多维视角下的新时代水产养殖业发展
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摘要
由于经济因素的驱动,我国水产养殖规模和集约化水平在快速扩大和提高,同时,土地、淡水和鱼粉等资源制约日趋明显,氮磷排放、碳足迹、生态足迹在迅速增大,因此,我国水产养殖业需要生态集约化发展。从多维和可持续发展的视角可以推知,内陆大水域未来仅适于发展不投饲的养殖种类或称净水渔业,近岸(10 m以浅、距岸2 km以内或有遮蔽的海域)可发展不投饵的贝、藻养殖和增殖,离岸(距岸2 km以外、水深10～50 m)应增殖、养殖并举,深远海养殖(50 m以深、高海况开放海域和12 n mile以外的专属经济区海域)大有可为,陆基池塘生态集约化改造和陆基循环水养殖的阳光工厂化改造任重道远。
Driven by economic factor, China's aquaculture expands and intensifies rapidly, meanwhile, therestrictions of land, fresh water and fishmeal to aquaculture development have become increasingly obvious, N andP emission, carbon footprint and ecological footprint of aquaculture systems are increasing significantly.Therefore, development pattern of China's aquaculture needs to be remoulded in a way of ecologicalintensification. From the multidimensional and sustainable development perspectives,it can be inferred that, largeinland waters(lakes and reservoirs) in China are suitable only for aquaculture without feeding; coastal maricultures(sheltered waters or shallow waters, <10 m in depth and <2 km from the coast) are suitable only for extractivespecies farming; offshore maricultures(10-50 m in depth, >2 km from the coast) can develop various mariculturescombined with sea ranching; far offshore mariculture(>50 m in depth, high sea or EEZ) for fish farming with steelframe cages or vessels will have a bright future. There is a long way to go for the ecological intensification of pondaquaculture and for reconstructing recirculating aquaculture systems to industrialized solar aquaculture systems.
Driven by economic factor, China's aquaculture expands and intensifies rapidly, meanwhile, therestrictions of land, fresh water and fishmeal to aquaculture development have become increasingly obvious, N andP emission, carbon footprint and ecological footprint of aquaculture systems are increasing significantly.Therefore, development pattern of China's aquaculture needs to be remoulded in a way of ecologicalintensification. From the multidimensional and sustainable development perspectives,it can be inferred that, largeinland waters(lakes and reservoirs) in China are suitable only for aquaculture without feeding; coastal maricultures(sheltered waters or shallow waters, <10 m in depth and <2 km from the coast) are suitable only for extractivespecies farming; offshore maricultures(10-50 m in depth, >2 km from the coast) can develop various mariculturescombined with sea ranching; far offshore mariculture(>50 m in depth, high sea or EEZ) for fish farming with steelframe cages or vessels will have a bright future. There is a long way to go for the ecological intensification of pondaquaculture and for reconstructing recirculating aquaculture systems to industrialized solar aquaculture systems.
引文
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(1)GWP:全球变暖潜势,评估CO2、CH4和N2O等废气在大气层中吸收红外线导致温室效应气体对环境的影响,用kg CO2当量表示;EP:富营养化潜势,包括氮磷在内的所有导致环境营养水平升高的生源要素对环境的影响,以kg PO4当量表示;AP:酸化潜势,是度量酸化污染消极影响的指标,包括土壤、地下水、地表水、生物有机体和生态系统,以kg SO2当量表示。
[2]董双林,潘克厚,Brockmann U.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(4):575-582.Dong S L,Pan K H,Brockman U.Review on effects of mariculture on coastal environment[J].Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,2000,30(4):575-582(in Chinese).
[3]Naylor R L,Goldburg R J,Primavera J H,et al.Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies[J].Nature,2000,405(6790):1017-1024.
[4]Boyd C E,Wood C W,Chaney P L,et al.Role of aquaculture pond sediments in sequestration of annual global carbon emissions[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(8):2537-2540.
[5]Tang Q S,Zhang J H,Fang J G.Shellfish and seaweed mariculture increase atmospheric CO2 absorption by coastal ecosystems[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2011,424:97-104.
[6]董双林.中国综合水产养殖的生态学基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:350.Dong S L.Ecological foundation of integrated aquaculture in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2015:350 (in Chinese).
[7]董双林.高效低碳-中国水产养殖业发展的必由之路[J].水产学报,2011,35(10):1595-1600.Dong S L.High efficiency with low carbon:The only way for China aquaculture to develop[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(10):1595-1600(in Chinese).
[8]Naylor R L,Goldburg R J,Mooney H,et al.Nature's subsidies to shrimp and salmon farming[J].Science,1998,282(5390):883-884.
[9]常杰.对虾、青蛤和江蓠不同混养系统氮磷收支的实验研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2006.Chang J.Experimental studies on nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in polyculture systems of Litopenaeus vannamei,Cyclina sinesis and Gracilaria lichevoides[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2006(in Chinese).
[10]崔毅,陈碧鹃,陈聚法.黄渤海海水养殖自身污染的评估[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(1):180-185.Cui Y,Chen B J,Chen J F.Evaluation on self-pollution of marine culture in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(1):180-185(in Chinese).
[11]程序.生物质能与节能减排及低碳经济[J].中国生态农业学报,2009,17(2):375-378.Cheng X.Bioenergy,reduction of energy consumption and waste discharge,and low-carbon economy[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2009,17(2):375-378(in Chinese).
