社会合作信息对距离知觉的影响
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摘要
为探讨社会合作信息对距离知觉的影响,本研究通过两个实验,采用动态追逐场景,对两个追逐者之间的交互模式(或合作或单独追逐同一目标)与追逐目标的存在与否进行了操作。结果发现,相比随机运动和单独追逐,存在合作关系的两个追逐者间的距离被知觉得更远,即存在距离的扩张效应(实验1),且该效应不能由底层的物理特征所解释(实验2)。该结果揭示,社会合作信息使得知觉距离被扩张,其可帮助理解视觉的适应性机制。
The ability of distance perception enables us to estimate the distance between objects and thereby interact efficiently with the world.Theoretically, the vision should perceive the distance accurately. While it has been largely found that the perceived distance is distorted, it should be adapted in order to act on the objects. Previous studies have revealed that the physical relation between objects and the categorical relation between objects can influence the perception of distance. Nevertheless, since individuals are always socially interactive, the social relation is always perceived between two objects. However, how this information modulates distance perception is still unknown. The present study is aimed to explore how the social cooperation information influences the distance perception, given that this kind of social relation is core to dominate our interaction.To address the above question, we manipulated the cooperation information by presenting two chasers and one common target to perform cooperative or individual chases. Subjects were required to estimate the distance between two chasers when the agents stopped moving. The perceived distance of cooperative chases was compared with the individual chases. To assess whether the perceived distance was expanded or compressed by the cooperation information, the perceived distance of both cooperative chases and individual chases were also compared with that of the random motion, wherein the two chasers moved randomly(Experiment 1). In our used chasing scenes, the behaviors of chasers responded to those of the target continuously, thus it is critical to take into consideration of the target(or goal) when understanding the interactions. That is to say, if the prey becomes invisible, the observer will be hard to get the intents of the chasers though they are still moving in exactly the same way with the presence of target.Hence, we also established a direct manipulation of the goal-directedness of one chaser's movements to disrupt cooperation information(Experiment2), to control for possible low-level physical properties and further to examine whether the observed effect in Experiment 1 was reasoned by the social information.It was found that:(1) The perceived distance was influenced by the social cooperation information, and the perceived distance of cooperative chases was farther than that of both individual chases and random motions, but there was no difference between individual chases and random motions;(2) When the social cooperation information was disrupted through making the target invisible, even the physical relation between two chases was kept the same as before. No significant difference was found across cooperative chases, individual chases and random motions; namely, if the social cooperation information was not present, the above effects vanished.Therefore, the current study indicated that the perceived distance between two objects with social cooperation was expanded and such effect could not be explained by the low-level properties, suggesting that the social relation information also modulated the perception of distance between objects. This finding is consistent with the view in which the high-level information can penetrate into low-level processes. In addition, the current finding could help us understand more about how the social information interacts with the perception of distance.
The ability of distance perception enables us to estimate the distance between objects and thereby interact efficiently with the world.Theoretically, the vision should perceive the distance accurately. While it has been largely found that the perceived distance is distorted, it should be adapted in order to act on the objects. Previous studies have revealed that the physical relation between objects and the categorical relation between objects can influence the perception of distance. Nevertheless, since individuals are always socially interactive, the social relation is always perceived between two objects. However, how this information modulates distance perception is still unknown. The present study is aimed to explore how the social cooperation information influences the distance perception, given that this kind of social relation is core to dominate our interaction.To address the above question, we manipulated the cooperation information by presenting two chasers and one common target to perform cooperative or individual chases. Subjects were required to estimate the distance between two chasers when the agents stopped moving. The perceived distance of cooperative chases was compared with the individual chases. To assess whether the perceived distance was expanded or compressed by the cooperation information, the perceived distance of both cooperative chases and individual chases were also compared with that of the random motion, wherein the two chasers moved randomly(Experiment 1). In our used chasing scenes, the behaviors of chasers responded to those of the target continuously, thus it is critical to take into consideration of the target(or goal) when understanding the interactions. That is to say, if the prey becomes invisible, the observer will be hard to get the intents of the chasers though they are still moving in exactly the same way with the presence of target.Hence, we also established a direct manipulation of the goal-directedness of one chaser's movements to disrupt cooperation information(Experiment2), to control for possible low-level physical properties and further to examine whether the observed effect in Experiment 1 was reasoned by the social information.It was found that:(1) The perceived distance was influenced by the social cooperation information, and the perceived distance of cooperative chases was farther than that of both individual chases and random motions, but there was no difference between individual chases and random motions;(2) When the social cooperation information was disrupted through making the target invisible, even the physical relation between two chases was kept the same as before. No significant difference was found across cooperative chases, individual chases and random motions; namely, if the social cooperation information was not present, the above effects vanished.Therefore, the current study indicated that the perceived distance between two objects with social cooperation was expanded and such effect could not be explained by the low-level properties, suggesting that the social relation information also modulated the perception of distance between objects. This finding is consistent with the view in which the high-level information can penetrate into low-level processes. In addition, the current finding could help us understand more about how the social information interacts with the perception of distance.
