夏季3种生境森林内空气颗粒物变化特征
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摘要
研究不同生境类型城市森林内空气颗粒物的变化特征及其影响因素,为休闲保健型城市森林的营造提供理论依据。于2015年夏季对深圳园山山麓(SL)、河谷(HG)和山脊(SJ)3种典型生境类型城市森林内的空气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1)进行昼夜24 h监测,并同步观测气象因子,分析3种森林内颗粒物质量浓度的变化规律及影响因素。结果表明:1)深圳园山3种生境城市森林内TSP、PM10质量浓度日均值都达到二类环境功能区质量要求,其中HG、SJ的TSP质量浓度甚至达到一类环境功能区质量要求(120μg/m~3);PM2.5质量浓度日均值都达到一类环境功能区质量要求(35μg/m~3)。2)不同生境林地内各粒径颗粒物质量浓度存在差异,4种粒径颗粒物日均质量浓度在SJ均为最低(分别为85.51、58.82、14.29、5.13μg/m~3);TSP、PM10质量浓度在SL最高(分别为162.19、95.39μg/m~3);PM2.5、PM1质量浓度在HG最高(分别为21.76、8.29μg/m~3)。3)3种林地内4种粒径颗粒物质量浓度总体表现为白天低、夜间高的特点,高峰出现在01:00—07:00,低谷出现于11:00—15:00。4)3种林地间相对湿度、风速、气压等气象因子存在差异;林内4种粒径颗粒物质量浓度与温度、风速表现为显著负相关,与相对湿度呈显著正相关,颗粒物质量浓度变化受多种气象因子共同影响。基于上述研究认为,深圳园山3种生境类型城市森林均为人们提供了一个相对健康的森林游憩环境,人们在11:00—15:00进行森林游憩最为适宜。
Urban forests can reduce atmospheric particle matters and hence improve the quality of ambient air.To provide a theoretical basis for creating a health-leisure urban forest,in this paper,the mass concentrations of TSP,PM10,PM2.5,and PM1in three typical urban forest habitats as foothill(SL),river valley(HG)and ridge(SJ)in the Yuanshan Park of Shenzhen,southern China were observed during the whole day in the summer of 2015 with a cloudy weather.In the same time,the meteorological factors were also observed to understand the dynamic pattern of particle matter mass concentrations in different types of urban forests,as well as influencing factors.The results showed that:1)The daily mean mass concentrations of TSP or PM10in the 3 forests were all reached the grade-II national standard for urbanized area ambient air quality,and the concentrations of TSP in HG forest and SJ even reached the standard grade-I(120μg/m~3).Meanwhile,the daily mean mass concentrations of PM2.5in each forest all achieved the national standard grade-I for urbanized area ambient air quality(35μg/m~3).2)The mass concentrations of different size particle matters varied in different forests.The four kinds of particles were all lowest in SJ forest(85.51,58.82,14.29,5.13μg/m~3,respectively).The TSP or PM10was highest in SL forest(162.19,95.39μg/m~3,respectively),and the PM2.5or PM1was highest in HG forest(21.76,8.29μg/m~3,respectively).3)During the observation period,the concentrations of four kinds of particle matters in three forests were higher in the nighttime,and lower in the daytime,with the peaks usually appeared at 01:00—07:00,and the vales at 11:00—15:00.4)There were some differences in relative humidity,wind velocity,barometric pressure and other meteorological factors among 3 forests.The concentrations of four kinds of particles were significantly negative correlated with temperature and wind velocity,and were obviously positive correlated with relative humidity.In addition,changes in the concentration of particle matters were influenced by a variety of meteorological factors working together.Therefore,we concluded that the urban forests in the Yuanshan Park of Shenzhen can provide a relatively healthy forest recreation environment for the residents in the urban area.The healthy time according to the status of 4 kinds of particles is 11:00—15:00 in summer.