[12]Pillay T V R,Kutty M N.Aquaculture:Principles and Practices[M].2nd ed.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2005.
[13]Naylor R L,Hardy R W,Bureau D P,et al.Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(36):15103-15110.
[14]董双林.论我国水产养殖业生态集约化发展[J].中国渔业经济,2015,33(5):4-9.Dong S L.On ecological intensification of aquaculture systems in China[J].Chinese Fisheries Economics,2015,33(5):4-9(in Chinese).
[15]Tacon A G J,Metian M.Feed matters:Satisfying the feed demand of aquaculture[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science&Aquaculture,2015,23(1):1-10.
[16]董双林,田相利,高勤峰.水产养殖生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2017:376.Dong S L,Tian X L,Gao Q F.Aquaculture ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2017:376(in Chinese).
[17]吴飞飞,纪建悦,许罕多.基于LCA方法的对虾池塘养殖碳足迹研究[J].中国管理科学,2011,19(专辑):668-672.Wu F F,Ji J Y,Xu H D.Carbon footprint of shrimp pond aquaculture based on the LCA method[J].Chinese Journal of Management Science,2011,19(专辑):668-672(in Chinese).
[18]解绶启,刘家寿,李钟杰.淡水水体渔业碳移出之估算[J].渔业科学进展,2013,34(1):82-89.Xie S Q,Liu J S,Li Z J.Evaluation of the carbon removal by fisheries and aquaculture in freshwater bodies[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2013,34(1):82-89(in Chinese).
[19]Ware J R,Smith S V,Reaka-Kudla M L.Coral-reefssources or sinks of atmospheric CO2[J].Coral Reefs,1992,11(3):127-130.
[20]张明亮.栉孔扇贝生理活动对近海碳循环的影响[D].青岛:中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所),2011.Zhang M L.Impacts of Chlamys farreri physiological activities on coastal sea carbon cyle[D].Qingdao:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2011(in Chinese).
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[22]Chen Y,Dong S L,Wang Z N,et al.Variations in CO2fluxes from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella aquaculture polyculture ponds[J].Aquaculture Environment Interactions,2015,8:31-40.
[23]Chen Y,Dong S L,Wang F,et al.Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from feeding and no-feeding mariculture ponds[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,212:489-497.
[24]方恺.足迹家族:概念、类型、理论框架与整合模式[J].生态学报,2015,35(6):1647-1659.Fang K.Footprint family:Concept,classification,theoretical framework and integrated pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(6):1647-1659(in Chinese).
[25]Cao L,Diana J S,Keoleian G A,et al.Life cycle assessment of Chinese shrimp farming systems targeted for export and domestic sales[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(15):6531-6538.
[26]Zhao C F,Chen B.Driving force analysis of the agricultural water footprint in China based on the LMDImethod[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(21):12723-12731.
[27]Boyd C E,Tucker C,Mcnevin A,et al.Indicators of resource use efficiency and environmental performance in fish and crustacean aquaculture[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2007,15(4):327-360.
[28]Waite R,Beveridge M,Brummett R,et al.Improving productivity and environmental performance of aquaculture[C]//Installment 5 of Creating a Sustainable Food Future.Washington DC:World Resources Institute,2014:60.
[29]Odum H T.Systems Ecology[M].New York:Wiley,1983:644.
[30]农业部渔业渔政管理局.2017中国渔业统计年鉴[R].北京:中国农业出版社,2017:157.Department of Fisheries and Fishery Administration of Agriculture Ministry.2017 China Fishery Statistical Yearbook[R].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2017:157(in Chinese).
[31]Xie P,Liu J K.Studies on the influences of planktivorous fishes(silver carp and bighead carp)on the phytoplankton community in a shallow eutrophic Chinese lake(the Donghu Lake)using enclosure method[C]//Liu J K.Annual Report of FEBL for 1990.Beijing:International Academic Publishers,1992:31-38.
[32]董双林.鲢鱼的放养对水质影响的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,1994,13(2):66-68.Dong S L.Effect of silver carp stocking on water quality:Research advances[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1994,13(2):66-68(in Chinese).
[33]阮景荣,陈受忠,余家禄,等.放养草鱼和鳙的中型生态系统的逆行演替[M]//刘建康.东湖生态学研究(二).北京:科学出版社,1995:376-391.Ruan J R,Chen S Z,Yu J L,et al.The regressive succession of mesocosms stocked with grass carp and bighead carp[M]//Liu J K.Ecology of the Donghu Lake(Ⅱ).Beijing:Science Press,1995:376-391(in Chinese).
[34]崔奕波,李钟杰.长江流域湖泊的渔业资源与环境保护[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:424.Cui Y B,Li Z J.Fishery resources and conservation of environment in lakes of the Changjiang River Basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005:424(in Chinese).
[35]Lovatelli A,Aguilar-Manjarrez J,Soto D.Expanding mariculture farther offshore:Technical,environmental,spatial and governance challenges[R].FAO Technical Workshop.Orbetello,Italy:FAO,2010.
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(1)GWP:全球变暖潜势,评估CO2、CH4和N2O等废气在大气层中吸收红外线导致温室效应气体对环境的影响,用kg CO2当量表示;EP:富营养化潜势,包括氮磷在内的所有导致环境营养水平升高的生源要素对环境的影响,以kg PO4当量表示;AP:酸化潜势,是度量酸化污染消极影响的指标,包括土壤、地下水、地表水、生物有机体和生态系统,以kg SO2当量表示。