引文
Brainard, D. H.(1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 433-436.
Balcetis,E.,&Lassiter,G.D.(2010).Social psychology of visual perception.Psychology Press.
Boulton,M.J.,&Smith,P.K.(1992).The social nature of play fighting and play chasing:Mechanisms and strategies underlying cooperation and compromise.In J.H.Barkow,L.Cosmides,&J.Tooby(Eds.),The adapted mind:Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture(pp.429-444).New York,NY,US:Oxford University Press.
Burris,C.T.,&Branscombe,N.R.(2005).Distorted distance estimation induced by a self-relevant national boundary.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,41(3),305-312.
Corbin,S.F.(2017).Keeping your friends close:Perceived distance as a function of psychological closeness.Doctoral dissertation,University of Dayton.
Coren,S.,&Girgus,J.S.(1980).Principles of perceptual organization and spatial distortion:The gestalt illusions.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,6(3),404.
Costa,M.,&Bonetti,L.(2018).Geometrical distortions in geographical cognitive maps.Journal of Environmental Psychology,55,53-69.
Cutting,J.E.,&Vishton,P.M.(1995).Perceiving layout and knowing distances:The integration,relative potency,and contextual use of different information about depth.In W.Epstein&S.Rogers(Eds.),Perception of space and motion(pp.69-117).San Diego,CA:Academic Press.
Decety,J.,Jackson,P.L.,Sommerville,J.A.,Chaminade,T.,&Meltzoff,A.N.(2004).The neural bases of cooperation and competition:An fMRIinvestigation.NeuroI mage,23(2),744-751.
De Jaegher,H.,Di Paolo,E.,&Gallagher,S.(2010).Can social interaction constitute social cognition?Trends in cognitive sciences,14(10),441-447.
Farran,E.K.,&Cole,V.L.(2008).Perceptual grouping and distance estimates in typical and atypical development:Comparing performance across perception,drawing and construction tasks.Brain and Cognition,68(2),157-165.
Firestone,C.,&Scholl,B.J.(2016).Cognition does not affect perception:Evaluating the evidence for'top-down'effects.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,39,1-72.
Foley,J.M.(1980).Binocular distance perception.Psychological Review,87(5),411.
Krackhardt,D.,&Kilduff,M.(1999).Whether close or far:Social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks.Journal of personality and social psychology,76(5),770.
Lima,S.L.(2002).Putting predators back into behavioral predator-prey interactions.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,17(2),70-75.
Liverence,B.M.,&Scholl,B.J.(2011).Selective attention warps spatial representation:Parallel but opposing effects on attended versus inhibited objects.Psychological Science,22(12),1600-1608.
Liviatan,I.,Trope,Y.,&Liberman,N.(2008).Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension:Implications for perception of others’actions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,44(5),1256-1269.
Loomis,J.M.,Da Silva,J.A.,Fujita,N.,&Fukusima,S.S.(1992).Visual space perception and visually directed action.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,18(4),906.
Mast,F.W.,&J?ncke,L.(2007).Spatial processing in navigation,imagery and perception.Springer Science and Business Media,LLC.
Morgado,N.,Muller,D.,Gentaz,E.,&Palluel-Germain,R.(2011).Close to me?The influence of affective closeness on space perception.Perception,40(7),877-879.
Neri,P.,Luu,J.Y.,&Levi,D.M.(2006).Meaningful interactions can enhance visual discrimination of human agents.Nature Neuroscience,9(9),1186.
