昌都—兰坪—呵叻成盐带白垩纪成盐成钾过程
|
摘要
以昌都—兰坪—思茅盆地及呵叻盆地含盐带盐类沉积为研究对象,在分析总结前人研究成果的基础上,通过系统的大地构造学、矿床学、地球化学等研究方法,总结和研究了该区含钾蒸发岩矿床的矿床特征,提出了新的成矿模式。研究表明,兰坪—思茅盆地和呵叻盆地的含钾蒸发岩矿床为"海源陆相"成因,即在陆相环境下与海水的变异有关。该矿床缺失正常海水蒸发浓缩而形成的硫酸盐沉积,同时,矿床中少量菱镁矿等自生矿物的出现无法用正常海水蒸发理论解释。矿床中少量溢晶石等矿物的出现预示着该矿床富钙。兰坪—思茅盆地内广泛发育了白垩纪蒸发岩系(勐野井组或云龙组),江城地区甚至沉积了小型钾盐矿床。同位素和微量元素的研究表明,该区蒸发岩矿床为海相成因,Rb和Br的含量变化指示海水从北部兰坪侵入到呵叻。昌都及兰坪地区的白垩纪石膏硫、锶同位素研究表明,该区大套的硫酸盐沉积为海相成因,物源研究成果揭示思茅盆地的物源可能来自东羌塘地区,预示着昌都地区的硫酸盐沉积跟兰坪—思茅盆地的蒸发岩沉积具有同源性。通过上述研究,提出了多级盆地海水迁移变质成盐成钾模式。
In the salt-bearing zones of Changdu,Lanping-Simao and Khorat basin,evaporites are widely distributed.In this paper,we focus on these deposits to develop a new metallogenic model and processes of the Cretaceous potassium-bearing evaporites,based on the previous research results,tectonics,ore deposits and geochemistry.The results showed that the Cretaceous potassium-bearing evaporites involving Changdu,Lanping-Simao and Khorat basins are the genesis of "Marine source continental facies".This indicated that the formation of those evaporites is related to the intrusion and recharge of seawater in the continental environment.These deposits are lacking in the corresponding sulfate minerals formed by evaporation of normal sea water.Meanwhile,the occurrence of a small amount of authigenic minerals such as magnetite in those deposits cannot be explained by normal sea water evaporation theory.The occurrence of a small amount of tachyhydrite in the deposits indicates that the brine is rich in Ca.The Cretaceous evaporites(Mengyejing Formation or Yunlong Formation) were widely distributed in Lanping-Simao basin,especially small potash deposits have even been deposited in the Jiangcheng area.Studies of isotopes and trace elements indicate that the evaporite deposits in this area are marine origin,and the changes of Rb and Br contents indicate that the seawater intruded into Khorat from the north of Lanping.The S and Sr isotopes in gypsum from Changdu and Lanping-Simao basins indicate that the sulfate deposits in this area are marine origin,studies on provenance reveal that the source of sulfates in Simao basin may come from the east of Qiangtang area,indicating that the sulfates in Changdu area have the same origin with evaporite in Lanping-Simao basin.A new metallogenic model of seawater migration and metamorphism in multistage basins is developed.
In the salt-bearing zones of Changdu,Lanping-Simao and Khorat basin,evaporites are widely distributed.In this paper,we focus on these deposits to develop a new metallogenic model and processes of the Cretaceous potassium-bearing evaporites,based on the previous research results,tectonics,ore deposits and geochemistry.The results showed that the Cretaceous potassium-bearing evaporites involving Changdu,Lanping-Simao and Khorat basins are the genesis of "Marine source continental facies".This indicated that the formation of those evaporites is related to the intrusion and recharge of seawater in the continental environment.These deposits are lacking in the corresponding sulfate minerals formed by evaporation of normal sea water.Meanwhile,the occurrence of a small amount of authigenic minerals such as magnetite in those deposits cannot be explained by normal sea water evaporation theory.The occurrence of a small amount of tachyhydrite in the deposits indicates that the brine is rich in Ca.The Cretaceous evaporites(Mengyejing Formation or Yunlong Formation) were widely distributed in Lanping-Simao basin,especially small potash deposits have even been deposited in the Jiangcheng area.Studies of isotopes and trace elements indicate that the evaporite deposits in this area are marine origin,and the changes of Rb and Br contents indicate that the seawater intruded into Khorat from the north of Lanping.The S and Sr isotopes in gypsum from Changdu and Lanping-Simao basins indicate that the sulfate deposits in this area are marine origin,studies on provenance reveal that the source of sulfates in Simao basin may come from the east of Qiangtang area,indicating that the sulfates in Changdu area have the same origin with evaporite in Lanping-Simao basin.A new metallogenic model of seawater migration and metamorphism in multistage basins is developed.
