homogeneity. With the increasing ecological awareness,spontaneous plants have gained attention at home and abroad for their variety of positive attributes, including self-reproduction, low-maintenance, and ecological benefits; however,previous studies have primarily used the city environment as the study area. The distribution of spontaneous plants in urban green spaces has rarely been reported. To determine the diversity, as well as the temporal and spatial patterns of spontaneous plants in urban green spaces,we used the Beijing Olympic Forest Park as the study area for this research project. A total of 123 sample sites were selected using a 200 m grid placed over the park. Each site was a 20 m × 20 msquare,and all sample sites were surveyed seven times during the growing season from March to November,2015.Combined with diversity, community cluster calculation, and Duncan tests, we analyzed the composition features,diversity,and community classification of spontaneous plants in this urban park. A total of 128 plant species were recorded,which belonged to 98 genera and 32 families. Among them,native plants accounted for 76.56% and alien species accounted for 23.44%,meanwhile,invasive species accounted for 12. 50%. The species number of spontaneous plants exhibited a pattern with a single peak during the year,and the peak occurred in late August with 98 species. The number of species in the family Compositae was significantly higher than that in other families,and the percentage of foreign species increased in summer. The habitat of roadside and woodland contained the highest number of sample sites as well as more spontaneous species,109 and 106,respectively. Community diversity was significantly higher in early October,followed by late August,late April,and early June. Community diversity among different habitats was not stable because of the varying degrees of external interference in different seasons. All communities were classified into 42 community groups based on species dominance. Each season and habitat had its own dominant species and communities,and nine community groups occurred in all the three seasons. With the variation among seasons,most groups presented a rich and colorful effect together with that of wildness. The results of this research will provide a reference for the future construction of sustainable urban vegetation with low maintenance,high biodiversity,and regional characteristics.
The planted vegetation in urban green spaces results in high consumption of resources and landscape homogeneity. With the increasing ecological awareness,spontaneous plants have gained attention at home and abroad for their variety of positive attributes, including self-reproduction, low-maintenance, and ecological benefits; however,previous studies have primarily used the city environment as the study area. The distribution of spontaneous plants in urban green spaces has rarely been reported. To determine the diversity, as well as the temporal and spatial patterns of spontaneous plants in urban green spaces,we used the Beijing Olympic Forest Park as the study area for this research project. A total of 123 sample sites were selected using a 200 m grid placed over the park. Each site was a 20 m × 20 msquare,and all sample sites were surveyed seven times during the growing season from March to November,2015.Combined with diversity, community cluster calculation, and Duncan tests, we analyzed the composition features,diversity,and community classification of spontaneous plants in this urban park. A total of 128 plant species were recorded,which belonged to 98 genera and 32 families. Among them,native plants accounted for 76.56% and alien species accounted for 23.44%,meanwhile,invasive species accounted for 12. 50%. The species number of spontaneous plants exhibited a pattern with a single peak during the year,and the peak occurred in late August with 98 species. The number of species in the family Compositae was significantly higher than that in other families,and the percentage of foreign species increased in summer. The habitat of roadside and woodland contained the highest number of sample sites as well as more spontaneous species,109 and 106,respectively. Community diversity was significantly higher in early October,followed by late August,late April,and early June. Community diversity among different habitats was not stable because of the varying degrees of external interference in different seasons. All communities were classified into 42 community groups based on species dominance. Each season and habitat had its own dominant species and communities,and nine community groups occurred in all the three seasons. With the variation among seasons,most groups presented a rich and colorful effect together with that of wildness. The results of this research will provide a reference for the future construction of sustainable urban vegetation with low maintenance,high biodiversity,and regional characteristics.
引文
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[3]侯冰飞,贾宝全,冷平生,王文和.北京市城乡交错区绿地和植物种类的构成与分布.生态学报,2016,36(19):6256-6265.
[4]Woodward S L.Spontaneous vegetation of the Murray springs area,San Pedro valley,Arizona.Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science,1972,7(1):12-16.