Packer,C.,&Ruttan,L.(1988).The evolution of cooperative hunting.The American Naturalist,132(2),159-198.
Pylyshyn,Z.(2003).Return of the mental image:Are there really pictures in the brain?Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(3),113-118.
Rand,K.M.,Barhorst-Cates,E.M.,Kiris,E.,Thompson,W.B.,&CreemRegehr,S.H.(in press).Going the distance and beyond:Simulated low vision increases perception of distance traveled during locomotion.Psychological research.
Rawal,A.,Rajagopalan,P.,&Miikkulainen,R.(2010).Constructing competitive and cooperative agent behavior using coevolution.In Proceedings of the 2010IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games,CIG2010.
Saulton,A.,Bülthoff,H.H.,&de la Rosa,S.(2017).Conceptual biases explain distortion differences between hand and objects in localization tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,43(7),1444.
Sundstrom,E.,&Altman,I.(1976).Interpersonal relationships and personal space:Research review and theoretical model.Human Ecology,4(1),47-67.
Teneggi,C.,Canzoneri,E.,Di Pellegrino,G.,&Serino,A.(2013).Social modulation of peripersonal space boundaries.Current Biology,23(5),406-411.
Tomasello,M.,&Vaish,A.(2013).Origins of human cooperation and morality.Annual Review of Psychology,64,231-255.
Vickery,T.J.,&Chun,M.M.(2010).Object-based warping:An illusory distortion of space within objects.Psychological Science,21(12),1759-1764.
Vickery,T.J.,&Jiang,Y.V.(2009).Associative grouping:Perceptual grouping of shapes by association.Attention,Perception,and Psychophysics,71(4),896-909.
Witt,J.K.(2017).Action potential influences spatial perception:Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,24(4),999-1021.
Yin,J.,Ding,X.,Xu,H.,Zhang,F.,&Shen,M.(2017).Social coordination information in dynamic chase modulates EEG Mu rhythm.Scientific Reports,7(1),e4782.
Yin,J.,Ding,X.,Zhou,J.,Shui,R.,Li,X.,&Shen,M.(2013).Social grouping:Perceptual grouping of objects by cooperative but not competitive relationships in dynamic chase.Cognition,129,194-204.
Yin,J.,Xu,H.,Duan,J.,&Shen,M.(2018).Object-based attention on social units:Visual selection of hands performing a social interaction.Psychological Science,29,1040-1048.
Yin,J.,Xu,H.,Ding,X.,Liang,J.,Shui,R.,&Shen,M.(2016).Social constraints from an observer's perspective:Coordinated actions make an agent's position more predictable.Cognition,151,10-17.
Balcetis,E.,&Lassiter,G.D.(2010).Social psychology of visual perception.Psychology Press.
Boulton,M.J.,&Smith,P.K.(1992).The social nature of play fighting and play chasing:Mechanisms and strategies underlying cooperation and compromise.In J.H.Barkow,L.Cosmides,&J.Tooby(Eds.),The adapted mind:Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture(pp.429-444).New York,NY,US:Oxford University Press.
Burris,C.T.,&Branscombe,N.R.(2005).Distorted distance estimation induced by a self-relevant national boundary.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,41(3),305-312.
Corbin,S.F.(2017).Keeping your friends close:Perceived distance as a function of psychological closeness.Doctoral dissertation,University of Dayton.
Coren,S.,&Girgus,J.S.(1980).Principles of perceptual organization and spatial distortion:The gestalt illusions.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,6(3),404.
Costa,M.,&Bonetti,L.(2018).Geometrical distortions in geographical cognitive maps.Journal of Environmental Psychology,55,53-69.
Cutting,J.E.,&Vishton,P.M.(1995).Perceiving layout and knowing distances:The integration,relative potency,and contextual use of different information about depth.In W.Epstein&S.Rogers(Eds.),Perception of space and motion(pp.69-117).San Diego,CA:Academic Press.
Decety,J.,Jackson,P.L.,Sommerville,J.A.,Chaminade,T.,&Meltzoff,A.N.(2004).The neural bases of cooperation and competition:An fMRIinvestigation.NeuroI mage,23(2),744-751.
De Jaegher,H.,Di Paolo,E.,&Gallagher,S.(2010).Can social interaction constitute social cognition?Trends in cognitive sciences,14(10),441-447.