Urban forests can reduce atmospheric particle matters and hence improve the quality of ambient air.To provide a theoretical basis for creating a health-leisure urban forest,in this paper,the mass concentrations of TSP,PM10,PM2.5,and PM1in three typical urban forest habitats as foothill(SL),river valley(HG)and ridge(SJ)in the Yuanshan Park of Shenzhen,southern China were observed during the whole day in the summer of 2015 with a cloudy weather.In the same time,the meteorological factors were also observed to understand the dynamic pattern of particle matter mass concentrations in different types of urban forests,as well as influencing factors.The results showed that:1)The daily mean mass concentrations of TSP or PM10in the 3 forests were all reached the grade-II national standard for urbanized area ambient air quality,and the concentrations of TSP in HG forest and SJ even reached the standard grade-I(120μg/m~3).Meanwhile,the daily mean mass concentrations of PM2.5in each forest all achieved the national standard grade-I for urbanized area ambient air quality(35μg/m~3).2)The mass concentrations of different size particle matters varied in different forests.The four kinds of particles were all lowest in SJ forest(85.51,58.82,14.29,5.13μg/m~3,respectively).The TSP or PM10was highest in SL forest(162.19,95.39μg/m~3,respectively),and the PM2.5or PM1was highest in HG forest(21.76,8.29μg/m~3,respectively).3)During the observation period,the concentrations of four kinds of particle matters in three forests were higher in the nighttime,and lower in the daytime,with the peaks usually appeared at 01:00—07:00,and the vales at 11:00—15:00.4)There were some differences in relative humidity,wind velocity,barometric pressure and other meteorological factors among 3 forests.The concentrations of four kinds of particles were significantly negative correlated with temperature and wind velocity,and were obviously positive correlated with relative humidity.In addition,changes in the concentration of particle matters were influenced by a variety of meteorological factors working together.Therefore,we concluded that the urban forests in the Yuanshan Park of Shenzhen can provide a relatively healthy forest recreation environment for the residents in the urban area.The healthy time according to the status of 4 kinds of particles is 11:00—15:00 in summer.
引文
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[6]SZIGETI T,VRI M,DUNSTER C,et al.Changes in chemical composition and oxidative potential of urban PM2.5between 2010and 2013 in Hungary[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,518--519:534-544.
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[8]UNAL Y S,TOROS H,DENIZ A,et al.Influence of meteorological factors and emission sources on spatial and temporal variations of PM10concentrations in Istanbul metropolitan area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:5504-5513.
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[10]PONGPIACHAN S,TIPMANEE D,KHUMSUP C,et al.Assessing risks to adults and preschool children posed by PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)during a biomass burning episode in Northern Thailand[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,508:435--444.
[11]杨维,赵文吉,宫兆宁,等.北京城区可吸入颗粒物分布与呼吸系统疾病相关分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(1):237--243.YANG W,ZHAO W J,GONG Z N,et al.Spatial distribution of inhalable particulate and association with respiratory disease in Beijing City[J].Environment Science,2013,34(1):237-243.
[12]刘璐,管东生,陈永勤.广州市常见行道树种叶片表面形态与滞尘能力[J].生态学报,2013,33(8):2604--2614.LIU L,GUAN D S,CHEN Y Q.Morphological structure of leaves and dust-retaining capability of common street trees in Guangzhou Municipality[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(8):2604-2614.
[13]张维康,王兵,牛香.北京不同污染地区园林植物对空气颗粒物的滞纳能力[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2381--2388ZHANG W K,WANG B,NIU X.Adsorption capacity of the air particulate matter in urban landscape plants in different polluted regions of Beijing[J].Environment Science,2015,36(7):2381-2388.
[14]WANG H X,SHI H,LI Y Y,et al.Seasonal variations in leaf capturing of particulate matter,surface wettability and micromorphology in urban tree species[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2013,7(4):579-588.
[15]方精云,沈泽昊,崔海亭.试论山地的生态特征及山地生态学的研究内容[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):10-19.FANG J Y,SHEN Z H,CUI H T.Ecological characteristics of mountains and research issues of mountain ecology[J].Biodiversity Science,2004,12(1):10--19.
[16]BECKETT K P,FREER-SMITH P H,TAYLOR G.Urban woodlands:their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,1998,99(3):347-360.
[17]RISSANEN T,HYOTYLAINEN T,KALLIO M,et al.Characterization of organic compounds in aerosol particles from a coniferous forest by GC-MS[J].Chemosphere,2006,64(7):1185-1195.
[18]宋英石,李锋,徐新雨,等.城市空气颗粒物的来源、影响和控制研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(增刊2):214-221.SONG Y S,LI F,XU X Y,et al.Research progress on source,impact and control measurements of particulate matter in the urban air[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,36(Suppl.2):214--221.
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[21]汪结明,王良桂,朱柯铖杰,等.不同园林绿地类型内空气PM2.5浓度的动态变化及其滞尘效应分析[J].环境工程,2016,34(7):120-124.WANG J M,WANG L G,ZHU K C J,et al.Dynamic variation of air PM2.5concentration in different green land types and analysis of dust removal effect[J].Environmental Engineering,2016,34(7):120--124.
[22]王晓磊,王成.城市森林调控空气颗粒物功能研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(8):1910-1921.WANG X L,WANG C.Research status and prospects on functions of urban forests in regulating the air particulate matter[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(8):1910-1921.
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