[5]Jaritz G.Manurial experiments on fallows of long or several years'duration with spontaneous pasture vegetation in North-West-Tunisia and their importance for elaborating measures for pasture improvement.Zeitschrift Fuer Acker und Pflanzenbau,1974,139(4):273-306.
[6]Sonneveld I S.Classification and evaluation of forest,also with the aid of the spontaneous vegetation.Nederlands Bosbouwtijdschrift,1977,49(2):44-65.
[7]Choi Y D.Theories for ecological restoration in changing environment:toward‘Futuristic’restoration.Ecological Research,2004,19(1):75-81.
[8]Sagoff M.Do non-native species threaten the natural environment?Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,2005,18(3):215-236.
[9]Luliana P,Adelina D,Valentin S,Doina C,Georgel M.Ecological and aesthetic role of spontaneous flora in urban sustainable landscapes development.Journal of Plant Development,2011,18:169-177.
[10]Boechat C L,Pistóia V C,Gianelo C C,de Oliveira Camargo F A.Accumulation and translocation of heavy metal by spontaneous plants growing on multi-metal-contaminated site in the Southeast of Rio Grande do Sul state,Brazil.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(3):2371-2380.
[11]Cavalca L,Corsini A,Canzi E,Zanchi R.Rhizobacterial communities associated with spontaneous plant species in long-term arsenic contaminated soils.World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2015,31(5):735-746.
[12]Wang J,Zhang C B,Ke S S,Qian B Y.Different spontaneous plant communities in Sanmen Pb/Zn mine tailing and their effects on mine tailing physico-chemical properties.Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(4):779-786.
[13]Cervelli E W,Lundholm J T,Du X.Spontaneous urban vegetation and habitat heterogeneity in Xi'an,China.Landscape and Urban Planning,2013,120:25-33.
[14]Kühn N.Intentions for the unintentional——spontaneous vegetation as the basis for innovative planting design in urban areas.Journal of Landscape Architecture,2006,1(2):46-53.
[15]褚建君.杂草科学的发展与度规的变革.杂草科学,2002,(3):1-7.
[16]陈晓双,梁红,宋坤,达良俊.哈尔滨城区杂草群落多样性及其分类体系.应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2221-2228.
[17]陈晓双,梁红,宋坤,达良俊.哈尔滨中心城区杂草物种多样性及其在异质生境中的分布特征.生态学杂志,2014,33(4):946-952.
[18]田志慧,陈克霞,达良俊,古红梅.城市化进程中上海植被的多样性、空间格局和动态响应(Ⅲ)——高度城市化影响下上海中心城区杂草区系特征.华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2008,(4):49-57.
[19]田志慧,蔡北溟,达良俊.城市化进程中上海植被的多样性、空间格局和动态响应(Ⅷ)——上海乡土陆生草本植物分布特征及其在城市绿化中的应用前景.华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,(4):24-34.
[20]姚和金,赵建华,姚宏昌,万光龙,叶飞.白三叶草对马尼拉草坪杂草群落及其多样性的影响.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2014,38(4):75-80.
[21]冯建孟,董晓东,徐成东.中国外来入侵植物物种多样性的空间分布格局及与本土植物之间的关系.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2010,32(6):50-57.
[22]吴海荣,强胜.南京市秋季外来杂草定量调查研究.生物多样性,2003,11(5):432-438.
[23]牛建忠,刘育俭,李红云,张卉,王艳.天坛公园野生草地持续利用与管理.北京园林,2013,29(4):47-52.
[24]李文,吕秀娟,李树华.清华校园春季野生草本地被植物多样性与群落分类.东北林业大学学报,2010,38(8):31-33.
[25]张金屯.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社,2004:19-19,123-125.
[26]张金龙,马克平.种间联接和生态位重叠的计算:SPAA程序包//马克平编.中国生物多样性保护与研究进展X.北京:气象出版社,2014:165-173.
[27]贺士元,邢其华,尹祖棠,江先甫.北京植物志.北京:北京出版社,1993.
[28]中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[29]刘全儒,于明,周云龙.北京地区外来入侵植物的初步研究.北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2002,38(3):399-404.
