基于区块链激励机制的光伏交易机制设计
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摘要
在中国的光伏交易市场中,存在着补贴拖欠、用户数量激增、结算困难等问题。区块链技术凭借自身安全、去中心化、难篡改等特点已成为新型分布式记账清算应用模式。国内外学者也纷纷针对区块链技术在能源领域的应用提出了架构设想。文中提出了一种基于区块链激励的光伏交易机制,可以鼓励各用户间自由、灵活、进行单次交易结算。设计了动态交易系统的智能合约、加密机制、共识机制以及交易流程。设计了基于信誉值的交易机制,可以有效遏制各节点的自私行为,鼓励节点在点对点(P2P)网络中积极有效地传输。最后,针对一个21节点的网络拓扑进行仿真。结果表明,在采用信誉值的交易机制下,用户可以获得更加满意的交易。
There are lots of problems in China's photovoltaic trading market such as the subsidy default, the increasing number of users and the difficulty of settlement. Blockchain technology has become a new type of distributed account book with its features of own security, decentralization and difficult tampering. Domestic and foreign scholars have proposed architectural ideas for the application of blockchain technology in the energy field. This paper proposes a photovoltaic trading mechanism based on blockchain incentives, which provides a trading method that encourages users to be free, flexible, and perform single settlement. The smart contract, encryption mechanism, consensus mechanism and transaction process of the dynamic trading system are designed. The trading mechanism based on reputation value can effectively restrain the selfish behavior of each node and encourage the nodes to transmit actively in the peer-to-peer(P2 P) network. Finally, a 21-node network topology is simulated. The results show that, with the trading mechanism based on reputation value, users can obtain more satisfactory transactions.
There are lots of problems in China's photovoltaic trading market such as the subsidy default, the increasing number of users and the difficulty of settlement. Blockchain technology has become a new type of distributed account book with its features of own security, decentralization and difficult tampering. Domestic and foreign scholars have proposed architectural ideas for the application of blockchain technology in the energy field. This paper proposes a photovoltaic trading mechanism based on blockchain incentives, which provides a trading method that encourages users to be free, flexible, and perform single settlement. The smart contract, encryption mechanism, consensus mechanism and transaction process of the dynamic trading system are designed. The trading mechanism based on reputation value can effectively restrain the selfish behavior of each node and encourage the nodes to transmit actively in the peer-to-peer(P2 P) network. Finally, a 21-node network topology is simulated. The results show that, with the trading mechanism based on reputation value, users can obtain more satisfactory transactions.
引文
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[16] KUMAR Y V P,BHIMASINGU R.Renewable energy based microgrid system sizing and energy management for green buildings[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(1):1-13.
[17] LONG C,WU J,ZHANG C,et al.Peer-to-peer energy trading in a community microgrid[C]// IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting,July 16-20,2017,Chicago,USA.
[18] TUSHAR W,YUEN C,MOHSENIAN-RAD H,et al.Transforming energy networks via peer-to-peer energy trading the potential of game-theoretic approaches[J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2018,35(4):90-111.
[19] JIN Yao,WANG Zhengyu,JIANG Chuanwen,et al.Dispatch and bidding strategy of active distribution network in energy and ancillary services market[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(4):565-572.
[20] YAN X,LIN J,HU Z,et al.P2P trading strategies in an industrial park distribution network market under regulated electricity tariff[C]// IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2),November 26-28,2017,Beijing,China:1-5.
[21] ALSKAIF T,LUNA A C,GUERRERO-ZAPATA M,et al.Reputation-based joint scheduling of households appliances and storage in a microgrid with a shared battery[J].Energy & Buildings,2017,138:228-239.
[22] DURRANI S P,BALLUFF S,WURZER L,et al.Photovoltaic yield prediction using an irradiance forecast model based on multiple neural networks[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(2):255-267.
[23] ZHOU Yue,WU Jianzhong,LONG Chao.Evaluation of peer-to-peer energy sharing mechanisms based on a multiagent simulation framework[J].Applied Energy,2018,222:993-1022.