引文
[1] 曲懿华,袁品泉,帅开业,等.兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐成矿规律及预测[M].北京:地质出版社,1998.
[2] 钾盐地质科学研究队.云南思茅地区钾盐地质研究论文集[C].昆明:云南省地质局,1980.
[3] 邓尔新.云南省江城、勐腊一带钾矿床和盐溶岩类的特征、形成条件以及找矿问题[J].地球化学,1982,(2):143-154.
[4] 云南省地质矿产局.云南思茅盐矿地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1986.
[5] 张从伟,高东林,张西营,等.兰坪—思茅盆地与楚雄盆地古新统含盐系地球化学特征对比[J].盐湖研究,2011,19(3):8-14.
[6] 杨尖絮,尹宏伟,张震,等.滇西兰坪—思茅盆地成钾地质条件分析[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(4):633-640.
[7] 帅开业.云南中、新生代地质构造演化与蒸发岩建造[J].现代地质,1987,1(2):207-229.
[8] 曲懿华.钾盐矿床母液来源的新途径—深卤补给[J].矿物岩石,1982,(1):7-14.
[9] 夏文杰,李秀华.蒸发岩成因理论研究中的几个问题—以云南勐野井钾盐石盐矿床为例[J].矿物岩石,1983 ,(3):1-11.
[10] 吴天柱.云南勐野井钾盐矿床的成因[J].化工地质,1981,(1):1-8.
[11] 颜仰基,袁敬阆,康承林,等.云南思茅拗陷勐野井组盐类矿床的成钾条件[J].中国地质科学院院报(成都地质矿产研究所分刊),1981,2(1):29-47.
[12] 许效松,吴嘉陵.云南勐野井钾盐矿床特征—微量元素地球化学及成因探讨[J].中国地质科学院院报,1983,5(1):17-38.
[13] 肖章程,黄和旺.云南省思茅盆地固体钾盐矿成矿物质来源[J].中国西部科技,2009,8(23):9-11.
[14] 张从伟,高东林,马海州,等.兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源探讨[J].盐湖研究,2010,18(4):12-18.
[15] 郑绵平,张震尹,尹宏伟,等.云南江城勐野井钾盐成矿新认识[J].地球学报,2014,35(1):11-24.
[16] 龙瑞华.云南墨江丙曼石膏箐勐野井组孢粉组合特征及其时代探讨.云南省地质局钾盐地质科学研究队.云南思茅地区钾盐地质研究论文集[C].昆明:云南省地质局,1980:203-208.
[17] 云南省地质矿产局,成都地质矿产研究所,成都地质学院.云南思茅盐矿地质[M].北京:地质出版社.1986.
[18] 袁秦,秦占杰,魏海成,等.云南江城勐野井组钾盐成矿时代及其古环境研究[J].地球学报,3013,34(5):631-637.
[19] Wang L,Liu C,Fei M,et al.First SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of the potash-bearing Mengyejing Formation,Simao Basin,southwestern Yunnan,China[J].Cretaceous Research,2015,52:238-250.
[20] Gardner L S,Haworth H F,Na Chiengmai P.Salt Resources of Thailand[R]//DMR Report of Investigation,1967,(11):22-30.
[21] Hansen B T,Wemmer K,Pawlig S,et al.Isotopic Evidence for a Late Cretaceous Age of the Potash and Rock Salt Deposit at Bamnet Narong,NE Thailand[C].The Symposium on Geology of Thailand,2002,26-31.
[22] 郭远生,吴军,朱延浙,等.老挝万象钾盐地质[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2005,17-40.
[23] 严城民,朱延浙,吴军,等.老挝万象地区基础地质调研的主要进展[J].地球学报,2006,27(1):81-84.
[24] 冯明刚,吴军,韩润生,等.老挝万象地区含盐系地层[J].云南地质,2005,24(4):407-413.
[25] 雷爱全,路耀祖.以龙湖钾镁盐矿床为例,简述农波盆地盐类矿产形成的地质环境[J].价值工程,2010,(36):162.