[30]杨景成,王光美,姜闯道,赵洪涛,张志东.城市化影响下北京市外来入侵植物特征及其分布.生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1857-1862.
[31]赵娟娟,孙小梅,陈珊珊,江波,陈春娣.城市野生草本植物种类构成的特征——以宁波市为例.生态环境学报,2016,25(1):43-50.
[32]杨剑,卢昌义,于兴娜.深圳市草坪杂草发生季节变化及杂草群落聚类分析.武汉植物学研究,2006,24(6):518-524.
[33]SatrapováJ,Hyvonen T,VenclováV,Soukup J.Growth and reproductive characteristics of C4 weeds under climatic conditions of the Czech Republic.Plant,Soil and Environment,2013,59(7):309-315.
[34]Melander B,Holst N,Grundy A C,Kempenaar C,Riemens M M,Verschwele A,Hansson D.Weed occurrence on pavements in five North European towns.Weed Research,2009,49(5):516-525.
[35]Fagot M,De Cauwer B,Beeldens A,Boonen E,Bulcke R,Reheul D.Weed flora in paved areas in relation to environment,pavement characteristics and weed control.Weed Research,2011,51(6):650-660.
[36]Zhao J J,Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Zhou W Q,Wang X K,Xu W H,Ni Y M.Plant species composition in green spaces within the built-up areas of Beijing,China.Plant Ecology,2010,209(2):189-204.
[37]Cornelis J,Hermy M.Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders.Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(4):385-401.
[38]潘声旺,袁馨,雷志华,胡明成.乡土植物生活型构成对川渝地区边坡植被水土保持效益的影响.生态学报,2016,36(15):4654-4663.
[39]俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理.中国园林,2001,17(6):3-10.
[2]Smart S M,Bunce R G H,Marrs R,Le Ducc M,Firbanka L G,Maskella L C,Scotta W A,Thompsond K,Walkere K J.Large-scale changes in the abundance of common higher plant species across Britain between 1978,1990 and 1998 as a consequence of human activity:tests of hypothesised changes in trait representation.Biological Conservation,2005,124(3):355-371.
[3]侯冰飞,贾宝全,冷平生,王文和.北京市城乡交错区绿地和植物种类的构成与分布.生态学报,2016,36(19):6256-6265.
[4]Woodward S L.Spontaneous vegetation of the Murray springs area,San Pedro valley,Arizona.Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science,1972,7(1):12-16.
[5]Jaritz G.Manurial experiments on fallows of long or several years'duration with spontaneous pasture vegetation in North-West-Tunisia and their importance for elaborating measures for pasture improvement.Zeitschrift Fuer Acker und Pflanzenbau,1974,139(4):273-306.
[6]Sonneveld I S.Classification and evaluation of forest,also with the aid of the spontaneous vegetation.Nederlands Bosbouwtijdschrift,1977,49(2):44-65.
[7]Choi Y D.Theories for ecological restoration in changing environment:toward‘Futuristic’restoration.Ecological Research,2004,19(1):75-81.
[8]Sagoff M.Do non-native species threaten the natural environment?Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,2005,18(3):215-236.
[9]Luliana P,Adelina D,Valentin S,Doina C,Georgel M.Ecological and aesthetic role of spontaneous flora in urban sustainable landscapes development.Journal of Plant Development,2011,18:169-177.
[10]Boechat C L,Pistóia V C,Gianelo C C,de Oliveira Camargo F A.Accumulation and translocation of heavy metal by spontaneous plants growing on multi-metal-contaminated site in the Southeast of Rio Grande do Sul state,Brazil.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(3):2371-2380.
[11]Cavalca L,Corsini A,Canzi E,Zanchi R.Rhizobacterial communities associated with spontaneous plant species in long-term arsenic contaminated soils.World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2015,31(5):735-746.
[12]Wang J,Zhang C B,Ke S S,Qian B Y.Different spontaneous plant communities in Sanmen Pb/Zn mine tailing and their effects on mine tailing physico-chemical properties.Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(4):779-786.
[13]Cervelli E W,Lundholm J T,Du X.Spontaneous urban vegetation and habitat heterogeneity in Xi'an,China.Landscape and Urban Planning,2013,120:25-33.