Farran,E.K.,&Cole,V.L.(2008).Perceptual grouping and distance estimates in typical and atypical development:Comparing performance across perception,drawing and construction tasks.Brain and Cognition,68(2),157-165.
Firestone,C.,&Scholl,B.J.(2016).Cognition does not affect perception:Evaluating the evidence for'top-down'effects.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,39,1-72.
Foley,J.M.(1980).Binocular distance perception.Psychological Review,87(5),411.
Krackhardt,D.,&Kilduff,M.(1999).Whether close or far:Social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks.Journal of personality and social psychology,76(5),770.
Lima,S.L.(2002).Putting predators back into behavioral predator-prey interactions.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,17(2),70-75.
Liverence,B.M.,&Scholl,B.J.(2011).Selective attention warps spatial representation:Parallel but opposing effects on attended versus inhibited objects.Psychological Science,22(12),1600-1608.
Liviatan,I.,Trope,Y.,&Liberman,N.(2008).Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension:Implications for perception of others’actions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,44(5),1256-1269.
Loomis,J.M.,Da Silva,J.A.,Fujita,N.,&Fukusima,S.S.(1992).Visual space perception and visually directed action.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,18(4),906.
Mast,F.W.,&J?ncke,L.(2007).Spatial processing in navigation,imagery and perception.Springer Science and Business Media,LLC.
Morgado,N.,Muller,D.,Gentaz,E.,&Palluel-Germain,R.(2011).Close to me?The influence of affective closeness on space perception.Perception,40(7),877-879.
Neri,P.,Luu,J.Y.,&Levi,D.M.(2006).Meaningful interactions can enhance visual discrimination of human agents.Nature Neuroscience,9(9),1186.
Packer,C.,&Ruttan,L.(1988).The evolution of cooperative hunting.The American Naturalist,132(2),159-198.
Pylyshyn,Z.(2003).Return of the mental image:Are there really pictures in the brain?Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(3),113-118.
Rand,K.M.,Barhorst-Cates,E.M.,Kiris,E.,Thompson,W.B.,&CreemRegehr,S.H.(in press).Going the distance and beyond:Simulated low vision increases perception of distance traveled during locomotion.Psychological research.
Rawal,A.,Rajagopalan,P.,&Miikkulainen,R.(2010).Constructing competitive and cooperative agent behavior using coevolution.In Proceedings of the 2010IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games,CIG2010.
Saulton,A.,Bülthoff,H.H.,&de la Rosa,S.(2017).Conceptual biases explain distortion differences between hand and objects in localization tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,43(7),1444.
Sundstrom,E.,&Altman,I.(1976).Interpersonal relationships and personal space:Research review and theoretical model.Human Ecology,4(1),47-67.
Teneggi,C.,Canzoneri,E.,Di Pellegrino,G.,&Serino,A.(2013).Social modulation of peripersonal space boundaries.Current Biology,23(5),406-411.
Tomasello,M.,&Vaish,A.(2013).Origins of human cooperation and morality.Annual Review of Psychology,64,231-255.
Vickery,T.J.,&Chun,M.M.(2010).Object-based warping:An illusory distortion of space within objects.Psychological Science,21(12),1759-1764.
Vickery,T.J.,&Jiang,Y.V.(2009).Associative grouping:Perceptual grouping of shapes by association.Attention,Perception,and Psychophysics,71(4),896-909.
Witt,J.K.(2017).Action potential influences spatial perception:Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,24(4),999-1021.
Yin,J.,Ding,X.,Xu,H.,Zhang,F.,&Shen,M.(2017).Social coordination information in dynamic chase modulates EEG Mu rhythm.Scientific Reports,7(1),e4782.
Yin,J.,Ding,X.,Zhou,J.,Shui,R.,Li,X.,&Shen,M.(2013).Social grouping:Perceptual grouping of objects by cooperative but not competitive relationships in dynamic chase.Cognition,129,194-204.
Yin,J.,Xu,H.,Duan,J.,&Shen,M.(2018).Object-based attention on social units:Visual selection of hands performing a social interaction.Psychological Science,29,1040-1048.
Yin,J.,Xu,H.,Ding,X.,Liang,J.,Shui,R.,&Shen,M.(2016).Social constraints from an observer's perspective:Coordinated actions make an agent's position more predictable.Cognition,151,10-17.