[26] 钟晓勇,袁秦,秦占杰,等.老挝甘蒙省晚白垩世农波组下段孢粉分析及成钾时代.地球学报,2012,33(3):323-330.
[27] 秦占杰,袁秦,魏海成,等.老挝甘蒙省晚白垩世农波组孢粉组合及其对成盐环境的指示意义[J].地球学报,2013,34(5):638-642.
[28] Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:effects of continental collision[J].Science,1989,189:417-426.
[29] Scharer U,Tapponnier P.Intraplate tectonics of Asia:a precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailaoshan-Red-River shear zone,China[J].Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,1990,97:65-77.
[30] 廖宗庭,陈跃昆.兰坪—思茅盆地原型的性质及演化[J].同济大学学报,2005,33(11):
[31] 刘登忠,陶晓风,朱利东.滇西兰坪盆地盆山耦合[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社.1999.
[32] 殷鸿祥,吴顺宝,杜运生.华南是特提斯多岛洋体系的一部分[J].地球科学,1999,24(1):1-7.
[33] 廖宗廷,陈跃昆,魏志红.滇西晚古生代以来的构造演化[J].同济大学学报,2003,31(9):1029-1033.
[34] Sengor A M C.The Cimmeride organic system and the tectonics of Eurasia[J].The Geological Society Special Paper,1984,195:1-82.
[35] Tapponnier P.The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt,Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China[J].Nature,1990,343:431-437.
[36] 钟大赉,季建清,胡世玲.新特提斯洋俯冲时间:变质洋壳残片40Ar/39Ar 微区年龄[J].科学通报,1999,44(16):1782-1785.
[37] 刘汇川,王岳军,蔡永丰,等.哀牢山构造带新安寨晚二叠世末期过铝质花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素组成研究[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(1):87-98.
[38] 蔡永丰,王岳军,刘汇川,等.哀牢山新元古代斜长角闪岩的形成时代、地球化学特征及其大地构造意义[J].大地构造与成矿学,2014,38(1):168-180.
[39] 李龚健.三江特提斯复合造山带构造演化与典型矿床成矿过程研究.博士论文.2014.
[40] 侯增谦,卢记仁,李红阳,等.中国西南特提斯构造演化—幔柱构造控制[J].地球学报,1996,17(4):439-451.
[41] 曲懿华.泰国呵叻高原钾盐矿床沉积特征及成因探讨[J].化工矿产地质,1980,2(1):13-22.
[42] Metcalfe I.Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion:Tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,66:1-33.
[43] Tong,Y B,Yang Z,Zheng L D,et al.Internal crustal deformation in the northern part of Shan-Thai Block:new evidence from paleomagnetic results of Cretaceous and Palaeogene red beds[J].Tectonophysics,2013,608,1138-1158.
[44] 李祥辉,王成善,伊海生,等.西藏中白垩世和始新世岩相古地理[J].中国区域地质,2001,20(1):82-89.
[45] Herrmann A G,Knake D,Schneider J,et al.Geochemistry of modern seawater and brines from salt pans–main component and bromide distribution[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1973,40:1-24.
[46] Hardie L A.The roles of rifting and hydrothermal CaCl2 brines in the origin of potash evaporites:An hypothesis[J].American Journal of Science,1990,290:43-106.
[47] Tabakh M,Utha-Aroon C,Schreiber B C.Sedimentology of the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham evaporates in the Khorat Plateau of northeastern Thailand[J].Sedimentary Geology,1999,123:31-62.
[48] Braitsch O.Salt Deposits,their origin and composition[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1971.
[49] Wardlaw N C.Unusual marine evaporates with salts of calcium and magnesium chloride in Cretaceous basins of Sergipe,Brazil[J].Economic Geology,1972,67:156-168.
[50] Borchert H.On the formation of lower Cretaceous potassium salts and tachhydrite in the Sergipe Basin (Brazil) with some remarks on similar occurrences in west Africa (Gabon,Angola etc.).//Klemm,D D and Schneider H J,Time-and strata-bound ore deposits[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1977.94-111.
[51] Garrett D E.Potash deposits-processing,properties and uses[M].London:Chapman and Hall,1996.
[52] Lowenstein T K,Spencer R J,Zhang P X.Origin of ancient potash evaporites:clues from the modern nonmarine Qaidam Basin of western China[J].Science,1989,245:1090-1092.