[14]Kühn N.Intentions for the unintentional——spontaneous vegetation as the basis for innovative planting design in urban areas.Journal of Landscape Architecture,2006,1(2):46-53.
[15]褚建君.杂草科学的发展与度规的变革.杂草科学,2002,(3):1-7.
[16]陈晓双,梁红,宋坤,达良俊.哈尔滨城区杂草群落多样性及其分类体系.应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2221-2228.
[17]陈晓双,梁红,宋坤,达良俊.哈尔滨中心城区杂草物种多样性及其在异质生境中的分布特征.生态学杂志,2014,33(4):946-952.
[18]田志慧,陈克霞,达良俊,古红梅.城市化进程中上海植被的多样性、空间格局和动态响应(Ⅲ)——高度城市化影响下上海中心城区杂草区系特征.华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2008,(4):49-57.
[19]田志慧,蔡北溟,达良俊.城市化进程中上海植被的多样性、空间格局和动态响应(Ⅷ)——上海乡土陆生草本植物分布特征及其在城市绿化中的应用前景.华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,(4):24-34.
[20]姚和金,赵建华,姚宏昌,万光龙,叶飞.白三叶草对马尼拉草坪杂草群落及其多样性的影响.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2014,38(4):75-80.
[21]冯建孟,董晓东,徐成东.中国外来入侵植物物种多样性的空间分布格局及与本土植物之间的关系.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2010,32(6):50-57.
[22]吴海荣,强胜.南京市秋季外来杂草定量调查研究.生物多样性,2003,11(5):432-438.
[23]牛建忠,刘育俭,李红云,张卉,王艳.天坛公园野生草地持续利用与管理.北京园林,2013,29(4):47-52.
[24]李文,吕秀娟,李树华.清华校园春季野生草本地被植物多样性与群落分类.东北林业大学学报,2010,38(8):31-33.
[25]张金屯.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社,2004:19-19,123-125.
[26]张金龙,马克平.种间联接和生态位重叠的计算:SPAA程序包//马克平编.中国生物多样性保护与研究进展X.北京:气象出版社,2014:165-173.
[27]贺士元,邢其华,尹祖棠,江先甫.北京植物志.北京:北京出版社,1993.
[28]中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[29]刘全儒,于明,周云龙.北京地区外来入侵植物的初步研究.北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2002,38(3):399-404.
[30]杨景成,王光美,姜闯道,赵洪涛,张志东.城市化影响下北京市外来入侵植物特征及其分布.生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1857-1862.
[31]赵娟娟,孙小梅,陈珊珊,江波,陈春娣.城市野生草本植物种类构成的特征——以宁波市为例.生态环境学报,2016,25(1):43-50.
[32]杨剑,卢昌义,于兴娜.深圳市草坪杂草发生季节变化及杂草群落聚类分析.武汉植物学研究,2006,24(6):518-524.
[33]SatrapováJ,Hyvonen T,VenclováV,Soukup J.Growth and reproductive characteristics of C4 weeds under climatic conditions of the Czech Republic.Plant,Soil and Environment,2013,59(7):309-315.
[34]Melander B,Holst N,Grundy A C,Kempenaar C,Riemens M M,Verschwele A,Hansson D.Weed occurrence on pavements in five North European towns.Weed Research,2009,49(5):516-525.
[35]Fagot M,De Cauwer B,Beeldens A,Boonen E,Bulcke R,Reheul D.Weed flora in paved areas in relation to environment,pavement characteristics and weed control.Weed Research,2011,51(6):650-660.
[36]Zhao J J,Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Zhou W Q,Wang X K,Xu W H,Ni Y M.Plant species composition in green spaces within the built-up areas of Beijing,China.Plant Ecology,2010,209(2):189-204.
[37]Cornelis J,Hermy M.Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders.Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(4):385-401.
[38]潘声旺,袁馨,雷志华,胡明成.乡土植物生活型构成对川渝地区边坡植被水土保持效益的影响.生态学报,2016,36(15):4654-4663.
[39]俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理.中国园林,2001,17(6):3-10.