[24] SHNEIDMAN J,PARKES D C.Rationality and self-interest in peer to peer networks[M]// Peer-to-Peer Systems Ⅱ.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2003:139-148.
[25] 张茂林,黄宋波,涂启玉,等.一种基于挂牌的电力市场竞价模式与实践[J].电网技术,2018,42(2):434-440.ZHANG Maolin,HUANG Songbo,TU Qiyu,et al.An electricity market bidding model and practice based on listing[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(2):434-440.
[26] FINCK M.Blockchains and data protection in the European Union[J/OL].Social Science Electronic Publishing[2018-03-20].https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3080322.
[27] EYAL I,GENCER A E,RENESSE R V.Bitcoin-NG:a scalable blockchain protocol[C]// Proceedings of the 13th Usenix Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation,March 16-18,2016,Santa Clara,USA:45-59.
[28] KOSBA A,MILLER A,SHI E,et al.Hawk:the blockchain model of cryptography and Privacy-Preserving smart contracts[C]// IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP),May 22-26,2016,San Jose,USA:839-858.
[29] HIROSE S,KUWAKADO H.Redactable signature scheme for tree-structured data based on Merkle tree[C]// International Conference on Security and Cryptography (SECRYPT),July 29-31,2013,Reykjavik,Iceland:1-8.
[30] 国家能源局.关于开展分布式发电市场化交易试点的通知[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-12/27/c_136855153.htm.National Energy Administration.Notice on piloting market-based trading of distributed generation[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-12/27/c_136855153.htm.
[2] 张宁,王毅,康重庆,等.能源互联网中的区块链技术:研究框架与典型应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(15):4011-4023.ZHANG Ning,WANG Yi,KANG Chongqing,et al.Blockchain technology in the energy internet:preliminary research framework and typical applications[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(15):4011-4023.
[3] 曾鸣,程俊,王雨晴,等.区块链框架下能源互联网多模块协同自治模式初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3672-3681.ZENG Ming,CHENG Jun,WANG Yuqing,et al.Primarily research for multi module cooperative autonomous mode of energy internet under blockchain[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3672-3681.
[4] DONG Z,LUO F,LIANG G.Blockchain:a secure,decentralized,trusted cyber infrastructure solution for future energy systems[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(5):1-10.
[5] Blockchain for energy 2018:companies & applications for distributed ledger technologies on the grid[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/blockchain-for-energy-2018gs.525fJsA.
[6] 李彬,曹望璋,张洁,等.基于异构区块链的多能系统交易体系及关键技术[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.LI Bin,CAO Wangzhang,ZHANG Jie,et al.Transaction system and key technologies of multi-energy system based on heterogeneous blockchain[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.
[7] 杨德昌,赵肖余,徐梓潇,等.区块链在能源互联网中应用现状分析和前景展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3664-3671.YANG Dechang,ZHAO Xiaoyu,XU Zixiao,et al.Developing status and prospect analysis of blockchain in energy internet[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3664-3671.
[8] HAHN A,SINGH R,LIU C C,et al.Smart contract-based campus demonstration of decentralized transactive energy auctions[C]// IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT),April 23-26,Washington,USA:1-5.
[9] THOMAS L,LONG C,BURNAP P,et al.Automation of the supplier role in the GB power system using blockchain-based smart contracts[C]// 24th International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED),June 12-15,2017,Glasgow,UK:5p.
[10] KANG J,YU R,HUANG X,et al.Enabling localized peer-to-peer electricity trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2017,13(6):3154-3164.
[11] LIU Chao,CHAI K K,ZHANG Xiaoshuai,et al.Adaptive blockchain-based electric vehicle participation scheme in smart grid platform[J].IEEE Access,2018,6:25657-25665.