[53] Szatmari P,Carvalho R S,Sim?es I A.A comparison of evaporite facies in the Late Paleozoic Amazon and the middle Cretaceous south Atlantic salt basins[J].Economic Geology,1979,74:432-447.
[54] Timofeeff M N,Lowenstein T K,Martins da Silva M A,et al.Secular variation in the major-ion chemistry of seawater:evidence from fluid inclusions in Cretaceous halites[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2006,70:1977-1994.
[55] Lowenstein T K,Timofeeff M N.Secular variations in seawater chemistry as a control on the chemistry of basinal brines:test of the hypothesis[J].Geofluids,2008,8(2):77-92.
[56] 程怀德.基于相化学模拟蒸发和淋滤实验的老挝钾盐成矿地球化学过程与机制研究[D].西宁:中国科学院青海盐湖研究所,2011.
[57] 高翔,方勤方,姚薇,等.云南兰坪—思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿床物质组分对成因的指示[J].地球学报,2013,34(5):529-536.
[58] Hite R J and Japakasetr T.Potash deposits of Khorat Plateau,Thailand and Laos[J].Economy Geology,1979,74:448-458.
[59]张华,刘成林,王立成,等.老挝他曲盆地钾盐矿床蒸发岩硫同位素特征及成钾指示意义[J].地质论评,2014,60(4):851-857.
[60] Tan H B,Ma H Z,Li B K,et al.Strontium and boron isotopic constraint on the marine origin of the Khammuane potash deposits in southeastern Laos[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(3):1-8.
[61] Zhang X Y,Ma H Z,Ma Y Q,et al.Origin of the late Cretaceous potash-bearing evaporates in the Vientiane Basin of Laos:δ11B evidence from borates[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,62:812-818.
[62] 王立成,刘成林,费明明,等.云南兰坪盆地云龙组硫酸盐硫同位素特征及其地质意义[J].中国矿业,2014,23(12):57-63.
[63] 刘群,陈郁华,李银彩,等.中国中、新生代陆源碎屑—化学岩型盐类沉积[M].北京:科学技术出社,1987:1-240.
[64] 李永寿.昌都—兰坪—思茅—呵叻成盐带白垩纪含钾蒸发岩矿床成矿模式[D].西宁:中国科学院青海盐湖研究所,2015.
[65] 许效松,吴嘉陵.云南勐野井钾盐矿床特征—微量元素地球化学及成因探讨[J].中国地质科学院院报,1983,5(1):17-38.
[2] 钾盐地质科学研究队.云南思茅地区钾盐地质研究论文集[C].昆明:云南省地质局,1980.
[3] 邓尔新.云南省江城、勐腊一带钾矿床和盐溶岩类的特征、形成条件以及找矿问题[J].地球化学,1982,(2):143-154.
[4] 云南省地质矿产局.云南思茅盐矿地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1986.
[5] 张从伟,高东林,张西营,等.兰坪—思茅盆地与楚雄盆地古新统含盐系地球化学特征对比[J].盐湖研究,2011,19(3):8-14.
[6] 杨尖絮,尹宏伟,张震,等.滇西兰坪—思茅盆地成钾地质条件分析[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(4):633-640.
[7] 帅开业.云南中、新生代地质构造演化与蒸发岩建造[J].现代地质,1987,1(2):207-229.
[8] 曲懿华.钾盐矿床母液来源的新途径—深卤补给[J].矿物岩石,1982,(1):7-14.
[9] 夏文杰,李秀华.蒸发岩成因理论研究中的几个问题—以云南勐野井钾盐石盐矿床为例[J].矿物岩石,1983 ,(3):1-11.
[10] 吴天柱.云南勐野井钾盐矿床的成因[J].化工地质,1981,(1):1-8.
[11] 颜仰基,袁敬阆,康承林,等.云南思茅拗陷勐野井组盐类矿床的成钾条件[J].中国地质科学院院报(成都地质矿产研究所分刊),1981,2(1):29-47.
[12] 许效松,吴嘉陵.云南勐野井钾盐矿床特征—微量元素地球化学及成因探讨[J].中国地质科学院院报,1983,5(1):17-38.
[13] 肖章程,黄和旺.云南省思茅盆地固体钾盐矿成矿物质来源[J].中国西部科技,2009,8(23):9-11.
[14] 张从伟,高东林,马海州,等.兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源探讨[J].盐湖研究,2010,18(4):12-18.
[15] 郑绵平,张震尹,尹宏伟,等.云南江城勐野井钾盐成矿新认识[J].地球学报,2014,35(1):11-24.
[16] 龙瑞华.云南墨江丙曼石膏箐勐野井组孢粉组合特征及其时代探讨.云南省地质局钾盐地质科学研究队.云南思茅地区钾盐地质研究论文集[C].昆明:云南省地质局,1980:203-208.
[17] 云南省地质矿产局,成都地质矿产研究所,成都地质学院.云南思茅盐矿地质[M].北京:地质出版社.1986.
[18] 袁秦,秦占杰,魏海成,等.云南江城勐野井组钾盐成矿时代及其古环境研究[J].地球学报,3013,34(5):631-637.
[19] Wang L,Liu C,Fei M,et al.First SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of the potash-bearing Mengyejing Formation,Simao Basin,southwestern Yunnan,China[J].Cretaceous Research,2015,52:238-250.
[20] Gardner L S,Haworth H F,Na Chiengmai P.Salt Resources of Thailand[R]//DMR Report of Investigation,1967,(11):22-30.
[21] Hansen B T,Wemmer K,Pawlig S,et al.Isotopic Evidence for a Late Cretaceous Age of the Potash and Rock Salt Deposit at Bamnet Narong,NE Thailand[C].The Symposium on Geology of Thailand,2002,26-31.
[22] 郭远生,吴军,朱延浙,等.老挝万象钾盐地质[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2005,17-40.
[23] 严城民,朱延浙,吴军,等.老挝万象地区基础地质调研的主要进展[J].地球学报,2006,27(1):81-84.
[24] 冯明刚,吴军,韩润生,等.老挝万象地区含盐系地层[J].云南地质,2005,24(4):407-413.
[25] 雷爱全,路耀祖.以龙湖钾镁盐矿床为例,简述农波盆地盐类矿产形成的地质环境[J].价值工程,2010,(36):162.
[26] 钟晓勇,袁秦,秦占杰,等.老挝甘蒙省晚白垩世农波组下段孢粉分析及成钾时代.地球学报,2012,33(3):323-330.
[27] 秦占杰,袁秦,魏海成,等.老挝甘蒙省晚白垩世农波组孢粉组合及其对成盐环境的指示意义[J].地球学报,2013,34(5):638-642.
[28] Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:effects of continental collision[J].Science,1989,189:417-426.
[29] Scharer U,Tapponnier P.Intraplate tectonics of Asia:a precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailaoshan-Red-River shear zone,China[J].Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,1990,97:65-77.
[30] 廖宗庭,陈跃昆.兰坪—思茅盆地原型的性质及演化[J].同济大学学报,2005,33(11):
[31] 刘登忠,陶晓风,朱利东.滇西兰坪盆地盆山耦合[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社.1999.
[32] 殷鸿祥,吴顺宝,杜运生.华南是特提斯多岛洋体系的一部分[J].地球科学,1999,24(1):1-7.
[33] 廖宗廷,陈跃昆,魏志红.滇西晚古生代以来的构造演化[J].同济大学学报,2003,31(9):1029-1033.
[34] Sengor A M C.The Cimmeride organic system and the tectonics of Eurasia[J].The Geological Society Special Paper,1984,195:1-82.
[35] Tapponnier P.The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt,Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China[J].Nature,1990,343:431-437.
[36] 钟大赉,季建清,胡世玲.新特提斯洋俯冲时间:变质洋壳残片40Ar/39Ar 微区年龄[J].科学通报,1999,44(16):1782-1785.
[37] 刘汇川,王岳军,蔡永丰,等.哀牢山构造带新安寨晚二叠世末期过铝质花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素组成研究[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(1):87-98.
[38] 蔡永丰,王岳军,刘汇川,等.哀牢山新元古代斜长角闪岩的形成时代、地球化学特征及其大地构造意义[J].大地构造与成矿学,2014,38(1):168-180.
[39] 李龚健.三江特提斯复合造山带构造演化与典型矿床成矿过程研究.博士论文.2014.
[40] 侯增谦,卢记仁,李红阳,等.中国西南特提斯构造演化—幔柱构造控制[J].地球学报,1996,17(4):439-451.
[41] 曲懿华.泰国呵叻高原钾盐矿床沉积特征及成因探讨[J].化工矿产地质,1980,2(1):13-22.