[12] PECK M E,WAGMAN D.Energy trading for fun and profit buy your neighbor’s rooftop solar power or sell your own—it’ll all be on a blockchain[J].IEEE Spectrum,2017,54(10):56.
[13] 国家电网公司.促进新能源发展白皮书(2018)[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://shupeidian.bjx.com.cn/news/20180408/890123.shtml.State Grid Corporation of China.White paper on promoting the development of new energy (2018)[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://shupeidian.bjx.com.cn/news/20180408/890123.shtml.
[14] 国家能源局.分布式光伏发电项目管理暂行办法[EB/OL].[2017-11-15].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-11/17/c_136759614.htm.National Energy Administration.Interim measures for management of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects[EB/OL].[2017-11-15].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-11/17/c_136759614.htm.
[15] XIAO Yunpeng,WANG Xifan,PINSON P,et al.A local energy market for electricity and hydrogen[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2018,33(4):3898-3908.
[16] KUMAR Y V P,BHIMASINGU R.Renewable energy based microgrid system sizing and energy management for green buildings[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(1):1-13.
[17] LONG C,WU J,ZHANG C,et al.Peer-to-peer energy trading in a community microgrid[C]// IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting,July 16-20,2017,Chicago,USA.
[18] TUSHAR W,YUEN C,MOHSENIAN-RAD H,et al.Transforming energy networks via peer-to-peer energy trading the potential of game-theoretic approaches[J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2018,35(4):90-111.
[19] JIN Yao,WANG Zhengyu,JIANG Chuanwen,et al.Dispatch and bidding strategy of active distribution network in energy and ancillary services market[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(4):565-572.
[20] YAN X,LIN J,HU Z,et al.P2P trading strategies in an industrial park distribution network market under regulated electricity tariff[C]// IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2),November 26-28,2017,Beijing,China:1-5.
[21] ALSKAIF T,LUNA A C,GUERRERO-ZAPATA M,et al.Reputation-based joint scheduling of households appliances and storage in a microgrid with a shared battery[J].Energy & Buildings,2017,138:228-239.
[22] DURRANI S P,BALLUFF S,WURZER L,et al.Photovoltaic yield prediction using an irradiance forecast model based on multiple neural networks[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(2):255-267.
[23] ZHOU Yue,WU Jianzhong,LONG Chao.Evaluation of peer-to-peer energy sharing mechanisms based on a multiagent simulation framework[J].Applied Energy,2018,222:993-1022.
[24] SHNEIDMAN J,PARKES D C.Rationality and self-interest in peer to peer networks[M]// Peer-to-Peer Systems Ⅱ.Berlin,Germany:Springer,2003:139-148.
[25] 张茂林,黄宋波,涂启玉,等.一种基于挂牌的电力市场竞价模式与实践[J].电网技术,2018,42(2):434-440.ZHANG Maolin,HUANG Songbo,TU Qiyu,et al.An electricity market bidding model and practice based on listing[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(2):434-440.
[26] FINCK M.Blockchains and data protection in the European Union[J/OL].Social Science Electronic Publishing[2018-03-20].https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3080322.
[27] EYAL I,GENCER A E,RENESSE R V.Bitcoin-NG:a scalable blockchain protocol[C]// Proceedings of the 13th Usenix Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation,March 16-18,2016,Santa Clara,USA:45-59.
[28] KOSBA A,MILLER A,SHI E,et al.Hawk:the blockchain model of cryptography and Privacy-Preserving smart contracts[C]// IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP),May 22-26,2016,San Jose,USA:839-858.
[29] HIROSE S,KUWAKADO H.Redactable signature scheme for tree-structured data based on Merkle tree[C]// International Conference on Security and Cryptography (SECRYPT),July 29-31,2013,Reykjavik,Iceland:1-8.
[30] 国家能源局.关于开展分布式发电市场化交易试点的通知[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-12/27/c_136855153.htm.National Energy Administration.Notice on piloting market-based trading of distributed generation[EB/OL].[2018-03-20].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-12/27/c_136855153.htm.