[42] Metcalfe I.Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion:Tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,66:1-33.
[43] Tong,Y B,Yang Z,Zheng L D,et al.Internal crustal deformation in the northern part of Shan-Thai Block:new evidence from paleomagnetic results of Cretaceous and Palaeogene red beds[J].Tectonophysics,2013,608,1138-1158.
[44] 李祥辉,王成善,伊海生,等.西藏中白垩世和始新世岩相古地理[J].中国区域地质,2001,20(1):82-89.
[45] Herrmann A G,Knake D,Schneider J,et al.Geochemistry of modern seawater and brines from salt pans–main component and bromide distribution[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1973,40:1-24.
[46] Hardie L A.The roles of rifting and hydrothermal CaCl2 brines in the origin of potash evaporites:An hypothesis[J].American Journal of Science,1990,290:43-106.
[47] Tabakh M,Utha-Aroon C,Schreiber B C.Sedimentology of the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham evaporates in the Khorat Plateau of northeastern Thailand[J].Sedimentary Geology,1999,123:31-62.
[48] Braitsch O.Salt Deposits,their origin and composition[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1971.
[49] Wardlaw N C.Unusual marine evaporates with salts of calcium and magnesium chloride in Cretaceous basins of Sergipe,Brazil[J].Economic Geology,1972,67:156-168.
[50] Borchert H.On the formation of lower Cretaceous potassium salts and tachhydrite in the Sergipe Basin (Brazil) with some remarks on similar occurrences in west Africa (Gabon,Angola etc.).//Klemm,D D and Schneider H J,Time-and strata-bound ore deposits[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1977.94-111.
[51] Garrett D E.Potash deposits-processing,properties and uses[M].London:Chapman and Hall,1996.
[52] Lowenstein T K,Spencer R J,Zhang P X.Origin of ancient potash evaporites:clues from the modern nonmarine Qaidam Basin of western China[J].Science,1989,245:1090-1092.
[53] Szatmari P,Carvalho R S,Sim?es I A.A comparison of evaporite facies in the Late Paleozoic Amazon and the middle Cretaceous south Atlantic salt basins[J].Economic Geology,1979,74:432-447.
[54] Timofeeff M N,Lowenstein T K,Martins da Silva M A,et al.Secular variation in the major-ion chemistry of seawater:evidence from fluid inclusions in Cretaceous halites[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2006,70:1977-1994.
[55] Lowenstein T K,Timofeeff M N.Secular variations in seawater chemistry as a control on the chemistry of basinal brines:test of the hypothesis[J].Geofluids,2008,8(2):77-92.
[56] 程怀德.基于相化学模拟蒸发和淋滤实验的老挝钾盐成矿地球化学过程与机制研究[D].西宁:中国科学院青海盐湖研究所,2011.
[57] 高翔,方勤方,姚薇,等.云南兰坪—思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿床物质组分对成因的指示[J].地球学报,2013,34(5):529-536.
[58] Hite R J and Japakasetr T.Potash deposits of Khorat Plateau,Thailand and Laos[J].Economy Geology,1979,74:448-458.
[59]张华,刘成林,王立成,等.老挝他曲盆地钾盐矿床蒸发岩硫同位素特征及成钾指示意义[J].地质论评,2014,60(4):851-857.
[60] Tan H B,Ma H Z,Li B K,et al.Strontium and boron isotopic constraint on the marine origin of the Khammuane potash deposits in southeastern Laos[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(3):1-8.
[61] Zhang X Y,Ma H Z,Ma Y Q,et al.Origin of the late Cretaceous potash-bearing evaporates in the Vientiane Basin of Laos:δ11B evidence from borates[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,62:812-818.
[62] 王立成,刘成林,费明明,等.云南兰坪盆地云龙组硫酸盐硫同位素特征及其地质意义[J].中国矿业,2014,23(12):57-63.
[63] 刘群,陈郁华,李银彩,等.中国中、新生代陆源碎屑—化学岩型盐类沉积[M].北京:科学技术出社,1987:1-240.
[64] 李永寿.昌都—兰坪—思茅—呵叻成盐带白垩纪含钾蒸发岩矿床成矿模式[D].西宁:中国科学院青海盐湖研究所,2015.
[65] 许效松,吴嘉陵.云南勐野井钾盐矿床特征—微量元素地球化学及成因探讨[J].中国地质科学院院报,1983,5(1):17-38.